Abstract
In this the second of a series of papers on the nonlinearity of the electrode-electrolyte interface impedance, the wealth of experimental observations which exists in the literature on AC impedance nonlinearity is physically interpreted. The interface impedance is well represented by the parallel combination of a constant phase angle impedance and a charge transfer resistance. The charge transfer resistance is the major source of the observed nonlinearities. As a result, the current limit of linearity, i L , increases with frequency such that i L is proportional to ωβ. The series resistance, R s , of the interface impedance initially increases with applied signal amplitude, reaches a maximum and then decreases. The series reactance, X s , decreases monotonically with signal amplitude.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical methods. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1980.
Geddes, L.A.; Da Costa, C.P.; Wise, G. The impedance of stainless-steel electrodes. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 9:511–521; 1971.
Geddes, L.A.; Foster, K.S.; Reilly, J.; Voorhees, W.D.; Bourland, J.D.; Ragheb, T.; Fearnot, N.E. IEEE Trans. BME 34(9):669–672; 1987.
Jaron, D.; Briller, S.A.; Schwan, H.P.; Geselowitz, D.B. Nonlinearity of cardiac pacemaker electrodes. IEEE Trans. BME 16:132–138; 1969.
McAdams, E.T. A study of electrode-tissue impedances encountered in cardiac pacing. D.Phil. Thesis. United Kingdom: University of Leeds; 1987.
McAdams, E.T. AC nonlinearity of the electrode-electrolyte interface impedance. The Annual Meeting of the Institute of Electrical and Radio Engineers. N. Ireland: University of Ulster at Jordanstown; Feb 1988.
McAdams, E.T. Effect of surface topography on the electrode-electrolyte interface impedance. Part i. Surface topography 2:107–122; 1989.
McAdams, E.T. Effect of surface topography on the electrode-electrolyte interface impedance. Part ii. Surface topography 2:223–232; 1989.
McAdams, E.T. Electrode-electrolyte interface impedance and polarization. Innov. Tech. Biol. Med. 12(Special Issue No. 1):11–20; 1991.
McAdams, E.T.; Jossinet, J. Electrode/electrolyte interface impedance nonlinearity. 1 st European Conference on Biomedical Engineering. Nice, France; 1991.
McAdams, E.T.; Jossinet, J. DC Nonlinearity of the solid electrode-electrolyte interface impedance. Innov. Tech. Biol. Med. 12(3):329–343; 1991.
Onaral, B.; Schwan, H.P. Linear and nonlinear properties of platinum electrode polarization, Part i: Frequency dependence at very low frequencies. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 20:299–306; 1982.
Onaral, B.; Schwan, H.P. Linear and nonlinear properties of platinum electrode polarization, Part ii: Time domain analysis. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 21:210–216; 1983.
Onaral, B.; Sun, H.H.; Schwan, H.P. Electrical properties of bioelectrodes. IEEE Trans. BME 31(12):827–832; 1984.
Ragheb, T.; Geddes, L.A. Electrical properties of metallic electrodes. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 28:182–186; 1990.
Schwan, H.P. Alternating current electrode polarisation. Biophysik 3:181–201; 1966.
Schwan, H.P. Electrode polarization impedance and measurements in biological materials. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 148:191–209; 1968.
Schwan, H.P.; Onaral, B. Linear and nonlinear properties of platinum polarization, Part iii: Equivalence of frequency and time domain behaviour. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 23:28–32; 1985.
Simpson, R.W.; Berberian, J.G.; Schwan, H.P. Nonlinear AC and DC polarization of platinum electrodes. IEEE Trans. BME 27(3):166–171; 1980.
Sun, H.H.; Onaral, B. A unified approach to represent metal electrode polarization. IEEE Trans. BME 30(7):399–406; 1983.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McAdams, E.T., Jossinet, J. A physical interpretation of Schwan's limit current of linearity. Ann Biomed Eng 20, 307–319 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368533
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368533