The successful application of a non-oncogenic virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which can be used to modify a highly metastatic tumor to become more immunogenic is reported. Such NDV modified tumor cells were found to be effective as tumor vaccine for anti-metastatic therapy in combination with surgical removal of the primary tumor. The protection in the animals seen after this treatment is paralleled by an establishment of specific systemic anti-tumor immunity. This protective immunity depended on recognition of a distinct tumor antigen. The therapy protocol also worked in animals bearing the plastic adhesive variant ESb-MP. It did not work, however, when using an immune escape variant not expressing a specific tumor antigen]
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Schirrmacher, V., Heicappell, R. Prevention of metastatic spread by postoperative immunotherapy with virally modified autologous tumor cells. II. Establishment of specific systemic anti-tumor immunity. Clin Exp Metast 5, 147–156 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058060
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058060