Abstract
The formation of superoxide ion radicals (\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \)) by chloroplasts from senescing leaves ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. was determined by electron-spin-resonance measurements of Tiron (1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid) semiquinone, a radical species formed when Tiron reacts with\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \). The Tiron radical signal obtained from chloroplasts is sensitive to superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) confirming that it is derived from\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \), oxygen-dependent and unaffected by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea and hydroxylamine. Further confirmation of the identity of the radical was obtained by using the diagnostic spin trap 5,5′-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide. The production of\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) by illuminated chloroplasts increases by about fourfold during the early stages of leaf senescence; it declines again as senescence intensifies. A similar pattern of\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) production was noted during aging of isolated chloroplasts in buffer. In addition, heat denaturation of freshly isolated chloroplasts greatly increases their ability to form\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) upon illumination, indicating that the radical is formed through a photochemical reaction involving chlorophyll, rather than enzymatically. Accordingly, the rise in\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) production during senescence may reflect deteriorative molecular rearrangements in the thylakoid membranes, which expose chlorophyll molecules normally inaccessible to oxygen. The propensity of chloroplasts to produce increased levels of\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) with advancing senescence is not counterbalanced by an augmented enzymatic radical-scavenging capability. Moreover, the peak in\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) production during leaf senescence coincides temporally with the initiation of lipid peroxidation and the formation of gel-phase lipid in chloroplast membranes, phenomena that are known to be induced by this reactive species of oxygen.
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Abbreviations
- DMPO:
-
5,5′-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
- ESR:
-
electron spin resonance
- \(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) :
-
superoxide anion radical
- OH:
-
hydroxyl radical
- Tiron:
-
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid
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McRae, D.G., Thompson, J.E. Senescence-dependent changes in superoxide anion production by illuminated chloroplasts from bean leaves. Planta 158, 185–193 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01075253
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01075253