Summary
The effect of trigeminal electrical stimulation on cerebral blood flow has been studied in conditions of normal or reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF).
Autologous blood was injected into the subarachnoid space of ten Pittmann-Moore pigs to induce subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) accompanied by cerebral blood flow (CBF) reduction. One week later, in six of ten animals, a considerable decrease of CBF was noted as evaluated by means of a recording-system monitoring over the right parieto-temporal calvarium the washout of133 Xenon injected into the internal carotid artery after the external carotid had been clamped. Continuous electrical stimulation of the Gasserian ganglion performed in the six animals with severely induced CBF reduction produced a remarkable cerebrovascular dilation and increase of CBF lasting over 3 h.
Electrical stimulation of the Gasserian ganglion produced a similar pattern of vasodilation in six pigs in which no blood was injected and no reduction of CBF was evident.
The mechanisms and the anatomical pathways which underlie these results are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bergvall U, Steiner L, Forster DMC (1973) Early pattern of cerebral circulatory disturbances following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neuroradiology 5: 24–32
Bill A, Stjernschantz J, Mandahl A, Brodin E, Nilsson G (1979) Substance P: release on trigeminal nerve stimulation, effects in the eye. Acta Physiol Scand 106: 371–373
Dawson B, Michenfelder JD, Theye RA (1971) Effects of ketamine on canine cerebral blood flow and metabolism: modification by prior administration of thiopental. Anaesth Analg 50: 443–447
Drummond PD, Gonski A, Lance JW (1983) Facial flushing after thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46: 611–616
Fox RH, Goldsmith R, Kidd DJ (1962) Cutaneous vasomotor control in the human head, neck and upper chest. J Physiol 161: 298–312
Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R (1989) Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of humans and the cat during activation of the trigeminovascular system. Ann Neurol 23: 193–196
Gonzalez G, Onofrio BM, Kerr FWL (1975) Vasodilator sytem for the face. J Neurosurg 42: 696–703
Grubb RL Jr, Raicle ME, Eichlins JO, Gado MH (1977) Effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage on cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and oxygen utilization in humans. J Neurosurg 46: 446–453
Hemmingsen R, Hertz MM, Barry DI (1979) The effect of propranolol on cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow in the rat: measurements during normocapnia and hypercapnia. Acta Physiol Scand 105: 274–281
Jefferson G (1931) Observations on trigeminal neuralgia. Br Med J 2: 879–883
Jennett B, Miller JD, Harper AM (1976) Anatomy of the collateral cerebral circulation in man and animals. In effect of carotid artery surgery on cerebral blood flow. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, pp 21–39
Lambert GA, Bogduk N, Goadsby PJ, Duckworth JW, Lance JW (1984) Decreased carotid resistance in cats in response to trigeminal stimulation. J Neurosurg 61: 307–315
Lambert GA, Goadsby PJ, Zagami AS, Duckworth JW (1988) Comparative effects of stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion and the superior sagittal sinus on cerebral blood flow and evoked potentials in the cat. Brain Res 53: 143–149
Lang R, Zimmer R (1974) Neurogenic control of cerebral blood flow. Exp Neurol 43: 143–161
Lembeck F, Holzer P (1979) Substance P as neurogenic mediator of antidromic vasodilation and neurogenic plasma extravasation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 310: 175–183
Liu-Chen LY, Gillespie SA, Norregaard TV, Moskowitz MA (1984) Colocalization of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin and the putative neurotransmitter substance P within trigeminal ganglion cells projecting to cat middle cerebral artery. J Comp Neurol 25: 187–192
Matthews B, Robinson PP (1980) The course of postganglionic sympathetic fibres distributed with trigeminal nerve in cat. J Physiol (London) 303: 391–401
Mayberg MR, Zervas NT, Moskowitz MA (1984) Trigeminal projections to supratentorial pial and dural blood vessels in cats demonstrated by hroseradish peroxidase histochemistry. J Comp Neurol 3: 46–56
McCulloch J, Uddman R, Kingman TA, Edvinsson L (1986) Calcitonin gene related peptide: functional role in cerebrovascular regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 5731–5735
McCulloch J, Kingman TA, Uddman R, Edvinsson L (1987) The vasomotor significance of the trigemino-cerebrovascular innervation. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol [Suppl]1: S225
McCulloch J: Peptidergic innervation of the cerebral vasculature and its functional significance. NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Salo' 3–8 September 1988, 31–33
Michenfelder JD, Theye RA (1971) Effects of fentanyl, droperidol, and innovar on canine cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Br J Anaesth 43: 630–636
Moskowitz MA, Reinhard JF Jr, Romero J, Melamed E, Pettibone DJ (1979) Neurotranmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? Lancet 2: 883–885
Olesen J, Paulson OB, Lassen NA (1971) Regional cerebral blood flow in man determined by the initial slope of the clearance of intra-arterially injected133 Xenon. Stroke 2: 519–540
Onofrio BM (1975) Radiofrequency percutaneous Gasserian ganglion lesions. Results in 140 patients with trigeminal pain. J Neurosurg 42: 132–139
Petruk KC, West GR, Marriott MR, McIntyre JW, Oreston TR, Weir WKA (1972) Cerebral blood flow following induced subarachnoid haemorrhage in the monkey. J Neurosurg 37:316–324
Rowbotham GF (1939) Observations on the effects of trigeminal denervation. Brain 62: 364–380
Sakas DE, Moskowitz MA, Buzzi MG, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Kano M (1989) Trigeminovascular fibers increase blood flow in cortical grey matter by axon reflex-like mechanisms. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol [Suppl]1: S31
Siegfried J (1977) 500 Percutaneous Thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal pain. Surg Neurol 8: 126–131
Simmons T, Ruskell GI (1988) Distribution and termination of trigeminal nerves to the cerebral arteries in monkeys. J Anat 159: 57–71
Stattin S (1973) Changes in meningeal and cerebral circulation in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neuroradiology 5: 20–23
Sweet WH, Wepsic JG (1974) Controlled thermocoagulation of the trigeminal ganglion and rootlets for differential destruction of pain fibers. Part 1: trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 39:143–156
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Salar, G., Ori, C., Iob, I. et al. Cerebral blood flow changes induced by electrical stimulation of the Gasserian ganglion after experimentally induced subarachnoid haemorrhage in pigs. Acta neurochir 119, 115–120 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01541794
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01541794