Abstract
A series of different counterions have been incorporated into polypyrrole electrochemically. These include toluenesulphonate (TS), pyrenesulphonate (PSA), Pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrasulphonate (PTSA), dodecylbenzenesulphonate (DBS), 1,2-bis (decyloxycarbonyl)ethane-1-sulphonate (DOCES), octachloro-dirhenate (Re2Cl8) and tetraphenylborate (TPB). Electrochemical redox behaviour of the pyrrole monomer and the polypyrrole incorporating these different anions was investigated and is discussed. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is shown that the different counterions incorporated strongly affect the morphology of the polymer films, they vary from fully dense to open structures. Chemical and physical characterization of the materials is presented and suggests that the sizes of the different counterions incorporated also influence the polymer chain structures, packings and their thermal stabilities. The pyrrole to counterion stoichiometries are very different, ranging from 1 to 13. In most cases, the redox potential of the polymer can be related to the size of the counterion but the electrical conductivity, which ranges from 2×10−3 to 50 Scm−1, is not simply related to the counterion but is dependent on both chain structure and bulk morphology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K. Kaneto, M. Maxfield, D. P. Nairns, A. G. MacDiarmid, andA. J. Heeger,J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 78 (1982) 3417.
M. Josowicz andJ. Janata Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 514.
P. Burgmayer andR. W. Murray,J. Electroanal Chem. 147 (1983) 339.
H. Yoneyama, K. Wakamoto andH. J. Tamura,Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 241K.
J. W. Thackeray, H. S. White andM. S. Wrighton J. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) 5133.
C. K. Chiang, C. R. Fincher Jnr, Y. W. Tark, A. J. Heeger, H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, S. C. Gau, andA. G. MacDiarmid,Phys. Rev. lett. 39 (1977) 1098.
A. F. Diaz, andK. K. Kanazawa,J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1979) 635.
M. Satoh, K. Kaneto andK. Yoshima,Syn. Met.,14 (1986) 289.
M. Ogasawara, K. Funahashi, T. Demura, T. Hagiwara, andK. Iwata,ibid. 14 (1986) 61.
G. K. Chandler, andD. Pletcher,Chem. Soc. Spec. Period. Rep. Electrochem. 10 (1985) 117.
K. M. Cheung, D. Bloor, andG. C. Stevens,Polymer 29 (1988) 1709.
J. P. I. Lundstrom, andT. Skotheim,J. Electrochem. Soc. 129 (1982) 1685.
J. Ruhe, T. A. Ezquerra andG. Wegner,Syn. Met.,28 (1989) C177.
C. E. Loader, andH. J. Anderson,Tetrahedron,25 (1969) 3879.
J. K. Groves, N. E. Cundasaurny, andH. J. Anderson,Can. J. Chem. 51 (1973) 1089.
R. M. Acheson, andJ. M. Vernon J. Chem. Soc. (1961) 457.
M. K. A. Khan, K. J. Morgan andD. P. Morrey,Tetrahedron 22 (1966) 2095.
M. R. Bryce, A. Chissel, P. Kathirgamanathan, D. Parker andR. M. N. Smith,J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1987) 466.
D. O. Cheng, T. L. Bowman andE. Legoff,J. Heterocyclic Chem. 13 (1976) 1145.
J. Ruhe, T. A. Ezquerra, M. Mohammadi, V. Eukelmann, F. Kremer, andG. Wegner,Syn. Met. 28 (1989) C217.
J. Ruhe, C. Krohnke, T. A. Ezquerra, F. Kremer andG. Wegner,Ber. Bunsenges, Phys. Chem. 91(9) (1987) 885.
A. Mohammadi, M. A. Hasan, B. Liedberg, I. Lundstrom andW. R. Salaneck,Syn. Met. 14 (1986) 189.
A. Mohammadi, I. Lundstrom, W. R. Salaneck andO. Inganas,Chemtronics 1 (1986) 171.
X. Q. Yang, T. Inagaki, T. A. Skotheim, Y. Okamoto, L. Samuelson, G. Blackburn andS. Tripathy,Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 160 (1988) 253.
A. K. M. Rahman, L. Samuelson, D. Minehan, S. Clough andS. Tripathy,Syn. Met. 28 (1989) C237.
X. Q. Yang, J. Chem, P. D. Hale, T. Inagaki andT. A. Skotheim,ibid. 28 (1989) C251.
K. Hong andM. F. Rubner Thin Solid Films 160 (1988) 187.
K. G. Neoh, T. C. Tan andE. T. Kang,Polymer 29 (1988) 553.
T. H. Chao, andJ. March J. Polym. Sci., Part A 26 (1988) 743.
S. Rapi, V. Bocchi, andG. P. Gardini,Syn. Met. 24 (1988) 217.
L. F. Warren andD. P. Anderson,J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 101.
G. Bidan, E. M. Genies, andM. Lapkowski,J. Electroanal. Chem. 251 (1988) 297.
G. Bidan andM. Lapkowski,Syn. Met. 28 (1989) C113.
S. Takeo, O. Akira, A. Masaji andH. Kenichi,J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 84(11) (1988) 3941.
D. T. Glatzhofes, J. Ulanski andG. Wegner,Polymer 28 (1987) 449.
A. F. Diaz andJ. C. Lacroix,New J. Chem. 12 (1988) 171.
S. C. Larry, C. K. Glenn, andJ. P. William,J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 12.
F. M. Menger, andL. G. Whitesell,J. Org. Chem. 52 (1987) 3793.
K. Toyoki andO. Yoshio,Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 51(6) (1978) 1877.
M. G. Kanatzidis, M. Hubbard, L. M. Tonge andT. J. Marks,Syn. Met. 28 (1989) C89.
M. G. Kanatzidis, M. Hubbard, L. M. Tonge andT. J. Marks,J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 109 (1987) 3797.
L. Meities andP. Zuman, “Handbook series in Ong. Electrochemistry”, Vol. 1, (CRC Press, Inc. 1976) p. 506.
J. Forrent J. Chem. Soc. (1960) 574.
S. Aeiyach andP. C. Lacaze J. Polym. Sci. Part A 27 (1989) 515.
S. Asavapiriyanout, G. K. Chandler, G. A. Gunawasdena andD. Pletcher,J. Electroanal. Chem. 177 (1984) 229.
E. Steckhan, “Topics in current chemistry 142 — Electrochemistry I”, (Springer Verlag, 1987), Ch. 1.
T. Shono, A. Ikeda, J. Hayashi andS. Hakozaki,J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97(15) (1975) 4261.
J. L. Bredas, J. C. Scott, K. Yakushi andG. B. Street,Phys. Rev. B30 (1984) 1023.
W. Ford, C. B. Duke andW. R. Salaneck,J. Chem. Phys. 77 (1982) 5030.
J. L. Bredas andG. B. Street,Acc. Chem. Res. 18 (1985) 309.
F. R. Dollish, W. G. Fateley andF. F. Bentley, “Characteristic Raman Frequencies of Organic Compounds”, (Wiley, New York, 1974) Ch. 16, p. 217.
Y. Fujii, Y. Furukawa, H. Takenchi, andI. Harada, “Proc. IXth Int. Conf. on Raman Spectroscopy, Tokyo” (IUPAC, 1984) p. 412.
Y. Furukawa, S. Tazawa, Y. Fujii andI. Harada,Syn. Met. 24 (1988) 329.
J. H. C. Robin andJ. S. Martin,Inorg. Chem. 22 (1983) 1214.
H. H. Wieder, “Laboratory Notes on Electrical and Galvanomagnetic Measurements, Materials Science Monographs”, Vol. 2 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979) Ch. 1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cheung, K.M., Bloor, D. & Stevens, G.C. The influence of unusual counterions on the electrochemistry and physical properties of polypyrrole. J Mater Sci 25, 3814–3837 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00582447
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00582447