Skip to main content
Log in

Superchromosomal organization and its cytogenetic consequences in the Eukaryota

  • Published:
Genetica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Amenta, P.S., I. Gorsh & E.S. Gersh, 1973. Porsistence of individuality of chromosomes during interphase, and the role of the nuclear membrane.-In: Submicroscopic Cytochemistry I. Proteins and Nucleic Acids. (Fd. l. Gersh), Academic Press, New York, p. 365–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardito, G., M. Sarti-Chiarelli & L.F.M. de Boer, 1973. Association between acrocentric chromosomes in chimpanzee (Pan trogiodytes). Boll. Zool. 40: 361–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardito, G. & J. Mortelmans, 1975. Cytology of the Cercopithecidae: the banding pattern of Cereopithecus nigroviridis, Pocook 1907. J. hum. Evol. 4: 377–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aula, P. 1965. Virus-associated chromosome breakage. A cytogenetic study of chickenpox, measles and mumps patients and of cell cultures infected with measles virus. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae A. IV Biologica 89, p. 75, Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, M.L. 1959. Sex chromatin and phenotype in man, Science 130: 679–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, D., F.N. David & M. Merrington, 1965. The relative positions of the chromosomes in human cell mitosis. An. hum. Genetics 39: 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, A.D., W.F. Kisieleski, F. Wassorman & F. Mackevicius, 1971. Experimental modification of structures at the periphery of the liver cell nucleus. Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat. 115: 299–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belar, K. 1929. Beitragé zur Kausalanalyse der Mitosc. III. Untersuchungen an den Staubfadenhaarzelien und Blatt-meristemzellen von Tradoscantia virginiana Z. Zellforsch. 10: 73–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boor, L.E.M. de, 1972. Marked ehromosome associations in Catarrhine Monkeys, with a note on chromosome association in other primate groups. J. hum. Evol. 1: 83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boss, J.M.N. 1954. Mitosis in cultures of newt tissue. II. Chromosome pairing in anaphase. Expl. Cell Res. 7: 225–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boss, J.M.N. 1955. The pairing of somatic chromosomes: a survey. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 13: 213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boss, J. 1972. Bridges between chromosomes. Experientia 28: 483–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boveri, T. 1909. Die Blastomerenkerme von Ascaris megalocephala und die Theoric der Chromosomen individualität. Arch. Zeilforsch. 3: 181–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brøgger, A. 1971 a. Apparently spontaneous chromosome damage in human leukocytes and the nature of chromatid gaps. Humangenetik 13: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brøgger, A. 1971 b. Chromosome damage in human cells induced by hydroxylamine. Hereditas 69: 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brøgger, A. 1975. Is the chromatid gap a folding defect due to protein change? Evidence from mercaptoethanol treatment of human lymphocyte chromosomes. Hereditas 80: 131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brøgger, A. 1976. Random segregation of sister chromatids in Brd-L' substituted human chromosomes. — Proc. IX Congr. Nordie Soc. Cell Biol. Odense University Press. pp. 61–64.

  • Brøgger, A. & J. Johansen, 1972. A model for the production of chromosome damage by mitomycin C. Chromosoma 38: 95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brøgger, A., G. Ardito & B. Chiarelli, 1977. The non-random distribution of the human chromosomes at metaphase. I. Possible interrelation among the homologous chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 21 and 22 and other chromosomes in normal human metaphase plates. Nucleus 20: 245–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdick, A.B. 1976. Somatic chromosome interconnections in trypan preparations of Chinese hamster testicular cells. Expl. Cell Res. 99: 425–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdick, A.B., B.L. Libbus, U. Athanassiou & A. Falek, 1974. Mammalian male pachytene chromosome interconnections and karyotypes. Can. J. Gen. Cytol. 16: 481–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J. 1966. Autoradiography of Hela cells. J. molec. Biol. 15: 372–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callan, H.G. & S. Tomlin, 1950. Experimental studies on amphibian oocyte nuclei. I. Investigation of the structure of the nuclear membrane by means of the electron microscope. Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B. 137: 367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camenzind, R. & R.B. Nicklas, 1968. The nonrandom chromosome segregation in spermatocytes of Gryllotalpa hexadactyla. Chromosoma 24: 324–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavalier-Smith, T. 1974. Palindromic base sequences and replication of eukaryote chromosome ends. Nature 250: 467–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A.T.C. 1973. Interchromosomal fibres in human male meiotic chromosomes. Lancet (1): 828.

  • Chiarelli, B. 1970. Struttura e ultrastruttua dei chromosomi nei mammiferi. Aggiornamenti di Radiobiologia 3: 9 (IX Congresso Naz. della Ass. It. di Radiobiologia Medica, Varese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiarelli, B. 1974. Bands or chromomeres: a functional interpretation of banding and speculation about a model of nucleus and chromosome organization in the Eukaryotes. Boll. Zool. 41: 123–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiarelli, B. 1976. A circular model of the superchromosomal organization in the Eukaryota.-Nucleus 19: 71–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiarelli, B. 1978. Chromosome pulverization reinterpreted. Nucleus (in press).

  • Chiarelli, B., G. Ardito & A. Brøgger, 1977. The non-random distribution of human chromosomes at metaphase. II. Chromosomal interconnections. Nucleus 20: 249–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiarelli, B. & F. Piccotti, 1967. Considerazioni biologiche sul cariotipo delle cellule di tumori aseitici del topo. Boll. Soc. Biol. sper. 43: 1324–1328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claude, A. 1964. Morpohology of the nuclear envelope and possible pathways of exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In: Cellular Control Mechanisms and Cancer. (Eds. Emmolot and O. Mühlbock), Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, R.E., 1936. Some aspects of the cyto-genetics of Oenothera. Bot. Rev. 2: 316–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.M. & M.W. Shaw, 1964. Effects of mitomycin C on human chromosomes. J. Cell Biol. 23: 386–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.M., M.J. Marinello & N. Back, 1967. Chromosomal damage in human leucocytes induced by Lysergic acid Diethylamide. Science 155: 1417–1419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.M., P. Enis & C.G. Pfeifer, 1972. An investigation of somatic pairing in the muntjak. Cytogenetics 11: 145–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D.E. 1967. The duration of replication of the inactive X chromosome in humans based on the persistence of the heterochromatin sex chromatin body during DNA synthesis. Cytogenetics 6: 20–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D.E. 1967. The rationale for an ordered arrangement of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. Am. J. hum. Genet. 20: 440–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D.E. & T. Kakefuda, 1968. Initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid replication at the nuclear membrane in human cells. J. molec. Biol. 33: 225–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D.E. & T.A. Okada, 1970 a. Association of chromatin fibers with the anuli of the nucleat membrane Expl. Cell Res. 62: 293–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D.E. & T.A. Okada, 1970 b. Association of nuclear membrane fragments with metaphase and anaphase chromosomes as observed by whole mount electron microscopy. Expl. Cell Res. 63: 62–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D.F. & T.A. Okada, 1970 c. Whole mount electron microscopy of meiotic chromosomes and the synaptonemal complex. Chromosoma 30: 269–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D.F. & T.A. Okada, 1972. The architecture of meiotic chromosomes and mechanisms of chromosome pairing. Adv. Cell molec. Biol. 2: 309–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, P. 1971. Non random participation of chromosomes 13, 14, 15 in acrocentric associations. Humangenetik 13: 309–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, D.P. 1970. Identical linear order of chromosomes in both gametes of the acoel turbellarian Polychoerus carmelensis: a preliminary note. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67: 1951–1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H.G. 1967. Fine structure of heterochromatin in certain cell nuclei. Nature Lond. 214: 208–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H.G. 1968. Electron-microscope observations on the organization of heterochromatin in certain cells. J. Cell Science 3: 129–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H.G. & J.V. Small, 1968. Structural units in chromatin and their orientation on membranes. Nature Lond. 217: 1122–1125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diacumos, E.G., S. Holland & P. Pecora, 1971. Chromosome displacement in and extraction from human cells at different mitotic stages. Nature Lond. 232: 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuPraw, F.J. 1965. The organization of nuclei and chromosomes in honey-bec embryonic cells. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 53: 161–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuPraw, E.J. 1968. Cell and molecular Biology. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuPraw, E.J. 1970. DNA and Chromosomes. Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J.H. 1961. Chromosomal association in man. Lancet 2: 317–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmerich, G., S. Scharrer, S. Stengel-Rutkowski & K.D. Zang, 1973. Electron microscope studies of interchromosomal fibre structures on human lymphocytes in metaphase. Humangenetik 19: 227–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H.J., 1961. Chromatid aberrations induced by gamma irradiation. I. The structure and frequency of chromatid interchanges in diploid and tetraploid cells of Vicia faba. Genetics 46: 257–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H.J. 1962. Chromosome aborrations induced by ionizing radiation. Int. Rev. Cytol. 13: 221–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, H.J. & T.R.L. Bigger, 1961. Chrematid aberrations induced by gamma irradiation. II. Non-randomness in the distribution of chromatid aberrations in relation to chromosome length in Vicia faba root-tip cells. Genetics 46: 277–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, P. & K. Pusa, 1972. Nuclear pore complexes: ‘Press-Stud’ elements of chromosomes in pairing and control. Nature new Biol. 240: 163–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Carli, L. & B. Chiarelli, 1960. Variabilità nel numero dei cromosomi tra cloni ed entro cloni in due ceppi stabilizati di cellule umane coltivate in vitro. Atti Ass. genet. ital. 5: 255–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fakan, S. & W. Bernhard, 1971. Localisation of rapidly and slowly labelled nuclear RNA as visualized by high resolution autoradiography. Expl. Cell Res. 67: 129–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, M., T. Mello-Sampayo & E.R. Sears, 1966. Somatic association in Triticum aestivum. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56: 1192–1199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson-Smith, M.A. & S.D. Handmaker, 1961. Observations on the satellite human chromosomes. Lancet 1: 638–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, D.P. 1966. The Effects of X-rays on the chromosomes of locust embryos. II. Chromatid interactions and organization of the interphase nucleus. Chromosoma 20: 173–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.W. & U. Schreer, 1974. The structures and functions of the Nuclear Envelope. In: The Cell Nucleus (Ed. H. Busch), Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fussell, C.P. 1972. The interphase position of chromosomes in onion roottip nuclei. J. Cell. Biol. 55: 79a. Abstracts of papers presented at the 12th annual meeting of the Am. Soc. for Cell Biology.

  • Galpérin, H. 1968. Etude de la distribution générale des 46 chromosomes dans les cellules humaines en metaphase. Humangenetik 6: 118–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaul, H. 1954. Über meiotische Fragment- und Brückenbildung der Bastarde Secale und Triticum x Agropyrum. Chromosoma 6: 314–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • German, J. 1964. Cytological evidence for crossing-over in vitro in human lymphoid cells. Science 144: 298–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, L. 1970. A radiographic investigation of the relation between transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell. Expl. Cell Res. 61: 218–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruneberg, H. 1966. The case of somatic crossing-over in the mouse. Genet. Res. 7: 58–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A.S., D. Warburton & K.C. Atwood, 1973. Ribosomal DNA connectives between human acrocentric chromosomes. Nature 245: 95–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heneen, W.K. 1963 a. Cytology of the intergeneric hybrid Elymus arenarius x Secale cereale. Hereditas 49: 61–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennen, W.K. 1963 b. Meiosis in the interspecific hybrid Elymus faretus x E. repens. Hereditas 49: 107–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heneen, W.K. & W.W. Nichols, 1972. Nonrandom arrangement of metaphase chromosomes in cultured cells of the Indian deer, Muntiacus muntjak. Cytogenetics 11: 153–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hens, L., M. Kirsch-Volders, C. Susanne & M. Galpérin-Lemaitre, 1975. Relative position of trypsin banded homologous chromosomes in human (♀) metaphase figures. Humangenetik 28: 303–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoo, J.J. & H. Cramer, 1971. On the position of chromosomes in prepared mitosis figures of human fibroblasts. Humangenetik 13: 166–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, G.C. 1968. Sensitivity of microsurgically removed chromosomal spindle fibres to enzyme disruption. Nature Lond. 217: 748–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, T.C. 1964. Mammalian chromosomes in vitro. XVIII: DNA replication sequence in the Chineso hamster. J. Cell Biol. 23: 53–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, T.C. 1975. A possible function of constitutive heterochromatin: the bodyguard hypothesis. Genetics 79: 137–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, T.C., J.E. Cooper, M.L. Jr. Mace & B.R. Brinkley, 1971. Arrangement of centromeres in mouse cells. Chromosoma 34: 73–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huberman, J.A. & A.D. Riggs, 1968. On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes.-J. molec. Biol. 32: 327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., A. Brenner & F. Cuzin, 1963. On the regulation of DNA replication. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 28: 329–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaffray, J.Y. & A. Geneix, 1974. Interchromosal fibers: Human ultrastructural study by a recent technique. Humangenetik 25: 119–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, B. & K.R. Lewis, 1965. Genetic speciation in the grass-hopper Eyprepocnemis plorans, Chromosoma 16: 308–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khush, G.S. & C.M. Rick, 1968. Cytogenetic analysis of the tomato genome by means of induced deficiencies. Chromosoma 23: 452–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kihlman, B.A. & B. Hartley, 1967. ‘Sub-chromatid’ exchanges and the ‘folded-fibre’ model of chromosome structure. Hereditas 57: 289–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitani, Y. 1963. Orientation, arrangement and association of somatic chromosomes. Jap. J. Genet. 38: 244–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasterska, I. & A.T. Nataraian, 1974. The role of the diffuse stage in the cytological problems of meiosis in Rosa. Hereditas 76: 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasterska, I., A.T. Natarajan & C. Ramel, 1976 a. An interpretation of the origin of subchromatid aberrations and chromosome stickiness as a category of chromatid aberrations. Hereditas 83: 153–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasterska, I., A.T. Natarajan, A.T. & C. Ramel, 1976 b. New observations on mammalian male meiosis. I. Laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) and Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Hereditas 83: 203–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasterska, I., A.T. Natarajan & C. Ramel, 1977. Interchromosomal connections in mouse spermatocyte meiosis. Hereditas 86: 273–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klingstedt, H. 1939. Taxonomic and cytological studies on grasshopper hybrids. I. Morphology and spermatogenesis of Chorthippus bicolor Charp. x Ch. biguttulus L. J. Genet. 37: 389–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S. & A.T. Natarajan, 1966. Kinetics of two-break chromosome exchanges and the spatial arrangement of chromosome strands in interphase nucleus. Nature 209: 796–797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laca, Z. 1972. Interchromosomal fibres, Lancet (II): 1367.

  • La Cour, L.F. & B. Wells, 1972. The nuclear pores of early meiotic prophase nuclei of plants. Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat. 123: 178–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampert, F., G.F. Bahr & E.J. DuPraw, 1969. Ultrastructure of a Burkitt's lymphoma marker chromosome as investigated by quantitative electron microscopy. Cancer 24: 367–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latt, S.A. 1974 a. Sister chromatid exchanges, indices of chromosome damage and repair: detection by fluorescence and induction by Mitomycin C. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71: 3162–3166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latt, S.A. 1974 b. Localization of sister chromatid exchanges in human chromosomes. Science 185: 74–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lettré, H. & R. Lettré, 1959. A cytological problem: permanence of the chromosomal spindle fiber during interphase. Nucleus 2: 23–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubs, H.A. & J. Samuelson, 1967. Chromosome abnormalities in lymphocytes from normal human subjects. A study of 3,720 cells. Cytogenetics 6: 402–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maio, J.J. & C.L. Schildkraut, 1969. Isolated mammalian metaphase chromosomes. II. Fractionated chromosomes of mouse and chinese hamster cells. J. mol. Biol. 40: 203–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, M.P. 1967. Evidence for homologous pairing of chromosomes prior to meiotic prophase in maize. Chromosoma 21: 221–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin, G. 1969. Selection of chromosomal segregants in a ‘hybrid’ line of syrian hamster fibroblasts. Expl. Cell Res. 57: 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, C.W. 1919. Chromosome studies on the Diptera. II. The paired association of chromosomes in the Diptera and its significance. J. Expl. Zool. 21: 213–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O.I. 1976. Electron microscopy of protein-nucleic acid and interaction in transcription and replication. Paper presented at the 10th I.U.B. Congress, Hamburg, July 25–31, 1976.

  • Miller, O.J., W.R. Breg, B.B. Mukherjee, A. van N. Gamble & A.C. Christakos, 1963 a. Non random distribution of chromosomes in metaphase figures from cultured human leucocytes. II. The peripheral location of chromosomes 13, 17–18 and 21. Cytogenetics 2: 152–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O.J., B.B. Mukherjee, W.R. Breg & A. van N. Gamble, 1963 b. Non random distribution of chromosomes in metaphase figure from cultured human leucocytes. I. The peripheral location of the Y chromosome. Cytogenetics 2: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, J. & F.C. Steward, 1961. Growth induction in cultures of Haplopappus gracilis. II. The behaviour of the nucleus, Am. J. Bot. 48: 358–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moens, P.B. 1969. The fine structure of meiotic chromosome polarisation and pairing in Locusta migratoria spermatocytes. Chromosoma 28: 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morad, M., J. Jonasson & J. Lindsten, 1973, Distribution of mitomycin C induced on human chromosomes. Hereditas 74: 273–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moses, M.J. 1960. Breakdown and reformation of the nuclear envelope at cell division. In: Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Electron Microscopy (Berlin 1958). (Eds. W. Bargmann, G. Mollonstedt, H. Niehrs, D. Poters, F. Ruska & C. Wolpers), vol. 2, p. 230–233. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myhra, S. & A. Brøgger, 1975. Interchromosomal DNA-containing fibres in human cells. Humangenetik 29: 183–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myhra, S. & A. Brøgger, 1976. DNA-containing fibres between human chromosomes as evidence for a superchromosomal organization. Proc. 9 Congr. Nordic Soc. Cell Biol., Odense University Press, pp. 57–60.

  • Nakagome, Y., 1973. G-group chromosomes in satellite associations. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 12: 336–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natarajan, A.T. & G. Ahnström, 1969. Heterochromatin and chromosome aberrations. Chromosoma 28: 48–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natarajan, A.T. & M.D. Upadhya, 1964. Localized chromosome breakage induced by ethyl methanesulfonate and hydroxylamine in Vicia faba. Chromosoma 15: 156–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor, A.F., D. Warburten & F.F. Warburton, 1973. Spatial relations of human chromosomes identified by quinacrine fluorescence at metaphase. II. Analysis of variance of intercentromeric distances. Humangenetik 18: 307–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, R.L., A.B. Sanyal & R.H. Stanton, 1972. Association of DNA replication with the nuclear membrane of Hela cells. Expl. Cell Res. 70: 106–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohno, S., S. Makino, W.D. Kaplan & R. Kinesito, 1961. Female germ cells of man. Expl. Cell Res. 24: 106–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohno, S., H.P. Klinger & N.B. Atkin, 1962. Human oogenesis, Cytogenetics 1: 42–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, R.B., D.A. Jermany & R.F. Rasmussen, 1966. A method to determine the number of DNA replicating units in cultured mammalian cells. J. molec. Biol. 17: 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patil, S.R. & M.A. Lubs, 1971. Non-random association of human acrocentric chromosomes. Humangenetik 13: 157–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaut, W., D. Nash & T. Fanning, 1966. Ordered replication of DNA in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. molec. Biol. 16: 85–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, P. & H.J. Evans, 1973. Cytological detection of mutagen-carcinogen exposure by sister chromatid exchange. Nature Lond. 258: 121–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, P. & S. Wolff, 1974. New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids. Nature Lond. 251: 156–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogosianz, H.E. 1970. Meiosis in Djungarian hamster. I. General pattern of male meiosis. Chromosoma 31: 392–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pusa, K. 1963. Some principles governing chromosome pairing — the spatial relations of chromosomes and nuclear membrane (Abstr.) Proc. XI Int. Congr. Genet. (The Hague, Sept. 1963) 1: 110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabl, C., 1885. Über Zelltheilung, Morph. Jb. 10: 214–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, R.N. & A.T. Natarajan, 1967. Somatic association in relation to chemically induced chromosome aberrations in Vicia faba. Genetics 57: 821–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray-Chaudhuri, S.P., L. Singh & T. Sharma, 1971. Evolution of sex-chromosomes and formation of W-chromatin in snakes. Chromosoma 33: 239–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revell, S.H. 1953. Chromosome breakage by X-rays and radiomimetic substances in Vicia faba. Heredity (Suppl.) 6: 107–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revell, S.H. 1959. The accurate estimation of chromatid breakage, and its relevance to a new interpretation of chromatid aberrations induced by ionizing radiations. Proc. R. Soc. Biol. 150: 563–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revell, S.H. 1963. Chromatid aberrations the generalized theory. In: Radiation-induced Chromosome Aberrations (Ed. S. Wolff), Columbia University Press, New York, p. 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revell, S.H. 1966. Evidence for a dose-squared term in the dose response curve from real chromatid discontinuities induced by X-rays, and some theoretical consequences thereof. Mutation Res. 3: 34–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieger, R. 1966. Alternative Interpretationsversuche zur Entstehung chromosomalen Strukturumbauten: Bruch-Rennions- und Austausch-Hypothese. Biol. Zbl. 85: 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieger, R. & A. Michaelis, 1959. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Vertcilung durch verschiedene Mutagene induzierter Brüche über den Chromosomensatz von Vicia faba L. Chromosoma 10: 163–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax, K. 1938. Induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in Tradescantia microspores. Genetics 23: 494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sax, K. 1940. Analysis of X-ray induced chromosomal aberrations in Tradescantia. Genetics 25: 41–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scali, V. & G. Mancino, 1968. Osservazioni sulla spermatogenesi di ibridi poliploidi Triturus helveticus/vulgaris x T. vulgaris.—Memorie Soc. tosc. Sci. nat. B. 75: 8–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, W. 1963. DNA replication patterns of human chromosomes. Cytogenetics 2: 175–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, L.K. 1973. RNA synthesis in chromosome connectives. J. Cell Biol. 56: 608–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman, L.J. & C.A.B. Smith, 1962. Non-random distribution of certain homologous pairs of normal chromosomes in metaphase. Nature Lond. 195: 1229–1230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M.W. 1961. Association of acrocentric chromosomes with the centromere region of chromosome number 1. Lancet 1: 1351–1352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M.W. & M.M. Cohen, 1965. Chromosome exchange in human leucocytes induced by mitomycin C, Genetics 51: 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, L. 1972. Evolution of karyotypes in snakes. Chromosoma 38: 185–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, K. 1967, Spontaneous occurrence of tetraploidy and near-haploidy in mammalian peripheral blood. Expl. Cell Res. 47: 443–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S.G. & F.R. Boothroyd, 1942. Polarisation and progression in pairing. I. Interlocking of bivalents in Trillium erectum L. Can. J. Res. 20: 358–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solari, A.J. 1967. Electron Microscopy of native DNA in sea urchin cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 17: 421–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solari, A.J. 1972. Ultrastructure and composition of the synaptonemal complex in spread and negatively stained spermatocytes of the golden hamster and the albino rat. Chromosoma 39: 237–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somers, C.E. & T.C. Hsu, 1962. Chromosome damage induced by hydroxylamine in mammalian cells. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 48: 937–943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorsa, V. 1972. Condensation of chromosomes during meiotic prophase. Whole mount electron microscopy of the spermatogenesis in Omocestus. Hereditas 72: 215–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, A.H. 1951. Radiation sensitivity of cells during mitotic and meiotic cycles with emphasis on possible cytochemical changes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51: 1508–1540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, A.H. & A.F. Nauman, 1976. Evolution of genome size by DNA doublings. Science 192: 524–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparvoli, E., M.G. Galli, A. Mosca & G. Paris, 1976. Localization of DNA replicator sites near the nuclear membrane in plant cells. Expl. Cell Res. 97: 74–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurway, H. & H.G. Callan, 1960. The vigour and male sterility of hybrids between the species Triturus vulgaris and T. helveticus. J. Genet. 57: 84–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadler, L.J. 1932. On the genetic nature of induced mutations in plants. Proc. VI Int. Congr. Genet. 1: 274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, C., 1936. Somatic crossing over and segregation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 21: 625–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, W.B. 1968. Somatic reduction in cycads. Science 159: 648–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stubblefield, E. & W. Wray, 1971. Architecture of the Chinese hamster metaphase chromosome. Chromosoma 32: 262–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, W.S. 1903. On the morphology of the chromosome group in Brachystola magna. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab. Woods Hole 4: 24–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sved, J.A. 1966. Telomere attachment of chromosomes. Some genetical and cytogenetical consequences. Genetics 53: 747–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takayama, S. 1975. Interchromosomal connectives in squash preparations of L cells. Expl. Cell Res. 91: 408–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J.H. 1958. Sister chromatid exchanges in tritiumlabeled chromosomes. Genetics 43: 515–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teplitz, R. & S. Ohno, 1963. Postnatal induction of ovogenesis in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cunuculus). Expl. Cell Res. 31: 183–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teplitz, R.L., P.E. Gustafson & O.L. Pellet, 1968. Control mechanisms in chromosome distribution. Clin. Res. 16: 121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderlyn, L. 1948. Somatic mitosis in the root tip of Allium cepa a review and a reorientation. Bot. Rev. 41: 270–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenaar, F.B. 1969. End-to-end chromosome attachments in mitotic interphase and their possible significance to meiotic chromosome pairing. Chromosoma 26: 410–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waksvik, H., A. Brøgger & J. Stone, 1977. Psoralen/UVA treatment and chromosomes. I. Aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes in vitro and synergism with caffeine. Human Genetics 38: 195–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, D., A.F. Naylor & F.F. Warburton, 1973. Spatial relations of human chromosomes identified by quinacrine fluorescence at metaphase. I. Mean interchromosomal distances from the cell center. Humangenetik 18: 297–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, I.D. & H.G. Callan, 1963. The form of bivalent chromosomes in newt oocytes at first metaphase of meiosis. Quart. J. microsc. Sci. 104: 281–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, M.L. 1959. Further observations on the nuclear envelope of the animal cell. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 6: 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wettstein von, D. 1971. The synaptinemal complex and fourstrand crossing-over.—Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68: 851–855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wettstein, R. J.R. Sotelo, 1967. Electron microscope serial reconstruction of the spermatocyte I nuclei at pachytene. J. Microsc. 6: 557.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, M.J.D. 1977. Animal Cytology and Evolution. 5th edition. University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E.B. 1925. The cell in development and heredity, 3rd edition. Mac Millan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, U., G. Flinspach, R. Bohm & S. Ohno, 1965. DNS-Reduplikationsmuster bei den Riesen-Geschlechts-chromosomen von Microtus agrestis. Chromosoma 16: 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, S.L. & B. John, 1965. The organisation and ultrastructure of male meiotic chromosomes in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Chromosoma 17: 85–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, S. 1961. Radiation Genetics. In: Mechanisms in Radiobiology (Eds. M. Errera and A. Forssberg) Academic Press, New York, p. 1–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woollam, D.H.M., E.H.R. Ford & J.W. Millen, 1966, The attachment of pachytene chromosomes to the nuclear membrane in mammalian spermatocytes. Expl. Cell Res. 42: 657–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woollam, D.H.M., J.W. Millen & E.H.R. Ford, 1967. Points of attachment of pachytene chromosomes to the nuclear membrane in mouse spermatocytes. Nature Lond. 213: 298–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, M. & F. Hanaoka, 1973. Periodic changes in the association of mammalian DNA with the membrane during the cell cycle. Nature new Biology 243: 227–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zang, K.D. & E. Back, 1968. Quantitative study on the arrangement of human metaphase chromosomes. I. Individual features in the association pattern of the acrocentric chromosomes of normal males and females. Cytogenetics 7: 445–470.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chiarelli, B., Brøgger, A. Superchromosomal organization and its cytogenetic consequences in the Eukaryota. Genetica 49, 109–126 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120556

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120556

Keywords

Navigation