Summary
Protein synthesis in all cells is readily interrupted by environmental stresses such as hyperthermia. However, stressed cells also have mechanisms which, even under conditions where normal protein synthesis is completely inhibited, allow them to synthesise a group of highly conserved proteins — the so-called heat shock proteins (HSP). Some of these proteins are now known to facilitate the recovery of normal RNA processing and protein synthesis after exposure to hyperthermia and to protect the cell against further damage. They also play an important role in the synthesis and transport of normal proteins in unstressed cells, and perhaps also the export from cells of abnormal proteins of host or viral origin. Synthesis of HSP is also triggered by exposure to stresses other than hyperthermia, for example heavy metals (e.g. gold complexes), thiol-reactive chemicals, near UV radiation, viruses, oxyradicals and certain cytokines. Furthermore, there are also a number of proteins which are induced by these physicochemical stresses but not by heat; for this reason “stress protein” will be used as a general term to describe both HSP and related, physicochemically-induced, proteins. The cysteine-rich metallothioneins, which behave in some respects as stress proteins, will not be included in this review. Because many of the factors which stimulate stress protein induction occur during inflammatory and immune responses, there has been increasing interest in the possible role of stress proteins in inflammatory disease such as arthritis. The purpose of this article is to review the basic biochemical mechanisms involved in the induction of stress proteins and offer some speculations on their potential role in rheumatic disease.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ritossa F (1962) A new puffing pattern induced by heat shock and DNP in Drosophila. Experientia 18:571–573
Tissieres A, Mitchell HK, Tracey UM (1974) Protein synthesis in salivary glands of D. melanogaster. Relation to chromosome puffs. J Mol Biol 84:389–398
Yost HJ, Lindquist S (1986) RNA splicing is interrupted by heat shock and is rescued by HSP synthesis. Cell 45:185–193
Spradling A, Penman S, Pardue ML (1975) Analysis of Drosophila mRNA by in situ hybridisation: sequences transcribed in normal and heat shocked cultured cells. Cell 4:395–404
Lindquist S (1981) Regulation of protein synthesis during heat shock. Nature 293:311–314
Storti RV, Scott MP, Rich A, Pardue ML (1980) Translational control of protein synthesis in response to heat shock in D. melanogaster cells. Cell 22:825–834
McGarry TJ, Lindquist S (1985) The preferential translation of Drosophila hsp 70 mRNA requires sequences in the untranslated leader. Cell 42:903–911
Hunt C, Morimoto RI (1985) Conserved features of eukaryotic hsp70 genes revealed by comparison with the nucleotide sequence of human hsp70. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:6455–6459
Pelham HRB (1986) Speculations on the functions of the major heat shock and glucose-regulated proteins. Cell 46:959–961
Polla BS (1988) A role for heat shock proteins in inflammation? Immunology Today 9:134–137
Kasambalides EJ, Lanks KW (1983) Dexamethasone can modulate glucose-regulated and heat shock protein synthesis. J Cell Physiol 114:93–98
Ramachandran C, Catelli MG, Schneider W, Shyamala G (1988) Estrogenic regulation of uterine 90-kilodalton heat shock protein. Endocrinology 123:956–961
Baez M, Sargan DR, Elbrecht A, Kulomaa MS, Zarucki-Schulz T, Tsai M-J, O'Malley BW (1987) Steroid hormone regulation of the gene encoding the chicken heat shock protein hsp 108. J Biol Chem 262:6582–6588
Caltabiano MM, Koestler TP, Poste G, Greig RG (1986) Induction of 32- and 34-kDa proteins by sodium arsenite, heavy metals, and thiol-reactive agents. J Biol Chem 261:13381–13386
Keyse SM, Tyrell M (1987) Both near ultraviolet radiation and the oxidising agent hydrogen peroxide induce a 32kDa stress protein in normal human skin fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 262:14821–14825
Velazquez JM, DiDomenico BJ, Lindquist S (1980) Intracellular localisation of heat shock proteins in Drosophila. Cell 20:679–689
Velazquez JM, Lindquist S (1984) hsp70: nuclear function during environmental stress and cytoplasmic storage during recovery. Cell 36:655–662
Welch WJ, Suhan JP (1986) Cellular and biochemical events in mammalian cells during and after recovery from physiological stress. J Cell Biol 103:2035–2052
Lewis MJ, Pelham HRB (1985) Involvement of ATP in the nuclear and nucleolar functions of the 70 kD heat shock protein. EMBO J 4:3137–3143
Laszlo A (1988) The relationship of heat shock proteins, thermotolerance and protein synthesis. Exp Cell Res 178:401–414
Pelham HRB (1984) HSP70 accelerates the recovery of nucleolar morphology after heat shock. EMBO J 3:3095–3100
Pelham HRB (1988) Heat shock proteins — coming in from the cold. Nature 332:776–777
Deshaies RJ, Koch BD, Werner-Washburne M, Craig EA, Schekman R (1988) A subfamily of stress proteins facilitates translocation of secretory and mitochondrial precursor polypeptides. Nature 332:800–805
Chirico WJ, Waters MG, Blobel G (1988) 70K heat shock related proteins stimulate protein translocation into microsomes. Nature 332:805–810
White E, Spector D, Welch W (1988) Differential distribution of the adenovirus E1A proteins and colocalisation of E1A with the 70-kilodalton cellular heat shock protein in infected cells. J Virol 62:4153–4166
Khanadjian EW, Turlen H (1983) Simian virus 40 and polyoma virus induce synthesis of heat shock proteins in permissive cells. Mol Cell Biol 3:1–8
La Thangue NB, Latchman DS (1988) A cellular protein related to heat shock protein 90 accumulates during herpes simplex virus infection and is overexpressed in transformed cells. Exp Cell Res 178:169–179
Provost TT, Reichlin M (1988) Immunopathologic studies of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol 8:223–233
Bole DG, Hendershot LM, Kearney JF (1986) Post-translational association of immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein with nascent heavy chains in nonsecreting and secreting hybridomas. J Cell Biol 102:1558–1566
Munro S, Pelham HR (1986) An HSP70-like protein in the ER: identity with the 78kD glucose-regulated protein and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. Cell 46:291–300
Kozutsumi YY, Segal M, Normington K, Gething M-J, Sambrook J (1988) The presence of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum signals the induction of glucose-regulated proteins. Nature 332:462–464
Catelli MG, Binart N, Jung-Testas I, Renoir JM, Baulieu EE, Feramisco JR, Welch WJ (1985) The common 90 kD protein component of non-transformed “8S” steroid receptors is a heat shock protein. EMBO J 4:3131–3136
Schuh S, Yonomoto W, Brugge J, Bauer VJ, Rich RM, Sullivan WP, Toft D (1985) A 90 000-dalton binding protein comon to both steroid receptors and the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein, pp 60v-ser. J Biol Chem 260:14292–14296
Baulieu EE (1987) Steroid hormone antagonists at the receptor level: a role for heat shock protein MW 90 000 (hsp90). J Cell Biochem 35:161–174
Pratt WB (1987) Transformation of glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors to the DNA-binding state. J Cell Biochem 35:51–68
Danielsen M, Northrop J, Ringold GM (1986) The mouse glucocorticoid receptor: mapping of functional domains by cloning, sequencing and expression of wild-type and mutant receptor proteins. EMBO J 5:2513–2522
Sabbah M, Redeuilh G, Secco C, Baulieu E-E (1987) The binding activity of estrogen receptor to DNA and heat shock protein (Mr 90 000) is dependent on receptor bound metal. J Biol Chem 262:8631–8635
Southgate R, Ayme A, Voellmy R (1983) Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Drosophila small heat shock gene cluster at locus 67B. J Mol Biol 165:35–37
Keyse SM, Tyrell RM (1989) Heme oxygenase is the major 32-kDa stress protein induced in human skin fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen peroxide and sodium arsenite. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:99–103
Muller RM, Taguchi H, Shibahara S (1987) Nucleotide sequence and organisation of the rat heme oxygenase gene. J Biol Chem 262:6795–6802
Yoshida T, Biro P, Cohen T, Muller RM, Shibahara S (1988) Human heme oxygenase cDNA and induction of its mRNA by hemin. Eur J Biochem 171:457–461
Yoshida T, Kikuchi G (1978) Purification and properties of heme oxygenase from pig spleen microsomes. J Biol Chem 253:4224–4229
Hass MA, Massaro D (1988) Regulation of the synthesis of superoxide dismutases in rat lungs during oxidant and hyperthermic stresses. J Biol Chem 263:776–781
Duff GW, Durum SK (1983) The pyrogenic and mitogenic actions of interleukin-1 are related. Nature 304:449–451
Kluger MJ (1986) Is fever beneficial? Yale J Biol Med 59:89–95
Granelli-Piperno A, Andrus L, Steinman RM (1986) Lymphokine and nonlymphokine mRNA levels in stimulated human T cells. J Exp Med 163:922–937
Polla BS, Healy AM, Wojno WC, Krane SM (1987) Hormone 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates heat shock response in monocytes. Am J Physiol 252 (6 Pt1):C640-C649
Spitz DR, Dewey WC, Li GC (1987) Hydrogen peroxide or heat shock induces resistance to hydrogen peroxide in Chinese hampster fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 131:364–373
Polla BS, Healey AM, Wojno WC, Krane SM (1986) Abstract. J Bone Min Res 1:422
Polla BS, Healey AM, Amento EP, Krane SM (1986) 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 maintains adherence of human monocytes and protects them from thermal injury. J Clin Invest 77:1332–1339
Kubo T, Towle CA, Mankin HJ, Treadwell BV (1985) Stress-induced proteins in chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 28:1140–1145
McLean IL, Winrow VR, Mapp PI, Cherrie AH, Archer JR, Blake DR (1988) Letter — synovial fluid T cells and 65 kD heat shock protein. Lancet II p:856–857
Res PCM, Schaar CG, Breedveld FC, van Eden W, van Embden JDA, Cohen IR, de Vries RRP (1988) Synovial fluid T cell reactivity against 65 kD heat shock protein of mycobacteria in early chronic arthritis. Lancet II:478–480
Gaston JSH, Life PF, Bailey L, Bacon PA (1988) Letter — synovial fluid T cells and 65 kD heat shock protein. Lancet II:856
Pardue ML (1988) The heat shock response in biology and human disease: a meeting review. Genes Dev 2:783–785
Minota S, Cameron B, Welch WJ, Winfield JB (1988) Autoantibodies to the constitutive 73 kD member of the hsp70 family of heat shock proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 168:1475–1480
Caltabiano MM, Kiestler TP, Poste G, Greig RG (1986) Induction of mammalian stress proteins by a triethylphosphine gold compound used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138:1074–1080
Smith MD, Smith A, O'Donnell J, Ahern M, Roberts-Thomson PJ (1989) Impaired delayed type hypersensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis reversed by chrysotherapy. Ann Rheum Dis 48:108–113
Hurst NP, Bell AL, Nuki G (1986) Studies of the effect of D-penicillamine and sodium aurothiomalate therapy on superoxide anion production by monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for in vivo stimulation of monocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 45:37
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hurst, N.P. Stress (heat shock) proteins and rheumatic disease. Rheumatol Int 9, 271–276 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541323
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541323