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Vocalization-correlated single-unit activity in the brain stem of the squirrel monkey

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Summary

The brain stems of 17 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were systematically explored for vocalization-related single-unit activity during calls electrically elicited from the periaqueductal grey. Of 12,280 cells tested, 1151 fired in relation to vocalization. Of these, 587 reacted to external acoustic stimuli and started firing after vocalization onset. As most of these cells were located in classical auditory relay structures, they probably represent auditory neurones reacting indirectly to self-produced vocalization due to auditory feedback. Seven cells reacted to acoustic stimuli but fired in advance of self-produced vocalization. These cells were locoated in the pericentral inferior colliculus, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsomedial to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and immediately lateral to the central grey. They are probably engaged in tuning the auditory system to process self-generated sounds differently from external sounds. 261 neurones reacted to nonphonatory oral movements (chewing, swallowing) and started firing after vocalization onset. These neurones were widely distributed within the brain stem, with the highest density in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and medially adjacent reticular formation. The majority of these cells seem to react to proprioceptive and tactile stimuli generated by phonatory and nonphonatory oral activities. Some of them may exert motor control on muscles that come into play at later stages of phonation. 57 neurones reacted to nonphonatory oral movements but fired in advance of vocalization onset. These neurones were located mainly in the trigeminal motor nucleus, nucl. ambiguus, reticular formation around these nuclei, parabrachial region and lateral vestibular nucleus. Their role in motor control seems to be related to specific muscles rather than specific functions. 100 of the vocalization-related cells showed a correlation with respiration. Expiration-related cells were found in and around the rostral nucl. ambiguus and in the reticular formation dorsal to the facial nucleus. Inspiration-related cells were located in the rostral and caudal nucl. ambiguus regions, ventrolateral solitary tract nucleus and the lateral reticular formation below the trigeminal motor nucleus. Most of these cells probably represent premotor neurones of respiratory muscles and laryngeal motoneurones of the cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. Finally, a last group of cells was found that was unresponsive to chewing and swallowing movements, quiet breathing and acoustic stimuli, but changed activity during vocalization. 38 of them became active before vocalization and cricothyroid activity, and 101 afterward. Both types were completely intermingled and scattered widely in the brain stem, including the nucl. ambiguus region, solitary tract nucleus, nucl. reticularis parvocellularis and gigantocellularis, parabrachial region, pericentral colliculus inferior, vestibular complex, periventricular grey and laterally adjacent tegmentum. Some of these cells may be related to vocalization in a more specific way.

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Abbreviations

A:

nucl. annularis

Ab:

nucl. ambiguus

Apt:

area praetectalis

BC:

brachium conjunctivum

BP:

brachium pontis

Cb:

cerebellum

CC:

corpus callosum

Cd:

nucl. caudatus

Col:

colliculus inferior

CoS:

colliculus superior

CRf:

corpus restiforme

DBC:

decussatio brachii conjunctivi

DG:

nucl. dorsalis tegmenti (Gudden)

DR:

nucl. dorsalis raphae

DV:

nucl. ventralis n. vagi

FRM:

formatio reticularis myelencephali

FRP:

formatio reticularis pontis

FRTM:

formatio reticularis mesencephali

GC:

substantia grisea centralis

GL:

corpus geniculatum laterale

GM:

corpus geniculatum mediale

GPM:

griseum periventriculare mesencephali

GPo:

griseum pontis

H:

habenula

Hip:

hippocampus

IP:

nucl. interpeduncularis

LC:

locus coeruleus

LL:

lemniscus lateralis

LLd:

nucl. dorsalis lemnisci lateralis

LLv:

nucl. ventralis lemnisci lateralis

LM:

lemniscus medialis

LP:

nucl. lateralis posterior thalami

MD:

nucl. medialis dorsalis thalami

MV:

nucl. motorius n. trigemini

NC:

nucl. cochlearis

NCb:

nucl. cerebelli

NCS:

nucl. centralis superior

NCT:

nucl. trapezoidalis

NR:

nucl. ruber

NST:

nucl. supratrochlearis

NSV:

nucl. spinalis n. trigemini

NTS:

nucl. tractus solitarii

NIII:

nucl. oculomotorius

NIV:

nucl. trochlearis

nV:

nervus trigeminus

NVI:

nucl. abducens

NVII:

nucl. facialis

NXII:

nucl. hypoglossus

OI:

oliva inferior

PbL:

nucl. parabrachialis lateralis

PbM:

nucl. parabrachialis medialis

Pp:

nucl. praepositus

Pu:

nucl. pulvinaris oralis

PuL:

nucl. pulvinaris lateralis

PuM:

nucl. pulvinaris medialis

Py:

tractus pyramidalis

PV:

nucl. principalis n. trigemini

RL:

nucl. reticularis lateralis

RTP:

nucl. reticularis tegmenti pontis

SN:

substantia nigra

ST:

stria terminalis

Ves:

nucl. vestibulares

VR:

nucl. ventralis raphae

IV:

decussatio n. trochlearis

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  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstr 2, W-8000, München 40, Federal Republic of Germany

    A. Kirzinger & U. Jürgens

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Kirzinger, A., Jürgens, U. Vocalization-correlated single-unit activity in the brain stem of the squirrel monkey. Exp Brain Res 84, 545–560 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00230967

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