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The Ethiopian basement: Stratigraphy and possible manner of evolution

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Zusammenfassung

Im Präkambrium Äthiopiens lassen sich drei Einheiten unterscheiden. Die unterste Einheit, bestehend aus hochgradig metamorphen Gneisen, ist ein älterer (älter als 2,5 Mrd. Jahre) kratonischer Sockel. Der mittlere Komplex (klastische Metasedimente) stellt wahrscheinlich die altbis mittelproterozoische Plattform-Sedimentbedeckung dar. Die obere Einheit besteht aus niedrigmetamorphen Gesteinen: Ophiolithe, andesitische Metavulkanite und damit verbundene Metasedimente, sowie klastische und untergeordnet karbonatische Ablagerungen. Das Auseinanderreißen des älteren Sockels zu Beginn des Jungproterozoikums bewirkte in nordöstliche Richtung verlaufende Zonen mit ozeanischer Kruste, die vom Faltengürtel des Roten Meeres abbiegen und sich südwärts (zum Mozambique-Gürtel hin) in das kontinentale Riftsystem eingliedern. Dei Abschluß dieser Riftsysteme endete vor 1 Mrd. Jahren, begleitet von einer Subduktion ozeanischer Kruste, die mit Vulkanismus vom Typ der Inselbögen verbunden war. Die Kollision kontinentaler Platten verursachte Krustenverdickungen und erzeugte zwei Stadien der Metamorphose: Kollisions-Metamorphose (vor ca. 1 Mrd. Jahren oder früher) und Metamorphose durch radioaktive Aufheizung (jünger als 1 oder 0,8 Mrd. Jahre). Die Kollision verlief schräg, so daß die signifikanten Querbewegungen im Roten-Meerund Mozambique-Gürtel erfolgten.

Abstract

In the Ethiopian Precambrian three complexes are recognized. The Lower Complex formed of high grade gneisses represents older (older than 2500 m. y.) cratonic basement. The Middle Complex (clastic metasediments) is presumably the Lower to Middle Proterozoic platform cover. The Upper Complex consists of low-grade rocks in following succession: ophiolitic rocks, andesitic metavolcanics and associated metasediments, clastic and to less extent carbonate sediments. Rifting of older basement at the beginning of Upper Proterozoic created northeasterly trending zones with oceanic crust branching from the Red Sea fold belt and grading southwards (in the Mozambique belt) into the zones of continental rifting. Closing of these rift zones terminated 1000 m. y. ago and was accompanied by subduction of oceanic crust which gave rise to island arc type volcanism. Continental collision resulted in crustal thickening and produced two stages of metamorphism: metamorphism of collision (around 1000 m. y. or earlier) and metamorphism of radioactive heating (younger than 1000 or 800 m. y.). The collision was oblique, so the significant transcurrent motion occurred in the Red Sea and the Mozambique belts.

Résumé

On peut reconnaître trois complexes dans le Précambrien de l'Ethiopie. Le complexe inférieur, formé de gneiss de degré de métamorphisme élevé, représente le socle cratonique le plus ancien (plus vieux que 2500 M.). Le complexe moyen (des métasédiments détritiques) est présumé être une couverture de plateforme du Protérozoïque inférieur à moyen. Le complexe supérieur consiste en roches peu métamorphiques se succédant comme suit: roches ophiolithiques, métavolcanites andésitiques avec sédiments associés, sédiments clastiques et en moindre proportion des sédiments carbonatés. La fracturation du vieux socle au debut du Protérozoïque supérieur créa des zones d'effondrement de direction nord-est, avec croûte océanique, branchées sur la ceinture plissé de la Mer Rouge, et passant vers le sud (dans la ceinture du Mozambique) à une zone de fracturation continentale. La fermeture de cette zone d'affaissement se termina il y a quelque 1000 M., et fut accompagnée par une subduction de la croûte océanique qui donna naissance à un volcanisme du type guirlande insulaire. La collision continentale entraîna un épaississement crustal et produisit deux phases de métamorphisme: métamorphisme de collision (environ 1000 M. ou plus tôt) et métamorphisme par réchauffement radioactif (plus récent que 1000 M. ou 800 M.). La collision se fit obliquement, produisant ainsi un mouvement transcurrent important dans les ceintures de la Mer Rouge et du Mozambique.

Краткое содержание

В докембрии Эфиопии р азличаются три компл екса. Нижний комплекс, представля ющий собой древний платфо рменный фундамент (др евнее 2500 млн. л.), сложен гнейсами высо ких ступеней метамор физма. Средний комплекс (кла стические метаморфизованные о садки) является, вероя тно, платформенным чехло м ниже-средне протероз ойского возраста. Вер хний комплекс образован слабометаморфизова нными породами в тако й последовательности (снизу): офиолиты, андезитовы е метавулканиты и свя занные с ними осадочные пород ы, кластические и, в мень шей степени, карбонат ные породы. Раскол древнего осно вания в верхнем проте розое привел к образованию рифтовых зон северо-в осточного простиран ия с океанической корой. Э ти зоны ответвлялись от Крас номорского складчат ого пояса и продолжались к югу, в пределах Мозамбикс кого пояса, зонами континентальных риф тов. Последующее замыкание рифтовых з он завершилось 100 млн. л. тому назад и сопровождалось субдукцией океаниче ской коры и андезитов ым вулканизмом островодужного типа. Столкновение контин ентов привело к утолщению к оры и двукратному проявл ению метаморфизма: ме таморфизма столкновения (около 1000 млн. л. или ранее) и метаморфизма радиоактивного разо грева (моложе 1000 или 800 млн. л.). Сто лкновение было косым, что вызвало значительны е сдвиговые смещения в доль Красноморского и Мозамбикского поясо в.

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Kazmin, V., Shifferaw, A. & Balcha, T. The Ethiopian basement: Stratigraphy and possible manner of evolution. Geol Rundsch 67, 531–546 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01802803

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