Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Active cell death in hormone-dependent tissues

  • Published:
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Active cell death (ACD) in hormone-dependent tissues such as the prostate and mammary gland is readily induced by hormone ablation and by treatment with anti-androgens or anti-estrogens, calcium channel agonists and TGFβ. These agents induce a variety of genes within the hormone-dependent epithelial cells including TRPM-2, transglutaminase, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Hsp27 and several other unidentified genes. Not all epithelial cells in the glands are equally sensitive to the induction of ACD. In the prostate, the secretory epithelial cells that are sensitive to hormone ablation are localized in the distal region of the prostatic ducts, and are in direct contact with the neighboring stroma. In contrast, the epithelial cells in the proximal regions of the ducts are more resistant to hormone ablation, probably because the permissive effects of the stroma are attenuated by the presence of the basal epithelial cells, which are intercalated between the epithelium and stroma. The underlying biology of ACD in prostate and mamary glands, and its relevance to hormone resistance, is discussed in this review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Carter HB, Coffey DS: The prostate: an increasing medical problem. Prostate 16: 39–48, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  2. Huggins C, Hodges CV: Studies on prostate cancer. I: Effects of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1: 293, 1941

    Google Scholar 

  3. Huggins C, Stevens RE, Hodges CV: Studies on prostatic cancer II. The effects of castration on advanced carninoma of the prostate gland. Arch Surg 43: 209, 1941

    Google Scholar 

  4. Neumann F: Pharmacology and potential use of cyproterone acetate. Horm Metab Res 9: 1–13, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tunn U, Senger T, Schenck B, Neumann F: Biochemical and histological studies on prostates in castrated dogs after treatment with androstanediol, oestradiol and cyproterone acetate. Acta Endocrinol 91: 373–384, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tunn UW, Schuring B, Senge T, Neumann F, Schweikert HU, Rohr HP: Morphometric analysis of prostates in castrated dogs after treatment with androstanediol, estradiol, and cyproterone acetate. Invest Urol 18: 289–292, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  7. Trachtenberg J: The effects of ketoconazole on testosterone production and normal and malignant androgen dependent issues of the adult rat. J Urol 132: 599–601, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  8. Trachtenberg J: Ketoconazole therapy in advanced prostatic cancer. J Urol 137: 959, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  9. Heyns W, Drochmans A, Van derSchueren E: Endocrine effects of high-dose ketoconazole therapy in advanced prostatic cancer. Acta Endocrinol 110: 276–283, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  10. Brooks JR, Berman C, Primka RL, Reynolds GF, Rasmusson GH: 5α-reductase inhibitory and antiandrogenic activities of some 4-azasteroids in the rat. Steroids 47: 1–19, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rittmaster RS, Stoner E, Thompson DL, Nance D, Lasseter KC: Effect of MK-906, a specific 5α-reductase inhibitor on serum androgens and androgen conjugates in normal men. J Androl 10: 259–262, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  12. Labrie F, Dupont A, Belanger A, Lachance R: Flutamide eliminates the risk of disease flare in prostatic cancer patients treated with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. J Urol 138: 804–806, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lacoste D, Dube D, Belanger A, Labrie A: Effect of 2-week combination therapy with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist [D-Tryp6, des-Gly-NH210]-LH-RH ethylamide and the antiandrogen flutamide on prostate structure and steroid levels in the dog. Mol Cell Endocrinol 67: 131–138, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lefebvre FA, Seguin C, Belanger A, Caron S, Sairam MR, Raynaud JP, Labrie F: Combined long-term treatment with an LHRH agonist and a pure antiandrogen blocks androgenic influence in the rat. Prostate 3: 569–578, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dupont A, Labrie F, Giguere M, Borsanyi J-P, Lacourciere Y, Bergeron N, Cusan L, Belanger A, Edmond J: Combination therapy with flutamide and [D-Trp6]-LH-RH ethylamide for stage C prostatic carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24 No. 4: 659–666, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  16. Waxman JH, Wass JAH, Hendry WF, Whitfield HN, Bary P, Besser GM, Malpas JS, Oliver RTD: Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer with buserelin, an analogue of gonadotrophin releasing hormone. Br J Urol 55: 737–742, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mathe G, Schally AV, Comaru-Schally AM, Mauvernay RY, Vovan ML, Machover D, Misset JL, Court B, Bouchard P, Duchier J, Morin P, Keiling R, Schwarzenberg L, Kerbat P, Achille E, Tronc JC, Fendler JP, Pappo E, Metz R, Prevot G: Phase II trial with D-Trp-6-LH-RH in prostatic carcinoma: comparison with other hormonal agents. Prostate 9: 327–342, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  18. Schroeder FJ, Lock TMTW, Chadha AR, Debruyne FMJ, Karthaus HFM, DeJong FH, Klijn JGM, Matroos AW, deVoogt HJ: Metastatic cancer of the prostate managed with buserelin versus buserelin plus cyproterone acetate. J Urol 137: 912–918, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  19. Drago JR, Santen RJ, Lipton A, Worgul TJ, Harvey HA, Boucher A, Manni A, Rohner TM: Clinical effect of aminoglutethimide, medical adrenalectomy, in treatment of 43 patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 53: 1447–1450, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  20. Scott WW, Menon M, Walsh PC: Hormonal therapy of prostatic cancer. Cancer 45: 1929–1936, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  21. Slack NH, Lane WW, Priore RL, Murphy GP: Prostatic cancer. Urol 27: 205–213, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  22. Iversen P: Zoladex plus flutamide vs. orchidectomy for advanced prostatic cancer. Danish Prostatic Cancer Group (DAPROCA). Eur Urol 18 Suppl 3: 41–44, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  23. Iversen P, Torp-Pedersen ST: Screening for prostatic cancer. Investigational models. Acta Oncol 30: 281–284, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  24. Schroder FH: Endocrine therapy: where do we stand and where are we going? In: Isaacs JT (ed) Prostate Cancer: Cell and molecular mechanisms in diagnosis and treatment. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1991, pp 177–194

    Google Scholar 

  25. Marshall E: Breast cancer: stalemate in the war on cancer. Nature 254: 1719–1720, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  26. Allred DC, Bustamante MA, Daniel CO, Gaskill HV, Cruz ABJr: Immunocytochemical analysis of estrogen receptors in human breast carcinomas. Evaluation of 130 cases and review of the literature regarding concordance with biochemical assay and clinical relevance. Arch Surg 125: 107–113, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  27. Robert NJ, Martin L, Taylor CD, Popkin J, Parkinson DK, White C, Pappas CA, Tamura H, Gelman R, Cohen J et al.: Nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor: a potential predictor for hormone response in metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 16: 273–278, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  28. Loven D, Rakowsky E, Geier A, Lunenfeld B, Rubinstein A, Klein B, Lurie H: A clinical evaluation of nuclear estrogen receptors combined with cytosolic estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. Cancer 66: 341–346, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  29. Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Bruzzi P, Cappellini M, Isola G, Nenci I, Piffanelli A, Scanni A, Sismondi P, Santi L et al.: Chemotherapy versus tamoxifen versus chemotherapy plus tamoxifen in node-positive, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients: results of a multicentric Italian study. Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemo-Hormone Therapy Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 8: 1310–1320, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bardon S, Vignon F, Montecourrier P, Rochefort H: Steroid receptor-mediated cytotoxicity of an antiestrogen and an antiprogestin in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 47: 1441–1448, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  31. Robertson JF, Williams MR, Todd J, Nicholson RI, Morgan DA, Blamey RW: Factors predicting the response of patients with advanced breast cancer to endocrine (Megace) therapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25: 469–475, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  32. Harris AL, Cantwell BM, Dowsett M: High dose ketoconazole: endocrine and therapeutic effects in postmenopausal breast cancer. Br J Cancer 58: 493–496, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  33. Harris AL, Carmichael J, Cantwell BM, Dowsett M: Soladex: endocrine and therapeutic effects in post-menopausal breast cancer. Br J Cancer 59: 97–99, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  34. Harris AL, Carmichael J, Cantwell BM, Dowsett M: Soladex: therapeutic effects in postmenopausal breast cancer. Horm Res 32 Suppl 1: 213–6; discuss, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  35. VonRoenn JH, Bonomi PD, Gale M, Anderson KM, Wolter JM, Economou SG: Sequential hormone therapy for advanced breast cancer. Sem Oncol 15: 38–43, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  36. DeLena M, Tommasi S, Schittulli F, Lorusso V, Paradiso A: Sequential alternate administration of tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced breast cancer: clinical-biological randomized study. Tumori 76: 190–195, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  37. Isaacs JT, Barrack ER, Isaacs WB, Coffey DS: The relationship of cellular structure and function: the matrix system. In: The prostatic cell: structure and function. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1981, pp 1–24

    Google Scholar 

  38. Isaacs JT, Kyprianou N: Development of androgen-independent tumor cells and their implication for the treatment of prostatic cancer. [Review]. Urol Res 15: 133–138, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  39. Clark AF, Tenniswood MP, Bird CE, Flynn TG, Jacobs FA, Abrahams PA: Hormonal control of prostatic biochemical markers. In: Hafez ESE, Springer-Mills E (eds) Clinics in andrology, volume 6, Prostatic Cardinoma: Biology and Diagnosis. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Hingham, 1983, pp 98–108

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mainwaring WIP: The mechanism of action of androgens, Monographs on Endocrinology, vol 10, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977, pp 10–178

    Google Scholar 

  41. Tenniswood MP, Abrahams PA, Bird CE, Clark AF: Effects of castration and androgen replacement on acid phosphatase activity in the adult rat prostate gland. J Endocrinol 77: 301–308, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  42. Page MJ, Parker MG: Effect of androgen on the transcription of rat prostatic binding protein genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 27: 343–355, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lea OA, Perutz P, French FS: Prostatein. A major secretory protein of the rat ventral prostate J Biol Chem 254: 6196–6206, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  44. Peeters BL, Mous JM, Rombauts WA, Heyns WJ: Androgen-induced messenger RNA in rat ventral prostate. Translation, partial purification and preliminary characterization of the mRNAs encoding the components of prostate binding protein. J Biol Chem 255: 7017–7023, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang Y-L, Parker MG: Regulation of prostatic steroid binding protein mRNAs by testosterone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 43: 151–154, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  46. Bruchovsky N, Lesser B, vanDoorn E, Craven S: Hormonal effects on cell proliferation in rat prostate. Vit Horm Res 33: 61–100, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  47. DeKlerk DP, Coffey DS: Quantitative determination of prostatic epithelial and stromal hyperplasia by a new technique. Invest Urol 16: 240–245, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  48. English HF, Drago JR, Santen RJ: Cellular response to androgen depletion and repletion in the rat ventral prostate: autoradiography and morphometric analysis. Prostate 7: 41–51, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  49. English HF, Santen RJ, Isaacs JT: Response of glandular versus basal rat ventral prostatic epithelial cells to androgen withdrawal and replacement. Prostate 11: 229–242, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ferguson DJ: An ultrastructural study of mitosis and cytokinesis in normal ‘resting’ human breast. Cell Tissue Res 252: 581–587, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  51. Battersby S, Anderson TJ: Proliferative and secretory activity in the pregnant and lactating human breast. Virchows Archiv A 413: 189–196, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lascelles AK, Lee CS: Involution of the mammary gland. In: Larson BL (ed) Lactation: a comprehensive treatise. Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp 115–177

    Google Scholar 

  53. Walker NI, Bennett RE, Kerr JF: Cell death by apoptosis during involution of the lactating breast in mice and rats. Amer J Anat 185: 19–32, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kerr JFR, Searle J: Deletion of cells by apoptosis during castration-induced involution of the rat prostate. Virchows Arch B 13: 87–102, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  55. Sandford NL, Searle JW, Kerr JFR: Successive waves of apoptosis in the rat prostate after repeated withdrawal of testosterone. Pathol 16: 406–410, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  56. Collin R: Recherches cytologiques sur le devellopement de la cellule nerveuse. Nevr 8: 181–309, 1907

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239–257, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  58. Bursch W, Kleine L, Tenniswood MP: The biochemistry of cell death by apoptosis. Biochem Cell Biol 68: 1071–1074, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  59. Bursch W, Paffe S, Putz B, Barthel G, Schulte-Hermann R: Determination of the length of the histological stages of apoptosis in normal liver and in altered hepatic foci of rats. Carcinog 11: 847–853, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wyllie AH: Apoptosis: cell death in tissue regulation. J Pathol 153: 313–316, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  61. Wyllie AH, Morris RG, Arends MJ, Watt AE: Nuclease activation in programmed cell death. In: Clayton RM, Truman D (eds) In co-ordinated regulation of gene expression. Plenum Press. New York, 1986, pp 33–41

    Google Scholar 

  62. Wyllie AH, Beattie GJ, Hargreaves AD: Chromatin changes in apoptosis. Histochem J 13: 681–692, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kyprianou N, English HF, Isaacs JT: Activation of a Ca2+-Mg2+-dependent endonuclease as an early event in castration-induced prostatic cell death. Prostate 13: 103–117, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  64. Clarke PG: Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. Anat Embryol 181: 195–213, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  65. Schulte-Hermann R, Timmermann-Trosiener I, Barthel G, Bursch W: DNA synthesis, apoptosis, and phenotypic expression as determinants of growth of altered foci in rat liver during phenobarbital promotion. Cancer Res 50: 5127–5135, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  66. Walker NI, Harmon BV, Gobë GC, Kerr JF: Patterns of cell death. Methods Ach Exp Pathol 13: 18–54, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  67. Helminen HJ, Ericsson JLE: Studies on mammary gland. Involution II. Ultrastructural evidence for auto-and heterophagocytosis. J Ultrastruct Res 25: 214–227, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  68. Isaacs JT: Antagonistic effect of androgen on prostatic cell death. Prostate 5: 547–557, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  69. Leger JG, LeGuellec R, Tenniswood MP: Treatment with anti-androgens induces an androgen-repressed gene in the rat ventral prostate. Prostate 13: 131–142, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ramaekers FC, Verhagen AP, Isaacs JT, Feitz WF, Moesker O, Schaart G, Schalken JA, Vooijs GP: Intermediate filament expression and the progression of prostatic cancer as studied in the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic carcinoma system. Prostate 14: 323–339, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kyprianou N, English HF, Isaacs JT: Programmed cell death during regression of PC-82 human prostate cancer following androgen ablation. Cancer Res 50: 3748–3753, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  72. Redding TW, Schally AV: Investigation of the combination of the agonist D-Trp-6-LH-RH and the antiandrogen flutamide in the treatment of Dunning R-3327H prostate cancer model. Prostate 6: 219–232, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lippman ME, Dickson RB: Mechanism of growth control in normal and malignant breast epithelium. Rec Prog Horm Res 45: 383–440, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  74. Kyprianou N, English HF, Davidson NE, Isaacs JT: Programmed cell death during regression of the MCF-7 human breast cancer following estrogen ablation. Cancer Res 51: 162–166, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  75. Rennie PS, Bowden JF, Freeman SN, Bruchovsky N, Cheng H, Lubahn DB, Wilson EM, French FS, Main L: Cortisol alters gene expression during involution of the rat ventral prostate. Mol Endocrinol 3: 703–708, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  76. Giles MG, Rennie PS, Bruchovsky N: Changes in endonuclease activity during growth and regression of the Shionogi mammary carcinoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 45: 167–173, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  77. McConkey DJ, Nicotera P, Hartzell P, Bellomo G, Wyllie AH, Orrenius S: Glucocorticoids activate a suicide process in thymocytes through an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Arch Biochem Biophys 269: 365–370, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  78. Cohen JJ, Duke RC: Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. J Immunol 132: 38–42, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  79. Caron-Leslie L-A, Cidlowski JA: Similar actions of glucocorticoids and calcium on the regulation of apoptosis in S49 cells. Mol Endocrinol 5: 1169–1179, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  80. Owens GP, Hahn WE, Cohen JJ: Identification of mRNAs associated with programmed cell death in immature thymocytes. Mol Cell Biol 11: 4177–4188, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  81. Griffiths DR, Turner CW: Glucocorticoids inhibit involution in rat mammary gland. Exp Biol Med 110: 485–489, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  82. Turner JD, Huynh HT: Role of tissue remodeling in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and morphogenesis. J Dairy Sci 74: 2801–2807, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  83. Huynh HT, Robitaille G, Turner JD: Establishment of Bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T): an in vitro model for bovine lactation. Exp Cell Res 197: 191–199, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  84. Martikainen P, Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT: Effect of transforming growth factor-B1 on proliferation and death of rat prostatic cells. Endocrinol 127: 2963–2968, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  85. Oberhammer F, Bursch W, Parzefall W, Breit P, Erber E, Stadler M, Schulte-Hermann R: Effect of transforming growth factor beta on cell death of cultured rat hepatocytes. Cancer Res 51: 2478–2485, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  86. Rotello RJ, Lieberman RC, Purchio AF, Gerschenson LE: Co-ordinated regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation by transforming growth factor B1 in cultured uterine epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 3412–3415, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  87. Miller DA, Pelton RW, Derynck R, Moses HL: Transforming Growth Factor-B. A Family of growth regulatory peptides. Ann NY Acad Sci 593: 208–217, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  88. Massague J: The transforming growth factor-B family. Ann Rev Cell Biol 6: 597–641, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  89. Martikainen P, Kyprianou N, Tucker RW, Isaacs JT: Programmed death of non-proliferating androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 51: 4693–4701, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT: Expression of transforming growth factor-beta in the rat ventral prostate during castration-induced programmed cell death. Mol Endocrinol 3: 1515–1522, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  91. McKeehan WL, Adams PS: Heparin-binding growth factor/prostatrophin attenuates inhibition of rat prostate tumor cell growth by transforming growth factor type beta. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 24: 243–246, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  92. McKeehan WL: Growth factor receptors and prostate cell growth. In: Isaacs JT, Franks LM (eds) Prostate Cancer: cell and molecular mechanisms in diagnosis and treatment. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1991, pp 165–175

    Google Scholar 

  93. Story MT: Polypeptide modulators of prostatic growth and development. In: Isaacs JT, Franks LM (eds) Prostate Cancer: cell and molecular mechanisms in diagnosis and treatment. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1991, pp 123–146

    Google Scholar 

  94. Matuo Y, Nishi N, Takasuka H, Masuda Y, Nishikawa K, Isaacs JT, Adams PS, McKeehan WL, Sato GH: Production and significance of TGF-beta in AT-3 metastatic cell line established from the Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166: 840–847, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  95. McKeehan WL, Adams PS, Fast A: Different hormonal requirements for androgen-independent growth of normal and tumor epithelial cells from rat prostate. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 23: 147–152, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  96. Wilding G: Response of prostate cancer cells to peptide growth factors: transforming growth factor-B. In: Isaacs JT, Franks LM (eds) Prostate Cancer: cell and molecular mechanisms in diagnosis and treatment. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1991, pp 147–163

    Google Scholar 

  97. Merz VW, Miller GJ, Krebs T, Timme TL, Kadmon D, Park SH, Egawa S, Scardino PT, Thompson TC: Elevated transforming growth factor-B1 and B3 mRNA levels are associated with ras+myc-induced carcinomas in reconstituted mouse prostate: evidence for a paracrine role during progression. Mol Endocrinol 5: 503–513, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  98. Silberstein GB, Daniel CW: Reversible inhibition of mammary gland growth by transforming growth factor-beta. Science 237: 291–293, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  99. Roberts AB, Anzano MA, Wakefield LM, Roche NS, Stern DF, Sporn MB: Type B transforming growth factor: a bifunctional regulatory of cellular growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 119–123, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  100. Knabbe C, Lippman ME, Wakefield LM, Flanders KC, Kasid A, Derynck R, Dickson RB: Evidence that transforming growth factor-B is a hormonally regulated negative growth factor in human breast cancer cells. Cell 48: 417–428, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  101. Jeng M-H, Jordan VC: Growth stimulation and differential regulation of transforming growth factor B1(TGFB1), TGFB2, and TGFB3 messenger RNA levels by norethindrone in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 5: 1120–1128, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  102. Gomme JJ, Smith J, Ryall GK, Baillie R, Turnbull L, Coombes RC: Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor B1 in the human mammary gland. Cancer Res 51: 4685–4692, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  103. Silberstein GB, Strickland P, Coleman S, Daniel CW: Epithelium-dependent extracellular matrix synthesis in transforming growth factor-B1-growth inhibited mouse mammary gland. J Cell Biol 110: 2209–2219, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  104. Wyllie AH, Morris RG, Smith AL, Dunlop D: Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis. J Pathol 142: 67–77, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  105. McConkey DJ, Hartzell P, Nicotera P, Wyllie AH, Orrenius S: Stimulation of endogenous endonuclease activity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress. Toxicol Let 42: 123–130, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  106. English HF, Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT: Relationship between DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in the programmed cell death in the rat prostate following castration. Prostate 15: 233–250, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  107. Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT: Activation of programmed cell death in the rat ventral prostate. Endocrinol 122: 552–562, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  108. Arends MJ, Morris RG, Wyllie AH: Apoptosis. The role of the endonuclease. Amer J Pathol 136: 593–608, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  109. Laster SM, Wood JG, Gooding LR: Tumor necrosis factor can induce both apoptic and necrotic forms of cell lysis. J Immunol 141: 2629–2634, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  110. Martz E, Howell DM: CTL: virus control cells first and cytolytic cells second? DNA fragmentation, apoptosis and the prelytic halt hypothesis [see comments]. Immunol Today 10: 79–86, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  111. McConkey DJ, Hartzell P, Nicotera P, Orrenius S: Calcium-activated DNA fragmentation kills immature thymocytes. Faseb J 3: 1843–1849, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  112. Orrenius S, McConkey DJ, Bellomo G, Nicotera P: Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10: 281–285, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  113. Farber JL: The role of calcium in cell death. Life Sci 29: 1289–1295, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  114. Reed PW, Lardy HA: A23187: a divalent cation ionophore. J Biol Chem 247: 6970–6977, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  115. Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR, Currie AR: Apoptosis: the significance of cell death. Int Rev Cytol 68: 251–306, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  116. McConkey DJ, Orrenius S, Jondal M: Agents that elevate cAMP stimulate DNA fragmentation in thymocytes. J Immunol 145: 1227–1230, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  117. McConkey DJ, Hartzell P, Jondal M, Orrenius S: Inhibition of DNA fragmentation in thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei by agents that stimulate protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 264: 13399–13402, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  118. Jones DP, McConkey DJ, Nicotera P, Orrenius S: Calcium-activated DNA fragmentation in rat liver nuclei. J Biol Chem 264: 6398–6403, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  119. Connor J, Sawczuk IS, Benson MC, Tomashevsky P, O'Toole KM, Olsson CA, Buttyan R: Calcium channel antagonists delay regression of androgen dependent tissues and suppress gene activity associated with cell death. Prostate 13: 119–130, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  120. Lee C, Sensibar JA: Proteins of the rat prostate. II. Synthesis of new proteins in the ventral lobe during castration-induced regression. J Urol 138: 903–908, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  121. Sensibar JA, Alger B, Tseng A, Berg L, Lee C: Proteins of the rat prostate. III. Effect of testosterone on protein synthesis by the ventral prostate of castrated rats. J Urol 143: 161–166, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  122. Leger JG, Montpetit ML, Tenniswood MP: Characterization and cloning of androgen-repressed mRNAs from rat ventral prostate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 147: 196–203, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  123. Bettuzzi S, Hiipakka RA, Gilna P, Liao S: Identification of an androgen-repressed mRNA in rat ventral prostate as coding for sulphated glycoprotein 2 by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. Biochem J 257: 293–296, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  124. Griswold MD, Roberts K, Bishop P: Purification and characterization of a sulfated glycoprotein secreted by Sertoli cells. Biochem 25: 7265–7270, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  125. Collard MW, Griswold MD: Biosynthesis and molecular cloning of sulfated glycoprotein 2 secreted by rat sertoli cells. Biochem 26: 3297–3303, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  126. Blaschuk O, Burdzy K, Fritz IB: Purification and characterization of a cell-aggregating factor (clusterin), the major glycoprotein in ram rete testis fluid. J Biol Chem 258: 7714–7720, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  127. deSilva HV, Harmony JAK, Stuart WD, Gil CM, Robbins J: Apolipoprotein J: Structure and tissue distribution. Biochem 29: 5380–5389, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  128. Kirszbaum L, Sharpe JA, Murphy B, d'Apice AJ, Classon B, Hudson P, Walker ID: Molecular cloning and characterization of the novel, human complement-associated protein, SP-40,40: a link between the complement and reproductive systems. EMBO J 8: 711–718, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  129. Jenne DE, Tschopp J: Molecular structure and functional characterization of a human complement cytolysis inhibitor found in blood and seminal plasma: identity to sulfated glycoprotein 2, a constituent of rat testis fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7123–7127, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  130. Hartmann K, Rauch J, Urban J, Parczyk K, Diel P, Pilarsky C, Appel D, Haase W, Mann K, Weller A, et al.: Molecular cloning of gp80, a glycoprotein complexsecreted by kidney cells in vitro and in vivo. A link to the reproductive system and to the complement cascade. J Biol Chem 266: 9924–9931, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  131. Palmer DJ, Christie DL: The primary structure of glycoprotein III from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. Sequence similarity with human serum protein-40,40 and rat Sertoli cell glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 265: 6617–6623, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  132. Michel D, Gillet G, Volovitch M, Pessac B, Calothy G, Brun G: Expression of a novel gene encoding a 51.5 kD precursor protein is induced by different retroviral oncogenes in quail neuroretinal cells. Oncogene Res 4: 127–136, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  133. Han JR, Suiko M, Liu CC, Liu MC: Post-translational modifications and binding properties of the apically secreted 80-kDa glycoprotein from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells: similarities to the C-terminal portion of the basolaterally secreted fibronectin. Arch Biochem Biophys 286: 337–345, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  134. Parczyk K, Koch-Brandt C: The role of carbohydrates in vectorial exocytosis. The secretion of the gp 80 glycoprotein complex in a ricin-resistant mutant of MDCK cells. FEBS Lett 278: 267–270, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  135. Rennie PS, Bruchovsky N, Buttyan R, Benson M, Cheng H: Gene expression during the early phases of regression of the androgen-dependent Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma. Cancer Res 48: 6309–6312, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  136. McNeill TH, Masters JN, Finch CE: Effect of chronic adrenalectomy on neuron loss and distribution of sulfated glycoprotein-2 in the dentate gyrus of prepubertal rats. Exp Neurol 111: 140–144, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  137. Day JR, Laping NJ, McNeill TH, Schreiber SS, Pasinetti G, Finch CE: Castration enhances expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and sulfated glycoprotein-2 in the intact and lesion-altered hippocampus of the adult male rat. Mol Endocrinol 4: 1995–2002, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  138. Laping NJ, Nichols NR, Day JR, Finch CE: Corticosterone differentially regulates the bilateral response of astrocyte mRNAs in the hippocampus to entorhinal cortex lesions in male rats. Mol Brain Res: 291–297, 1991

  139. May PC, Lampert-Etchells M, Johnson SA, Poirier J, Masters JN, Finch CE: Dynamics of gene expression for a hippocampal glycoprotein elevated in Alzheimer's disease and in response to experimental lesions in rat. Neuron 5: 831–839, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  140. Kyprianou N, Issacs JT: ‘Thymineless’ death in androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165: 73–81, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  141. Kyprianou N, Alexander RB, Issacs JT: Activation of programmed cell death by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor plus topoisomerase II-targeted drugs in L929 tumor cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 83: 346–350, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  142. Sawczuk IS, Hoke G, Olsson CA, Connor J, Buttyan R: Gene expression in response to acute unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 35: 1315–1319, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  143. Connor J, Buttyan R, Olsson CA, D'Agati V, O'Toole K, Sawczuk IS: SGP-2 expression as a genetic marker of progressive cellular pathology in experimental hydronephrosis. Kidney Int 39: 1098–1103, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  144. Bettuzzi S, Troiano L, Davalli P, Tropea F, Ingletti MC, Grassilli E, Monti D, Corti A, Franceschi C: In vivo accumulation of sulfated glycoprotein 2 mRNA in rat thymocytes upon dexamethasone-induced cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 175: 810–815, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  145. Rennie PS, Bruchovsky N, Coldman AJ: Loss of androgen dependence is associated with an increase in tumorigenic stem cells and resistance to cell-death genes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 37: 843–847, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  146. Sylvester SR, Morales C, Oko R, Griswold MD: Localization of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (clusterin) on spermatozoa and in the reproductive tract of the male rat. Biol Reprod 45: 195–207, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  147. Hermo L, Wright J, Oko R, Morales CR: Role of epithelial cells of the male excurrent duct system of the rat in the endocytosis or secretion of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (clusterin). Biol Reprod 44: 1113–1131, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  148. Grima J, Zwain I, Lockshin RA, Bardin CW, Cheng CY: Diverse secretory patterns of clusterin by epididymis and prostate/seminal vesicles undergoing cell regression following orchiectomy. Endocrinol 126: 2989–2997, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  149. Cheng CY, Mathur PP, Grima J: Structural analysis of clusterin and its subunits in ram rete testis fluid. Biochem 27: 4079–4088, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  150. O'Bryan MK, Baker HW, Saunders JR, Kirszbaum L, Walker ID, Hudson P, Liu DY, Glew MD, d'Apice AJ, Murphy BF: Human seminal clusterin (SP-40,40). Isolation and characterization. J Clin Invest 85: 1477–1486, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  151. Murphy BF, Kirszbaum L, Walker ID, d'Apice AJ: SP-40,40, a newly identified normal human serum protein found in the SC5b-9 complex of complement and in the immune deposits in glomerulonephritis. J Clin Invest 81: 1858–1864, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  152. Kierszenbaum AL, Abdullah M, Ueda H, Tres LL: Antibodies to rat sperm tail polypeptides recognize Sertoli cell secretory proteins. Mol Cell Biochem 85: 171–179, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  153. Kierszenbaum AL, Ueda H, Ping L, Abdullah M, Tres LL: Antibodies to rat Sertoli cell secretory proteins recognize antigenic sites in acrosome and tail of developing spermatids and sperm. J Cell Sci 91: 145–153, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  154. Murphy BF, Davies DJ, Morrow W, d'Apice AJ: Localization of terminal complement components S-protein and SP-40,40 in renal biopsies. Pathol 21: 275–278, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  155. Murphy BF, Saunders JR, O'Bryan MK, Kirszbaum L, Walker ID, d'Apice AJ: SP-40,40 is an inhibitor of C5b-6-initiated haemolysis. Int Immunol 1: 551–554, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  156. Choi NH, Nakano Y, Tobe T, Mazda T, Tomita M: Incorporation of SP-40,40 into the soluble membrane attack complex (SMAC, SC5b-9) of complement. Int Immunol 2: 413–417, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  157. Wilson MR, Roeth PJ, Easterbrook-Smith SB: Clusterin enhances the formation of insoluble immune complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177: 985–990, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  158. Eddy AA, Fritz IB: Localization of clusterin in the epimembranous deposits of passive Heymann nephritis. Kidney Intern 39: 247–252, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  159. James RW, Hochstrasser AC, Borghini I, Martin B, Pometta D, Hochstrasser D: Characterization of a human high density lipoprotein-associated protein, NA1/NA2. Identity with SP-40,40, an inhibitor of complement-mediated cytolysis. Arter Thromb 11: 645–652, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  160. Jenne DE, Tschopp J: Molecular structure and functional characterization of a human complement cytolysis inhibitor found in blood and seminal plasma: identity to sulfated glycoprotein 2, a consituent of rat testis fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7123–7127, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  161. Jenne DE, Lowin B, Peitsch MC, Böttcher A, Schmitz G, Tschopp J: Clusterin (complement lysis inhibitor) forms a high density lipoprotein complex with apolipoprotein A-I in human plasma. J Biol Chem 266: 11030–11036, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  162. Fesus L, Thomazy V: Searching for the function of tissue transglutaminase: its possible involvement in the biochemical pathway of programmed cell death. Adv Exp Med Biol 231: 119–134, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  163. Fesus L, Thomazy V, Falus A: Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death. FEBS Lett 224: 104–108, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  164. Fesus L, Thomazy V, Autuori F, Ceru MP, Tarcsa E, Piacntini M: Apoptotic hepatocytes become insoluble in detergents and chaotropic agents as a result of transglutaminase action. FEBS Lett 245: 150–154, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  165. Piacentini M, Autuori F, Dini L, Farrace MG, Ghibelli L, Piredda L, Fesus L, ‘Tissue’ transglutaminase is specifically expressed in neonatal rat liver cells undergoing apoptosis upon epidermal growth factor-stimulation. Cell Tissue Res 263: 227–235, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  166. Fesus L, Tarcsa E, Kedei N, Autuori F, Piacentini M: Degradation of cells dying by apoptosis leads to accumulation of epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide in culture fluid and blood. FEBS Lett 284: 109–112, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  167. Poirier GG, Niedergang C, Champagne M, Mazen A, Mandel P: Adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of chicken erythrocyte histone H1, H5 and high mobility group proteins by purified calf thymus poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase. Eur J Biochem 127: 437–442, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  168. Wong NCW, Poirier GG, Dixon GH: Adenosine diphosphorylation of certain basic chromosomal proteins in isolated trout testis nuclei. Eur J Biochem 77: 11–21, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  169. Burzio LO, Riquelme PT, Koide SS: ADP-ribosylation of rat liver nucleosomal core histones. J Biol Chem 254: 3029–3037, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  170. Okazaki H, Niedergang C, Mandel P: Adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of histone H1 by purified calf thymus poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase. Biochim 62: 147–157, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  171. Ogata N, Ueda K, Kawaichi M, Hayaishi O: Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, a main acceptor of poly(ADP-ribose) in isolated nuclei. J Biol Chem 256: 4135–4137, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  172. Ferro AM, Higgins PN, Olivera BM: Poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation of a DNA topoisomerase. J Biol Chem 258: 6000–6003, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  173. Jongstra-Bilen J, Ittel ME, Niedergang C, Visberg HP, Mandel P: DNA topoisomerase I from calf thymus is inhibited ‘in vitro’ by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Eur J Biochem 136: 391–396, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  174. Ohashi Y, Ueda K, Kawaichi M, Hayaishi O: Activation of DNA ligase by poly(ADP-ribose) in chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 3604–3607, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  175. Zahradka P, Ebisuzaki K: A shuttle mechanism for DNA-protein interactions. The regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Eur J Biochem 127: 579–585, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  176. Ferro AM, Olivera BM: Poly(ADP-ribosylation) in vitro. Reaction parameters and enzyme mechanism. J Biol Chem 257: 7808–7813, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  177. Welch WJ: Phorbol ester, calcium ionophore, or serum added to quiescent rat embryo fibroblast cells all result in elevated phosphorylation of two 28,000-dalton mammalian stress proteins. J Biol Chem 260: 3058–3062, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  178. Buttyan R, Zakeri Z, Lockshin R, Wolgemuth D: Cascade induction of c-fos, c-myc, and heat shock 70K transcripts during regression of the rat ventral prostate gland. Mol Endocrinol 2: 650–657, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  179. Landry J, Crete P, Lamarche S, Chretein P: Activation of calcium dependent processes during heat shock: role in cell thermotolerance. Radiation Res 113: 426–436, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  180. Vassalli J-D, Sappino A-P, Belin D: The plasminogen activator/plasmin system. J Clin Invest 88: 1067–1072, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  181. Rifkin DB, Moscatelli D, Bizik J, Quarto N, Blei F, Dennis P, Flaumemhaft R, Mignatti P: Growth factor control of extracellular proteolysis. Cell Differ Dev 32: 313–318, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  182. He CS, Wilhelm SM, Pentland AP, Marmer BL, Grant GA, Eisen AZ, Goldberg GI: Tissue cooperation in a proteolytic cascade activating human interstitial collagenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 2632–2636, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  183. Dano K, Andreasen PA, Grondahl-Hansen J, Kristensen P, Nielsen LS, Skriver L: Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 44: 139–266, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  184. Rorth P, Nerlov C, Blasi F, Johnsen M: Transcription factor PEA3 participates in the induction of urokinase plasminogen activator transcription in murine keratinocytes stimulated with epidermal growth factor or phorbolester. Nucl Acids Res 18: 5009–5017, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  185. Petersen LC, Lund LR, Nielsen LS, Dano K, Skriver L: One chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator from human sarcoma cells is a proenzyme with little or no intrinsic activity. J Biol Chem 263: 11189–11195, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  186. Vassilli J-D, Baccino D, Belin D: A cellular binding site for the Mr 55,000 form of the plasminogen activator, urokinase. J Cell Biol 100: 86–92, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  187. Kobayashi H, Schmitt M, Goreetzki L, Chucholowski N, Calvete J, Kramer M, Gunzler WA, Janicke F, Graeff H: Cathepsin B efficiently activates the soluble and the tumor cell receptor bound form of the proenzyme urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA). J Biol Chem 266: 5147–5152, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  188. Seiffert D, Mimuro J, Schleef RR, Loskutoff DJ: Interaction between type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor, extracellular matrix and vitronectin. Cell Differ Dev 32: 287–292, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  189. Rennie PS, Bouffard R, Bruchovsky N, Cheng H: Increased activity of plasminogen activators during involution of the rat ventral prostate. Biochem J 221: 171–178, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  190. Freeman SN, Rennie PS, Chao J, Lund LR, Andreasen PA: Urokinase- and tissue-type plasminogen activators are suppressed by cortisol in the involuting prostate of castrated rats. Biochem J 269: 189–193, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  191. Tanabe ET, Lee C, Grayhack JT: Activities of cathepsin D in rat prostate during castration induced involution. J Urol 127: 826–828, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  192. Sensibar JA, Griswold MD, Sylvester SR, Buttyan R, Bardin CW, Cheng CY, Dudek S, Lee C: Prostatic ductal system in rats: regional variation in localization of an androgen-repressed gene product, sulfated glycoprotein-2. Endocrinol 28: 2091–2102, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  193. Basset P, Bellocq JP, Wolf C, Stoll I, Hutin P, Limacher JM, Podhajcer OL, Chenard MP, Rio MC, Chambon P: A novel metalloproteinase gene specifically expressed in stromal cells of breast carcinomas. Nature 348: 699–704, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  194. Muntzing J, Murphy GP: Study on the growth limiting mechanism in the rat ventral prostate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154: 331–336, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  195. Muntzing J, Liljekvist J, Murphy GP: Chalones and stroma as possible growth-limiting factors in the rat ventral prostate. Invest Urol 16: 399–402, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  196. Muntzing J: Androgen and collagen as growth regulators of the rat ventral prostate. Prostate 1: 71–78, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  197. Saltzman AG, Hiipakka RA, Chang C, Liao S: Androgen repression of the production of a 29-kilodalton protein and its mRNA in the rat ventral prostate. J Biol Chem 262: 432–437, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  198. Chang C, Saltzman AG, Sorensen NS, Hiipakka RA, Liao S: Identification of gluatathione s-transferase Ybl mRNA as the androgen-repressed mRNA by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. J Biol Chem 262: 11901–11903, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  199. Briehl MM, Miesfeld RL: Isolation and characterization of transcripts induced by androgen withdrawal and apoptotic cell death in the rat ventral prostate. Mol Endocrinol 5: 1381–1388, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  200. Engel G, Lee C, Grayhack JT: Acid ribonuclease in rat prostate during castration-induced involution. Biol Reprod 22: 827–831, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  201. McKeehan WL, Adams PS, Rosser MP: Direct mitogenic effects of insulin, epidermal growth factor, glucocorticoid, cholera toxin, unknown pituitary factors and possibly prolactin, but not androgen, on normal rat prostate epithelial cells in serum-free, primary cell culture. Cancer Res 44: 1998–2010, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  202. Montpetit ML, Abrahams P, Clark AF, Tenniswood M: Androgen-independent epithelial cells of the rat ventral prostate. Prostate 12: 13–28, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  203. Montpetit ML, Tenniswood MP: Does the lack of regression-associated mRNA expression render a rat ventral prostate epithelial cell line androgen independent? J Cell Biochem 39: 285–292, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  204. Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Cooke PS, Mee S, Bigsby RM, Higgins SJ, Sugimura Y: The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endo Rev 8: 338–362, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  205. Rouleau M, Leger JG, Tenniswood MP: Ductal heterogeneity of cytokeratins, gene expression and cell death in the rat ventral prostate. Mol Endocrinol 4: 2003–2013, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  206. Lee C, Sensibar JA, Dudek SM, Hiipakka RA, Liao ST: Prostatic ductal system in rats: regional variation in morphological and functional activities. Biol Reprod 43: 1079–1086, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  207. Sugimura Y, Cunha GR, Donjacour AA: Morphogenesis of ductal networks in the mouse prostate. Biol Reprod 34: 961–971, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  208. Verhagen APM, Aalders TW, Ramaekers FCS, Debruyne FMJ, Schalken JA: Differential expression of keratins in the basal and luminal compartments of rat prostatic epithelium during degeneration and regeneration. Prostate 13: 25–38, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  209. Tenniswood MP: Role of epithelial-stromal interactions in the control of gene expression in the prostate: an hypothesis. Prostate 9: 375–385, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  210. Tenniswood MP, Montpetit ML, Leger JG, Wong P, Pineault JM, Rouleau M: Epithelial-stromal interactions and cell death in the prostate. In: Farnsworth WE, Ablin RJ (eds) The prostate as an endocrine gland. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp 187–207

    Google Scholar 

  211. Sugimura Y, Cunha GR, Donjacour AA: Morphological and histochemical study of castration-induced degeneration and androgen-induced regeneration in the mouse prostate. Biol Reprod 34: 973–983, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  212. Sugiura Y, Cunha GR, Donjacour AA: Whole-mount autoradiographic study of DNA synthetic activity during post-natal development and androgen-induced regeneration in the mouse prostate. Biol Reprod 34: 985–995, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  213. Shan L-X, Rodriguez MC, Janne OA: Regulation of androgen receptor protein and mRNA concentrations by androgens in rat ventral prostate and seminal vesicles and in human hepatoma cells. Mol Endocrinol 4: 1636–1646, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  214. Quarmby VE, Yarbrough WG, Lubahn DB, French FS, Wilson EM: Autologous down-regulation of androgen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid. Mol Endocrinol 4: 22–28, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  215. Prins GS, Birch L, Greene GL: Androgen receptor localization in different cell types of the adult prostate. Endocrinol 129: 3187–3199, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  216. Chung LWK, Anderson NG, Neubauer BL, Cunha GR, Thompson TC, Rocco AK: Tissue interactions in prostate development: roles of sex steroids. In: Liss AR (ed) The prostatic cell: structure and function. Alan R. Liss, New York, 1981, pp 177–203

    Google Scholar 

  217. Crabb JW, Armes LG, Carr SA, Johnson CM, Roberts GD, Bordoli RS, McKeehan WL: Complete primary structure of prostatropin, a prostate epithelial cell growth factor. Biochem 25: 4988–4993, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  218. Crabb JW, Armes LG, Johnson CM, McKeehan WL: Characterization of multiple forms of prostatropin (prostate epithelial cell growth factor) from bovine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 136: 1155–1161, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  219. Lee EY-H, Parry G, Bissell MJ: Modulation of secreted proteins of mouse mammary epithelial cells by the collagenous substrata. J Cell Biol 98: 146–155, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  220. Blum JL, Zeigler ME, Wicha MS: Regulation of rat mammary gene expression by extracellular matrix components. Exp Cell Res 173: 322–340, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  221. Parry G, Lee EY-H, Farson D, Koval M, Bissell MJ: Collagenous substrata regulate the nature and distribution of glycosaminoglycans produced by differentiated cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 156: 487–499, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  222. Rapraeger A, Jalkanen M, Bernfield M: Cell surface proteoglycan associates with the cytoskeleton at the basolateral cell surface of mouse mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 103: 2683–2696, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  223. Bernfield M, Banerjee SD, Koda JE, Rapraeger AC: Remodeling of the basement membrane as a mechanism of morphogenetic tissue interaction. In: Liss AR (ed) The role of extracellular matrix in development. Alan R. Liss, New York, 1984, pp 545–572

    Google Scholar 

  224. Blum JL, Wicha MS: Role of the cytoskeleton in laminin induced mammary gene expression. J Cell Physiol 135: 13–22, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  225. Ben-Ze'ev A, Robinson GS, Bucher NLR, Farmer SR: Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions differentially regulate the expression of hepatic and cytoskeletal genes in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 2161–2165, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  226. Pienta KJ, Murphy BC, Getzenberg RH, Coffey DS: The effect of extracellular matrix on morphologic transformation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 179: 333–339, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  227. Getzenberg RH, Pienta KJ, Huang EYW, Murphy BC, Coffey DS: Modifications of the intermediate filament and nuclear matrix networks by the extracellular matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 179: 340–344, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  228. Getzenberg RH, Pienta KJ, Huang EYW, Coffey DS: Identification of nuclear matrix proteins in cancer and normal rat prostate. Cancer Res 51: 6514–6520, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  229. Tamkun JW, DeSimone DW, Fonda D, Patel RS, Buck C, Horwitz AF, Hynes RO: Structure of integrin, a glycoprotein involved in the transmembrane linkage between fibronectin and actin. Cell 46: 271–282, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  230. Horwitz A, Duggan K, Buck C, Beckerle MC, Burridge K: Interaction of plasma membrane fibronectin receptor with talin — a transmembrane linkage. Nature 320: 531–533, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  231. Fey EG, Penman S: Tumor promoters induce a specific morphological signature in the nuclear matrix-intermediate filament scaffold of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell colonies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 4409–4413, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  232. Katsuma Y, Swierenga SHH, Marceau N, French SW: Connections of intermediate filaments with the nuclear lamima and the cell periphery. Biol Cell 59: 193–204, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  233. Carmo-Fonseca M, Cidadao AJ, David-Ferreira JF: Filamentous cross-bridges link intermediate filaments to the nuclear pore complexes. Eur J Cell Biol 45: 282–290, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  234. Carmo-Fonseca M: Testosterone-induced changes in nuclear pore complex number of prostatic nuclei from castrated rats. J Ultrastruct Res 80: 243–251, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  235. Fey EG, Wan KM, Penman S: Epithelial cytoskeletal framework and nuclear matrix-intermediate filament scaffold: three-dimensional organization and protein composition. J Cell Biol 98: 1973–1984, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  236. Reiter T, Penman S, Capco DG: Shape-dependent regulation of cytoskeletal protein synthesis in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cells. J Cell Sci 76: 17–33, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  237. Buttyan R, Olsson CA: Prediction of transcriptional activity based on gene association with the nuclear matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138: 1334–1340, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  238. Ben Ze'ev A, Robinson GS, Bucher NLR, Farmer SR: Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions differentially regulate the expression of hepatic and cytoskeletal genes in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 2161–2165, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  239. Liotta L: Tumor invasion and metastasis: role of the extracellular matrix. Cancer Res 46: 1–7, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  240. Liotta L, Stetler-Stevenson WG: Metalloproteinases and cancer invasion. Sem Cancer Biol 1: 107–115, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  241. Matrisian LM, Bowden GT: Stromelysin/transin and tumor progression. Sem Cancer Biol 1: 107–115, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  242. Blasi F, Verde P: Urokinase-dependent cell surface proteolysis and cancer. Sem Cancer Biol 1: 117–126, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  243. Sloane BF: Cathepsin B and cystatins: evidence for a role in cancer progression. Sem Cancer Biol 1: 137–152, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  244. Rochefort H: Biological and clinical significance of cathepsin D in breast cancer. Sem Cancer Biol 1: 153–160, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  245. Schirrmacher V: Experimental approaches, theoretical concepts, and impacts for treatment strategies. Adv Cancer Res 43: 1–32, 1985

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Roger Guindon Hall, University of Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Martin P. Tenniswood, R. Sean Guenette, Johnathon Lakins, Marilyn Mooibroek, Paul Wong & Jo Ellen Welsh

Authors
  1. Martin P. Tenniswood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Sean Guenette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Johnathon Lakins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marilyn Mooibroek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Paul Wong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jo Ellen Welsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tenniswood, M.P., Guenette, R.S., Lakins, J. et al. Active cell death in hormone-dependent tissues. Cancer Metast Rev 11, 197–220 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048064

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048064

Key words

Search

Navigation