Abstract
Improper antimicrobial practices expedite the evolution of antibiotic-resistant and super-drug-resistant bacteria, and result in varied and elevated antibiotic resistance throughout the world. The dominant problem with antibiotic therapy is the antibiotic resistance acquisition in bacteria. Therefore, it is important to use non-antibiotic agents which could prevent the microbial propagation and control their virulence. The agents like probiotics, phytochemicals and bacteriophages have been found to tackle drug-resistant bacteria. The application of probiotics in medicines, agriculture and food industry is becoming influential to contain drug-resistant and virulent bacteria. The probiotic bacteria (Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, etc.) directly and indirectly by their products (bacteriocins, organic acids, short-chain fatty acids, polysaccharides, etc.) can counter or evade the entero-virulent, pathogenic and drug-resistant bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Clostridium difficile, MRSA, Carbapenem-resistant representatives of enterobacteriaceae, H. pylori, E. coli O157:H7, etc. Intestinal probiotic bacteria (Lactobacilli) can also help to reduce diarrhoea, post-antibiotic therapy complications and inflammatory bowel disease. Phytochemicals offer strong antimicrobial action against virulent and resistant bacteria. These substances unaccompanied or accompanied with antibiotics can enhance antibacterial effect. Several plant procured compounds (Alkaloids, Phenolics, Cumarins, Terpenes and Sulphur-compounds) have been observed to carry antimicrobial effects with a vast variety of mechanisms. Bacteriophages and the related enzymes (endolysins and virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases) having antimicrobial effect are also considered as therapeutic candidates to encounter drug-resistant bugs. Based on the literature review, probiotics, plant procured compounds and phages in solo or in combo with antibiotics can be the favourable and valuable therapeutic options.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbaszadeh S, Sharifzadeh A, Shokri H, Khosravi AR, Abbaszadeh A (2014) Antifungal efficacy of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and menthol as alternative agents to control the growth of food-relevant fungi. J Mycol Med 24(2):e51–e56
Abdelfatah SA, Efferth T (2015) Cytotoxicity of the indole alkaloid reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina against drug-resistant tumor cells. Phytomedicine 22(2):308–318
Abdelhamid AG, Esaam A, Hazaa MM (2018) Cell free preparations of probiotics exerted antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against multidrug resistant E. coli. Saudi Pharm J 26:603–607
Abedon ST, Kuhl SJ, Blasdel BG, Kutter EM (2011) Phage treatment of human infections. Bacteriophage 1:66–85
Ahn KB, Baik JE, Park OJ, Yun CH, Han SH (2018) Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid inhibits biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. PLoS One 13:e0192694
Aires A, Mota VR, Saavedra MJ, Rosa EA, Bennett RN (2009) The antimicrobial effects of glucosinolates and their respective enzymatic hydrolysis products on bacteria isolated from the human intestinal tract. J Appl Microbiol 106(6):2086–2095
Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M (2015) Pharmacological synergism of bee venom and melittin with antibiotics and plant secondary metabolites against multi-drug resistant microbial pathogens. Phytomedicine 22(2):245–255
Ali FS, Saad OAO, Salwa AH (2013) Antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci 5(2):21–34
Allen HK, Stanton TB (2014) Altered egos: antibiotic effects on food animal microbiomes. Annu Rev Microbiol 68:297–315
Amaral VCS, Santos PR, da Silva AF, dos Santos AR, Machinski M, Mikcha JMG (2015) Effect of carvacrol and thymol on Salmonella spp. biofilms on polypropylene. Int J Food Sci Technol 50(12):2639–2643
Anadon A, Abroix Arzo M, Bories G, Brantom P, Brufau de Barbera J, Chesson A et al (2005) Opinion of the FEEDAP panel on the safety and efficacy of the product Farmatan for rabbits and piglets. EFSA J 222:1–20
Anas M, Jamal Eddine H, Mebrouk K (2008) Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus species isolated from Algerian raw goat’s milk against Staphylococcus aureus. World J DairyFood Sci 23:39–49
Andersson H, Asp NG, Bruce A, Roos S, Wadstrom T, Wold A (2001) Health effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a literature review on human studies. Scand J Nutr 45:58–75
Antunes LC, Han J, Ferreira RB, Lolic P, Borchers CH, Finlay BB (2011) Effect of antibiotic treatment on the intestinal metabolome. Antimicrob AgentsChemother 55:1494–1503
Asahara T, Shimizu K, Takada T, Kado S, Yuki N, Morotomi M, Tanaka R, Nomoto K (2011) Protective effect of Lactobacillus caseis train Shirota against lethal infection with multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 in mice. J Appl Microbiol 110:163–173
Atassi F, Servin AL (2010) Individual and co-operative roles of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the killing activity of enteric strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC933 and vaginal strain Lactobacillus gasseri KS120.1 against enteric, uropathogenic and vaginosis-associated pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 304:29–38
Barbieri R, Coppo E, Marchese A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Nabavi SF et al (2017) Phytochemicals for human disease: an update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity. Microbiol Res 196:44–68
Basile A, Sorbo S, Spadaro V, Bruno M, Maggio A, Faraone N et al (2009) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of coumarins from the roots of Ferulago campestris (Apiaceae). Molecules 14(3):939–952
Baym M, Stone LK, Kishony R (2016) Multidrug evolutionary strategies to reverse antibiotic resistance. Science 351(6268):aad3292
Becker SC, Foster-Frey J, Donovan DM (2008) The phage K lytic enzyme LysK and lysostaphin act synergistically to kill MRSA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 287:185–191
Belofsky G, Percivill D, Lewis K, Tegos GP, Ekart J (2004) Phenolic metabolites of Dalea versicolor that enhance antibiotic activity against model pathogenic bacteria. J Nat Prod 67(3):481–484
Benzekri R, Bouslama L, Papetti A, Snoussi M, Benslimene I, Hamami M et al (2016) Isolation and identification of an antibacterial compound from Diplotaxis harra (Forssk). Boiss Ind Crop Prod 80:228–234
Bernet-Camard MF, Lievin V, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL, Hudault S (1997) The human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA1 secretes a nonbacteriocin antibacterial substance(s) active in vitro and in vivo. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2747–2753
Betts JW, Wareham DW (2014) In vitro activity of curcumin in combination with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) versus multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. BMC Microbiol 14:172
Bhola J, Bhadekar R (2019) Invitro synergistic activity of lactic acid bacteria against multi-drug resistant staphylococci. BMC Complement Altern Med 19:70
Boberek JM, Stach J, Good L (2010) Genetic evidence for inhibition of bacterial division protein FtsZ by berberine. PLoS One 5(10):e13745
Briers Y, Lavigne R (2015) Breaking barriers: expansion of the use of endolysins as novel antibacterials against Gram-negative bacteria. FutureMicrobiol 10:377–390
Broaders E, Gahan CG, Marchesi JR (2013) Mobile genetic elements of the human gastrointestinal tract: potential for spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Gut Microbes 4:271–280
Bron PA, van Baarlen P, Kleerebezem M (2012) Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:66–78
Brown D (2015) Antibiotic resistance breakers: can repurposed drugs fill the antibiotic discovery void? Nat Rev Drug Discov 14(12):821–832
Brown EM, Sadarangani M, Finlay BB (2013) The role of the immune system in governing host-microbe interactions in the intestine. Nat Immunol 14:660–667
Buffie CG, Pamer EG (2013) Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 13:790–801
Burkholder KM, Bhunia AK (2009) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium adhesion and cytotoxicity during epithelial cell stress is reduced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Gut Pathog 1:14
Cai Y, Wang R, An MM, Liang BB, Fang Y (2008) In vitro bactericidal activity of allicin combined with cefoperazone, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31(2):179–180
Calmes B, N'Guyen G, Dumur J, Brisach CA, Campion C, Iacomi B et al (2015) Glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates impact mitochondrial function in fungal cells and elicit an oxidative stress response necessary for growth recovery. Front Plant Sci 6:414
Cannalire R, Machado D, Felicetti T, Santos Costa S, Massari S, Manfroni G et al (2017) Natural isoflavone biochanin a as a template for the design of new and potent 3-phenylquinolone efflux inhibitors against Mycobacterium avium. Eur J Med Chem 140:321–330
Card RM, Mafura M, Hunt T, Kirchner M, Weile J, Rashid MU et al (2015) Impact of ciprofloxacin and clindamycin administration on Gram negative bacteria isolated from healthy volunteers and characterization of the resistance genes they harbor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:4410–4416
Carey CM, Kostrzynska M, Ojha S, Thompson S (2008) The effect of probiotics and organic acids on Shiga-toxin 2 gene expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Microbiol Methods 73:125–132
Cascales E, Buchanan SK, Duche D, Kleanthous C, Lloubes R, Postle K, Riley M, Slatin S, Cavard D (2007) Colicin biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71:158–229
Casu L, Cottiglia F, Leonti M, De Logu A, Agus E, Tse-Dinh YC et al (2011) Ungeremine effectively targets mammalian as well as bacterial type I and type II topoisomerases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 21(23):7041–7044
Cawoy H, Mariutto M, Henry G, Fisher C, Vasilyeva N, Thonart P et al (2014) Plant defense stimulation by natural isolates of Bacillus depends on efficient surfactin production. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 27:87–100
Chan BCL, Ip M, Lau CBS, Lui SL, Jolivalt C, Ganem-Elbaz C et al (2011) Synergistic effects of baicalein with ciprofloxacin against NorA over-expressed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and inhibition of MRSA pyruvate kinase. J Ethnopharmacol 137(1):767–773
Chan AP, Choil Y, Brinkac LM, Krishnakumar R, De Pew J, Kim M et al (2018) Multidrug resistant pathogens respond differently to the presence of co-pathogen, commensal, probiotic and host cells. Sci Rep 8:8656
Chang L, Zhang ZY, Ke D, Jian-Ping Y, Xiao-Kui G (2009) Antibiotic resistance of probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from marketed foods and drugs. Biomed Environ Sci 22:401–412
Chauhan AK, Kang SC (2014) Thymol disrupts the membrane integrity of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium invitro and recovers infected macrophages from oxidative stress in an ex vivo model. Res Microbiol 165(7):559–565
Chen C-C, Lai C-C, Huang H-L, Huang W-Y, Toh H-S, Weng T-C et al (2019) Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus species against carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Front Microbiol 10:789
Cheng G, HaoH XS, Wang X, Dail M, Huang L, Yuanl Z (2014) Antibiotic alternatives: the substitution of antibiotics in animal husbandry. Front Microbiol 5:217
Choi EA, Chang HC (2015) Cholesterol-lowering effects of a putative probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum EM isolated from kimchi. LWT Food Sci Technol 62(1):210–217
Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Hemery E et al (1998) Antagonistic activity against helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4573–4580
Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Lorrot M, Servin AL (2000) Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LB against intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infecting human enterocyte-like Caco-2/ TC-7 cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1152–1157
Coconnier-Polter MH, Lievin-Le Moal V, Servin AL (2005) A Lactobacillus acidophilus strain of human gastrointestinal microbiota origin elicits killing of enterovirulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by triggering lethal bacterial membrane damage. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:6115–6120
Collado MC, Cernada M, Baüerl C, Vento M, Pérez-Martínez G (2012) Microbial ecology and host-microbiota interactions during early life stages. Gut Microbes 3:352–365
Collins MD, Gibson GR (1999) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr 69:1052s–1057s
Cooper IR (2016) A review of current methods using bacteriophages in live animals, food and animal products intended for human consumption. J Microbiol Methods 130:38–47
Cooper CJ, Koonjan S, Nilsson AS (2018) Enhancing whole phage therapy and their derived antimicrobial enzymes through complex formulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 11(2):34
Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C (2013) Bacteriocins—a viable alternative to antibiotics? Nat Rev Microbiol 11:95–105
Courchesne NM, Parisien A, Lan CQ (2009) Production and application of bacteriophage and bacteriophage-encoded lysins. Recent Pat Biotechnol 3:37–45
Cousin FJ, Foligné B, Deutsch SM, Massart S, Parayre S, Le Loir Y et al (2012) Assessment of the probiotic potential of a dairy product fermented by Propionibacterium freudenreichii in piglets. J Agric Food Chem 60:7917–7927
Cowan MM (1999) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12(4):564–582
Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Lamb AJ (2014) Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. Int J Antimicrob Agents 44(5):377–386
D’Orazio G, Di Gennaro P, Boccarusso M, Presti I, Bizzaro G, Giardina S et al (2015) Microencapsulation of new probiotic formulations for gastrointestinal delivery: in vitro study to assess viability and biological properties. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:9779–9789
Daikos GL, Tsaousi S, Tzouvelekis LS, Anyfantis I, Psichogiou M, Argyropoulou A et al (2014) Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae blood stream infections: lowering mortality by antibiotic combination schemes and the role of carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:2322–2328
D'Almeida R, Molina R, Viola C, Luciardi M, Peñalver CN, Bardon A et al (2017) Comparison of seven structurally related coumarins on the inhibition of quorum sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium violaceum. Bioorg Chem 73:37–42
Damier-Piolle L, Magnet S, Bremont S, Lambert T, Courvalin P (2008) Ade IJK, a resistance-nodulation-cell division pump effluxing multiple antibiotics in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52(2):557–562
De Carvalho CC, Da Fonseca MMR (2006) Carvone: why and how should one bother to produce this terpene. Food Chem 95(3):413–422
De Keersmaecker SC, Verhoeven TL, Desair J, Marchal K, Vanderleyden J, Nagy I (2006) Strong antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG against Salmonella typhimurium is due to accumulation of lactic acid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 259:89–96
Devi SM, Archer AC, Halami PM (2015) Screening, characterization and in vitro evaluation of probiotic properties among lactic acid bacteria through comparative analysis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 7:181–192
Dias C, Aires A, Saavedra MJ (2014) Antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates from cruciferous plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Mol Sci 15(11):19552–19561
Dobson A, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C (2012) Bacteriocin production: a probiotic trait? Appl Environ Microbiol 78:1–6
Domadia PN, Bhunia A, Sivaraman J, Swarup S, Dasgupta D (2008) Berberine targets assembly of Escherichia coli cell division protein FtsZ. Biochemistry 47(10):3225–3234
Drew RH (2007) Emerging options for treatment of invasive, multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pharmacotherapy 27:227–249
Duan F, Li X, Cai S, Xin G, Wang Y, Du D et al (2014) Haloemodin as novel antibacterial agent inhibiting DNA gyrase and bacterial topoisomerase I. J Med Chem 57(9):3707–3714
Dufour V, Stahl M, Baysse C (2015) The antibacterial properties of isothiocyanates. Microbiology 161(Pt 2):229–243
Duquesne S, Destoumieux-Garzon D, Peduzzi J, Rebuffat S (2007) Microcins, gene-encoded antibacterial peptides from enterobacteria. Nat Prod Rep 24:708–734
Dwivedi GR, Maurya A, Yadav DK, Singh V, Khan F, Gupta MK et al (2019) Synergy of clavine alkaloid ‘chanoclavine’ with tetracycline against multi-drugresistant E. coli. J Biomol Struct Dyn 37(5):1307–1325
EFSA (2013) EFSA panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) scientific opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2013 update): QPS 2013 update. EFSA J 11:3449
Eijsink VG, Axelsson L, Diep DB, Havarstein LS, Holo H, Nes IF (2002) Production of class II bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria; anexample of biological warfare and communication. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:639–654
Ennahar S, Sashihara T, Sonomoto K, Ishizaki A (2000) Class IIa bacteriocins: biosynthesis, structure and activity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 24:85–106
Faber F, Tran L, Byndloss MX, Lopez CA, Velazquez EM, Kerrinnes T et al (2016) Host-mediated sugar oxidation promotes post-antibiotic pathogen expansion. Nature 534:697–699
Fahey JW, Stephenson KK, Wade KL, Talalay P (2013) Urease from helicobacter pylori is inactivated by sulforaphane and other isothiocyanates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 435(1):1–7
Falentin H, Deutsch SM, Jan G, Loux V, Thierry A, Parayre S et al (2010) The complete genome of Propionibacterium freudenreichii CIRM-BIA1T, a hardy Actinobacterium with food and probiotic applications. PLoS One 5:e11748
Farhadi F, Khameneh B, Iranshahi M, Iranshahy M (2019a) Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and their structure–activity relationship: An update review. Phytother Res 33(1):13–40
Farhadi F, Khameneh B, Iranshahi M, Iranshahy M (2019b) Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and their structure–activity relationship: An update review. Phytother Res 33(1):13–40
Fayol-Messaoudi D, Berger CN, Coconnier-Polter MH, Lievin-Le Moal V, Servin AL (2005) pH-, lactic acid-, and non-lactic aciddependent activities of probiotic lactobacilli against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:6008–6013
Fayol-Messaoudi D, Coconnier-Polter MH, Moal VL, Atassi F, Berger CN, Servin AL (2007) The Lactobacillus plantarum strain ACA-DC287 isolated from a Greek cheese demonstrates antagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Appl Microbiol 103:657–665
Fazly Bazzaz BS, Iranshahi M, Naderinasab M, Hajian S, Sabeti Z, Masumi E (2010) Evaluation of the effects of galbanic acid from ferula szowitsiana and conferol from F. badrakema, as modulators of multi-drug resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Res Pharm Sci 5(1):21–28
Fazly Bazzaz BS, Sarabandi S, Khameneh B, Hosseinzadeh H (2016) Effect of Catechins, green tea extract and Methylxanthines in combination with gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: combinationtherapy againstresistantbacteria. J Pharmacopuncture 19(4):312–318
Fazly Bazzaz BS, Khameneh B, Zahedian Ostad MR, Hosseinzadeh H (2018) In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of verbascoside, lemon verbena extract and caffeine in combination with gentamicin against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Avicenna J Phytomed 8(3):246–253
FDA (2014) Agency response letter GRAS notice no. GRN 000415. Available at: https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171031010359/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm335742.htm
Fenton M, Ross P, McAuliffe O, O’Mahony J, Coffey A (2010) Recombinant bacteriophage lysins as antibacterials. Bioeng Bugs 1:9–16
Ferreira S, Silva F, Queiroz JA, Oleastro M, Domingues FC (2014) Resveratrol against Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus: activity and effect on cellular functions. Int J Food Microbiol 180:62–68
Fijan S (2016) Antimicrobial effect of probiotics against common pathogens. In: Probiotics and prebiotics in human nutrition and health. IntechOpen pp 193–221. https://doi.org/10.5772/63141
Fischetti VA (2005) Bacteriophage lytic enzymes: novel anti-infectives. Trends Microbiol 13:491–496
Foster LM, Tompkins TA, Dahl WJ (2011) A comprehensive post market review of studies on a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011. Benef Microbes 2:319–334
Fouhy F, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C, Cotter PD (2014) A degenerate Pcr-based strategy as a means of identifying homologues of aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes in the gut microbiota. BMC Microbiol 14:25
Fujita M, Shiota S, Kuroda T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Mizushima T et al (2005) Remarkable synergies between baicalein and tetracycline, and baicalein and beta-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MicrobiolImmunol 49(4):391–396
Gaggia F, Mattarelli P, Biavati B (2010) Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. Int J Food Microbiol 141(Suppl. 1):S15–S28
Ganan M, Martinez-Rodriguez AJ, Carrascosa AV, Vesterlund S, Salminen S, Satokari R (2013) Interaction of Campylobacter spp. and human probiotics in chicken intestinal mucus. Zoonoses Public Health 60:141–148
García P, Martínez B, Rodríguez L, Rodríguez A (2010) Synergy between the phage endolysin lysH5 and nisin to kill Staphylococcus aureus in pasteurized milk. Int J Food Microbiol 141:151–155
Gibbons S, Moser E, Kaatz GW (2004) Catechin gallates inhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) in Staphylococcus aureus. Planta Med 70(12):1240–1242
Gibson MK, Forsberg KJ, Dantas G (2015) Improved annotation of antibiotic resistance determinants reveals microbial resistomes cluster by ecology. ISMEJ 9:207–216
Gill JJ, Hyman P (2010) Phage choice, isolation, and preparation for phage therapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 11:2–14
Gilliland SE, Walker DK (1990) Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans. J Dairy Sci 73:905–911
Gordon DM, O’Brien CL (2006) Bacteriocin diversity and the frequency of multiple bacteriocin production in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 152:3239–3244
Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J (2019) Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev 18(1):241–272
Gueimonde M, Sánchez B, De Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Margolles A (2013) Antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria. Front Microbiol 4:202
Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA, Reen FJ, McCarthy RR, O’Gara F (2015) Deciphering the role of coumarin as a novel quorum sensing inhibitor suppressing virulence phenol types in bacterial pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(7):3303–3316
Gyawali R, Ibrahim SA (2014) Natural products as antimicrobial agents. FoodControl 46:412–429
Hagen KE, Tramp CA, Altermann E, Welker DL, Tompkins TA (2010) Sequence analysis of plasmid pIR52-1 from Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and investigation of its origin of replication. Plasmid 63:108–117
Hammad A, Shimamoto T (2010) Towards a compatible probiotic–antibiotic combination therapy: assessment of antimicrobial resistance in the Japanese probiotics. J Appl Microbiol 109:1349–1360
Han KS, Kim Y, Kim SH, Oh S (2007) Characterization and purification of acidocin 1B, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus GP1B. J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:774–783
Heeb S, Fletcher MP, Chhabra SR, Diggle SP, Williams P, Camara M (2011) Quinolones: from antibiotics to autoinducers. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35(2):247–274
Holler JG, Christensen SB, Slotved HC, Rasmussen HB, Gúzman A, Olsen CE et al (2012) Novel inhibitory activity of the Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump by a kaempferol rhamnoside isolated from Persea lingue Nees. J Antimicrob Chemother 67(5):1138–1144
Hu Y, Yang X, Qin J, Lu N, Cheng G, Wu N et al (2013) Metagenome-wide analysis of antibiotic resistance genes in a large cohort of human gut microbiota. Nat Commun 4:2151
Hu Y, Yang X, Lu N, Zhu B (2014) The abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in human guts has correlation to the consumption of antibiotics in animal. Gut Microbes 5:245–249
Huang Y, Adams MC (2004) In vitro assessment of the upper gastrointestinal tolerance of potential probiotic dairy Propionibacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 91:253–260
Huff WE, Huff GR, Rath NC, Balog JM, Donoghue AM (2005) Alternatives to antibiotics: utilization of bacteriophage to treat colibacillosis and prevent food borne pathogens. Poult Sci 84:655–659
Hutt P, Shchepetova J, Loivukene K, Kullisaar T, Mikelsaar M (2006) Antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero- and uropathogens. J Appl Microbiol 100:1324–1332
Imperial ICVJ, Ibana JA (2016) Addressing the antibiotic resistance problem with probiotics: reducing the risk of its double-edged sword effect. Front Microbiol 7:1983
Inglin RC, Stevens MJ, Meile L, Lacroix C, Meile L (2015) High throughput screening assays for antibacterial and antifungal activities of Lactobacillus species. J Microbiol Methods 114:26–29
Isobe H, Nishiyama A, Takano T, Higuchi W, Nakagawa S, Taneike I et al (2012) Reduction of overall Helicobacter pylori colonization levels in the stomach of Mongolian gerbil by Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (LC1) and its in vitro activities against H. pylori motility and adherence. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 76:850–852
Iwasa K, Moriyasu M, Yamori T, Turuo T, Lee DU, Wiegrebe W (2001) In vitro cytotoxicity of the protoberberine-type alkaloids. J Nat Prod 64(7):896–898
Jamalifar H, Rahimi HR, Samadi N, Shahverdi AR, Sharifian Z, Hosseini F, Eslahi H, Fazeli MR (2011) Antimicrobial activity of different Lactobacillus species against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IJM 3(1):21–25
Jia W, Wang J, Xu H, Li G (2015) Resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to fluoroquinolones: prevalence in a university hospital and possible mechanisms. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12(5):5177–5195
Jiang QW, Chen MW, Cheng KJ, Yu PZ, Wei X, Shi Z (2016) Therapeutic potential of steroidal alkaloids in cancer and other diseases. Med Res Rev 36(1):119–143
Johnson RP, Gyles CL, Huff WE, Ojha S, Huff GR, Rath NC et al (2008) Bacteriophages for prophylaxis and therapy in cattle, poultry and pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 9:201–215
Kamada N, Nunez G (2013) Role of the gut microbiota in the development and function of lymphoid cells. J Immunol 190:1389–1395
Kang MS, Lim HS, Oh JS, Lim YJ, Wuertz-Kozak K, Harro JM et al (2017) Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus fermentum against Staphylococcus aureus. Pathog Dis 75:ftx009
Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Ghandadi M, Ghoochi Atashbeyk D, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Iranshahi M (2015) Investigation of the antibacterial activity and efflux pump inhibitory effect of co-loaded piperine and gentamicin nanoliposomes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 41(6):989–994
Khameneh B, Diab R, Ghazvini K, Fazly Bazzaz BS (2016) Breakthroughs in bacterial resistance mechanisms and the potential ways to combat them. MicrobPathog 95:32–42
Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Bazzaz BSF (2019) Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 8:118
Khan IA, Mirza ZM, Kumar A, Verma V, Qazi GN (2006) Piperine, a phytochemical potentiator of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50(2):810–812
Kim TS, Hur JW, Yu MA, Cheigh CI, Kim KN, Hwang JK, Pyun YR (2003) Antagonism of Helicobacter pylori by bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. J Food Prot 66:3–12
Kinnebrew MA, Pamer EG (2012) Innate immune signaling in defense against intestinal microbes. Immunol Rev 245:113–131
Klancnik A, Sikic Pogacar M, Trost K, Tusek Znidaric M, Mozetic Vodopivec B, Smole MS (2017) Anti-campylobacter activity of resveratrol and an extract from waste pinot noir grape skins and seeds, and resistance of camp. Jejuni planktonic and biofilm cells, mediated via the CmeABC efflux pump. J Appl Microbiol 122(1):65–77
Kleerebezem M, Hols P, Bernard E, Rolain T, Zhou M, Siezen RJ, Bron PA (2010) The extracellular biology of the lactobacilli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34:199–230
Koning CJ, Jonkers D, Smidt H, Rombouts F, Pennings HJ, Wouters E et al (2010) The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the composition of the faecal microbiota and bowel habits in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients treated with antibiotics. Br J Nutr 103:1452–1460
Kumar N, Singh B, Bhandari P, Gupta AP, Kaul VK (2007) Steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) WALL. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 55(6):912–914
Kumar A, Khan IA, Koul S, Koul JL, Taneja SC, Ali I et al (2008) Novel structural analogues of piperine as inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 61(6):1270–1276
Kumar M, Dhaka P, Vijay D, Vergis J, Mohan V, Kumar A et al (2016) Antimicrobial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus against multidrug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents 48:265–270
Lanzotti V, Scala F, Bonanomi G (2014) Compounds from allium species with cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Phytochem Rev 13(4):769–791
Lavigne R, Briers Y, Hertveldt K, Robben J, Volckaert G (2004) Identification and characterization of a highly thermostable bacteriophage lysozyme. Cell Mol Life Sci 61:2753–2759
Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC (2010) Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:171–184
Lechner D, Gibbons S, Bucar F (2008) Plant phenolic compounds as ethidium bromide efflux inhibitors in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Antimicrob Chemother 62(2):345–348
Lertsethtakarn P, Ottemann KM, Hendrixson DR (2011) Motility and chemotaxis in campylobacter and helicobacter. Annu Rev Microbiol 65:389–410
Liévin-Le Moal V, Servin AL (2014) Anti-infective activities of Lactobacillus strains in the human intestinal microbiota: from probiotics to gastrointestinal anti infectious biotherapeutic agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 27(2):167–199
Lievin-Le Moal V, Amsellem R, Servin AL (2011) Impairment of swimming motility by antidiarrheic Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB retards internalization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium within human enterocyte-like cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:4810–4820
Lievin-Le Moal V, Fayol-Messaoudi D, Servin AL (2013) Compound(s) secreted by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota YIT9029 irreversibly and reversibly impair the swimming motility of Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, respectively. Microbiology 159:1956–1971
Loeffler JM, Djurkovic S, Fischetti VA (2003) Phagelytic enzyme Cpl-1 as a novel antimicrobial for pneumococcal bacteremia. Infect Immun 71:6199–6204
Low LY, Yang C, Perego M, Osterman A, Liddington RC (2005) Structure and lytic activity of a Bacillus anthracis prophage endolysin. J Biol Chem 280:35433–35439
Lu R, Fasano S, Madayiputhiya N, Morin NP, Nataro J, Fasano A (2009) Isolation, identification, and characterization of small bioactive peptides from Lactobacillus GG conditional media that exert both antiGram-negative and Gram-positive bactericidal activity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 49:23–30
Lu Z, Dockery CR, Crosby M, Chavarria K, Patterson B, Giedd M (2016) Antibacterial activities of wasabi against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 7:1403
Luciano FB, Holley RA (2009) Enzymatic inhibition by allyl isothiocyanate and factors affecting its antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int J Food Microbiol 131(2-3):240–245
Luoto R, Kalliomäki M, Laitinen K, Isolauri E (2010) The impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on the development of overweight and obesity: follow-up study from birth to 10 years. Int J Obes 34:1531–1537
Makras L, Triantafyllou V, Fayol-Messaoudi D, Adriany T, Zoumpopoulou G, Tsakalidou E et al (2006) Kinetic analysis of the antibacterial activity of probiotic lactobacilli towards Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals a role for lactic acid and other inhibitory compounds. Res Microbiol 157:241–247
Manzoor A, Ul-Haq I, Baig S, Qazi JI, Seratlic S (2016) Efficacy of locally isolated lactic acid bacteria against antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. Jundishapur J Microbiol 9(1):e18952
Maresso AW, Schneewind O (2008) Sortase as a target of anti-infective therapy. Pharmacol Rev 60(1):128–141
Marianelli C, Cifani N, Pasquali P (2010) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium 1344 in a common medium under different environmental conditions. Res Microbiol 161:673–680
Matsumoto M, Kibe R, Ooga T, Aiba Y, Kurihara S, Sawaki E, Koga Y, Benno Y (2012) Impact of intestinal microbiota on intestinal luminal metabolome. Sci Rep 2:233
Matu MN, Orinda GO, Njagi ENM, Cohen CR, Bukusi EA (2010) In vitro inhibitory activity of human vaginal lactobacilli against pathogenic bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis in Kenyan women. Anaerobe 16(3):210–215
McAuliffe O, Ross RP, Hill C (2001) Lantibiotics: structure, biosynthesis and mode of action. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25:285–308
McFarland LV (2015) Probiotics for the primary and secondary prevention of C. difficile infections: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Antibiotics 4:160–178
Meader E, Mayer MJ, Steverding D, Carding SR, Narbad A (2013) Evaluation of bacteriophage therapy to control Clostridium difficile and toxin production in an in vitro human colon model system. Anaerobe 22:25–30
Melliou E, Magiatis P, Mitaku S, Skaltsounis A-L, Chinou E, Chinou I (2005) Natural and synthetic 2, 2-dimethylpyranocoumarins with antibacterial activity. J Nat Prod 68(1):78–82
Messaoudi S, Kergourlay G, Dalgalarrondo M, Choiset Y, Ferchichi M, Prevost H et al (2012) Purification and characterization of a new bacteriocin active against campylobacter produced by Lactobacillus salivarius SMXD51. Food Microbiol 32:129–134
Michetti P, Dorta G, Wiesel PH, Brassart D, Verdu E, Herranz M et al (1999) Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) La1 on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. Digestion 60:203–209
Miladi H, Zmantar T, Chaabouni Y, Fedhila K, Bakhrouf A, Mahdouani K et al (2016) Antibacterial and efflux pump inhibitors of thymol and carvacrol against food-borne pathogens. Microb Pathog 99:95–100
Mitchell G, Lafrance M, Boulanger S, Seguin DL, Guay I, Gattuso M et al (2012) Tomatidine acts in synergy with aminoglycoside antibiotics against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and prevents virulence gene expression. J Antimicrob Chemother 67(3):559–568
Moloney MG (2016) Natural products as a source for novel antibiotics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 37(8):689–701
Morel C, Stermitz FR, Tegos G, Lewis K (2003) Isoflavones as potentiators of antibacterial activity. J Agric Food Chem 51(19):5677–5679
Morency H, Mota-Meira M, LaPointe G, Lacroix C, Lavoie MC (2001) Comparison of the activity spectra against pathogens of bacterial strains producing a mutacin oral antibiotic. Can J Microbiol 47:322–331
Moslehi-Jenabian S, Vogensen FK, Jespersen L (2011) The quorum sensing luxS gene is induced in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM in response to Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 149:269–273
Mun SH, Joung DK, Kim SB, Park SJ, Seo YS, Gong R et al (2014) The mechanism of antimicrobial activity of sophoraflavanone B against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11(3):234–239
Muñoz-Atienza E, Gómez-Sala B, Araújo C, Campanero C, Del Campo R, Hernández PE et al (2013) Antimicrobial activity, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors of lactic acid bacteria of aquatic origin intended for use as probiotics in aquaculture. BMC Microbiol 13:15
Naderi A, Kasra-Kermanshahi A, Gharavi S, Fooladi AAI, Alitappeh MA, Saffarian P (2014) Study of antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus strains as probiotics on multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs). Iran J Basic Med Sci 17(3):201–208
Nair DVT, Kollanoor-Johny A (2017) Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii on salmonella multiplication, motility, and association with avian epithelial cells. Poult Sci 96:1376–1386
Nair DVT, Kollanoor-Johny A (2018) Characterizing the antimicrobial function of a dairy-originated Propionibacterium freudenreichii, against multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in Turkey poults. Front Microbiol 9:1475
Navarro-Martínez MD, Navarro-Perán E, Cabezas-Herrera J, Ruiz-Gómez J, García Cánovas F, Rodríguez-López JN (2005) Antifolate activity of epigallocatechin gallate against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49(7):2914–2920
Nedorostova L, Kloucek P, Kokoska L, Stolcova M, Pulkrabek J (2009) Antimicrobial properties of selected essential oils in vapour phase against foodborne bacteria. Food Control 20(2):157–160
Newton SM, Lau C, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Wright CW (2002) The evaluation of fortythree plant species for in vitro antimycobacterial activities; isolation of active constituents from Psoralea corylifolia and Sanguinaria canadensis. J Ethnopharmacol 79(1):57–67
Nueno-Palop C, Narbad A (2011) Probiotic assessment of Enterococcus faecalis CP58 isolated from human gut. Int J Food Microbiol 145:390–394
O’Flaherty S, Coffey A, Meaney W, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP (2005) The recombinant phage lysin LysK has a broad spectrum of lytic activity against clinically relevant staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 187:7161–7164
O’Shea EF, Cotter PD, Stanton C, Ross RP, Hill C (2012) Production of bioactive substances by intestinal bacteria as a basis for explaining probiotic mechanisms: bacteriocins and conjugated linoleic acid. Int J Food Microbiol 152:189–205
Obiang-Obounou BW, Kang OH, Choi JG, Keum JH, Kim SB, Mun SH et al (2011) The mechanism of action of sanguinarine against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Toxicol Sci 36(3):277–283
Ogawa M, Shimizu K, Nomoto K, Tanaka R, Hamabata T, Yamasaki S, Takeda T, Takeda Y (2001) Inhibition of in vitro growth of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 by probiotic Lactobacillus strains due to production of lactic acid. Int J Food Microbiol 68:135–140
Oldfield E, Lin FY (2012) Terpene biosynthesis: modularity rules. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(5):1124–1137
Paduch R, Kandefer-Szerszen M, Trytek M, Fiedurek J (2007) Terpenes: substances useful in human healthcare. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 55(5):315–327
Palaniappan K, Holley RA (2010) Use of natural antimicrobials to increase antibiotic susceptibility of drug resistant bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 140(2-3):164–168
Park BS, Kim JG, Kim MR, Lee SE, Takeoka GR, Oh KB et al (2005) Curcuma longa L. constituents inhibit sortase A and Staphylococcus aureus cell adhesion to fibronectin. J Agric Food Chem 53(23):9005–9009
Park HW, Choi KD, Shin IS (2013) Antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates (ITCs) extracted from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) root against oral microorganisms. Biocontrol Sci 18(3):163–168
Pascual LM, Daniele MB, Giordano W, Pajaro MC, Barberis IL (2008) Purification and partial characterization of novel bacteriocin L23 produced by Lactobacillus fermentum L23. Curr Microbiol 56:397–402
Patel K, Tyagi C, Goyal S, Jamal S, Wahi D, Jain R et al (2015) Identification of chebulinic acid as potent natural inhibitor of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase and molecular insights into its binding mode of action. Comput Biol Chem 59:37–47
Paul VD, Rajagopalan SS, Sundarrajan S, George SE, Asrani JY, Pillai R et al (2001) A novel bacteriophage tail-associated muralytic enzyme (TAME) from phage K and its development into a potent anti staphylococcal protein. BMC Microbiol 11:226
Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Savelkoul PH, Wolffs P (2013) The human microbiome as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance. Front Microbiol 4:87
Petrova M, Georgieva R, Dojchinovska L, Kirilov N, Iliev I, Antonova S, Hadjieva N, Ivanova I, Danova S (2009) Lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic microbes. Trakia J Sci 7(2):33–39
Pilasombut K, Rumjuankiat K, Ngamyeesoon N, Duyle ND (2015) In vitro characterization of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from Nem Chua, a traditional Vietnamese fermented pork. Korean J Food Sci Anim 35(4):473–478
Prabhurajeshwar C, Chandrakanth RK (2017) Probiotic potential of Lactobacilli with antagonistic activity against pathogenic strains: An in vitro validation for the production of inhibitory substances. Biom J 40(5):270–283
Prabhurajeshwar C, Chandrakanth K (2019) Evaluation of antimicrobial properties and their substances against pathogenic bacteria in-vitro by probiotic Lactobacilli strains isolated from commercial yoghurt. Clin Nut Exp 23:97–115
Pridmore RD, Pittet AC, Praplan F, Cavadini C (2008) Hydrogen peroxide production by Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 and its role in anti-Salmonella activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 283:210–215
Qian Z, Zhao D, Yin Y, Zhu H, Chen D (2020) Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Mongolian yogurt against Gardnerella vaginalis. Bio Med Res Intern:3548618. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3548618
Quigley L, O’sullivan O, Stanton C, Beresford TP, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF et al (2013) The complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Rev 37:664–698
Rabah H, Rosa do Carmo FL, Jan G (2017) Dairy Propionibacteria: versatile probiotics. Microorganisms 5:24
Rana R, Sharma R, Kumar A (2018) Repurposing of existing statin drugs for treatment of microbial infections: how much promising? Infect Disord Drug Targets. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666180806123230
Randhawa HK, Hundal KK, Ahirrao PN, Jachak SM, Nandanwar HS (2016) Efflux pump inhibitory activity of flavonoids isolated from Alpinia calcarata against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biologia 71(5):484–493
Ranjbar R, Goudarzi MM, Jounaidi N (2015) Lactobacillus acidophilus and assessment for its antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus type I. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 12:1351–1356
Rashel M, Uchiyama J, Takemura I, Hoshiba H, Ujihara T, Takatsuji H et al (2008) Tail-associated structural protein gp61 of Staphylococcus aureus phage phi MR11 has bifunctional lytic activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 284:9–16
Rasool SA, Rasool MS, Ajaz M (2019a) Evolution of super-drug resistant microbial strains: mechanisms and strategies for containment. Biologia (Pak) 65(II):1–17
Rasool MS, Siddiqui F, Ajaz M, Rasool SA (2019b) Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of gram negative bacilli associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Karachi. Pakistan Pak J Pharm Sci 32(6):2617–2623
Raygada JL, Levine DP (2009) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a growing risk in the hospital and in the community. Am Health Drug Benefits 2(2):86–95
Reen FJ, Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA, Parages ML (2018) Coumarin: a novel player in microbial quorum sensing and biofilm formation inhibition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102(5):2063–2073
Rehman F, Mairaj S (2013) Antimicrobial studies of allicin and ajoene. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 4(2):1095–1105
Reid G (1999) The scientific basis for probiotic strains of Lactobacillus. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3763–3766
Reiter J, Levina N, van der Linden M, Gruhlke M, Martin C, Slusarenko AJ (2017) Diallylthiosulfinate (Allicin), a volatile antimicrobial from garlic (Allium sativum), kills human lung pathogenic bacteria, including MDR strains, as a vapor. Molecules 22(10):1711
Risoen PA, Brurberg MB, Eijsink VG, Nes IF (2000) Functional analysis of promoters involved in quorum sensing-based regulation of bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus. Mol Microbiol 37:619–628
Roach DR, Donovan DM (2015) Antimicrobial bacteriophage-derived proteins and therapeutic applications. Bacteriophage 5:e1062590
Rodriguez L, Martinez B, ZhouY RA, Donovan DM, Garcia P (2011) Lytic activity of the virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolase HydH5 of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage vB_SauS-phiIPLA88. BMC Microbiol 11:138
Rodriguez-Bano J, Gutierrez-Gutierrez B, Machuca I, Pascual A (2018) Treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-, ampC-, and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Microbiol Rev 31:e00079–e00017
Rodriguez-Rubio L, Martinez B, Donovan DM, Rodriguez A, Garcia P (2013) Bacteriophage virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases: potential new enzybiotics. Crit Rev Microbiol 39:427–434
Rodríguez-Rubio L, Gutiérrez D, Donovan DM, MartínezB RA, García P (2016) Phage lytic proteins: biotechnologicalapplicationsbeyondclinicalantimicrobials. Crit Rev Biotechnol 36:542–552
Roghmann MC, McGrail L (2006) Novel ways of preventing antibiotic-resistant infections: what might the future hold? Am J InfectControl 34:469–475
Rosander A, Connolly E, Roos S (2008) Removal of antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmids from Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 and characterization of the resulting daughterstrain, L. reuteri DSM 17938. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:6032–6040
Rossi F, Dellaglio F (2007) Quality of silages from Italian farms as attested by number and identity of microbial indicators. J Appl Microbiol 103:1707–1715
Rossiter SE, Fletcher MH, Wuest WM (2017) Natural products as platforms to overcome antibiotic resistance. Chem Rev 117(19):12415–12474
Roy SK, Kumari N, Pahwa S, Agrahari UC, Bhutani KK, Jachak SM et al (2013) NorA efflux pump inhibitory activity of coumarins from Mesua ferrea. Fitoterapia 90:140–150
Ryan KA, O’Hara AM, van Pijkeren JP, Douillard FP, O’Toole PW (2009) Lactobacillus salivarius modulates cytokine induction and virulence factor gene expression in Helicobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol 58:996–1005
Ryan EM, Alkawareek MY, Donnelly RF, Gilmore BF (2012) Synergistic phage-antibiotic combinations for the control of Escherichia coli biofilms in vitro. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 65:395–398
Saavedra MJ, Borges A, Dias C, Aires A, Bennett RN, Rosa ES et al (2010) Antimicrobial activity of phenolics and glucosinolate hydrolysis products and their synergy with streptomycin against pathogenic bacteria. Med Chem 6(3):174–183
Samuels RI, Mattoso TC, Moreira DD (2013) Chemical warfare: leafcutting ants defend themselves and their gardens against parasite attack by deploying antibiotic secreting bacteria. Commun Integr Biol 6:e23095
Sanchez B, Bressollier P, Urdaci MC (2008) Exported proteins in probiotic bacteria: adhesion to intestinal surfaces, host immunomodulation and molecular cross-talking with the host. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 54:1–17
Sanchez B, Urdaci MC, Margolles A (2010) Extracellular proteins secreted by probiotic bacteria as mediators of effects that promote mucosa bacteria interactions. Microbiology 156:3232–3242
Sanders ME, Akkermans LM, Haller D, Hammerman C, Heimbach JT, Hörmannsperger G et al (2010) Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut Microbes 1:164–185
Saud B, Pandey P, Paudel G, Dhungana G, Shrestha V (2020) In-vitro antibacterial activity of probiotic against human multidrug resistant pathogens. Arch Vet Sci Med 3(1):31–39
Savluchinske-Feio S, Curto MJM, Gigante B, Roseiro JC (2006) Antimicrobial activity of resin acid derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72(3):430–436
Scanlon TC, Dostal SM, Griswold KE (2014) A high-through put screen for antibiotic drug discovery. Biotechnol Bioeng 111:232–243
Schrader KK, Avolio F, Andolfi A, Cimmino A, Evidente A (2013) Ungeremine and its hemisynthesized analogues as bactericides against Flavobacterium columnare. J Agric Food Chem 61(6):1179–1183
Schuch R, Lee HM, Schneider BC, Sauve KL, Law C, Khan BK et al (2014) Combination therapy with lysin CF-301 and antibiotic is superior to antibiotic alone for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced murine bacteremia. J Infect Dis 209(9):1469–1478
Senan S, Prajapati J, Joshi C (2015) Feasibility of genome-wide screening for biosafety assessment of probiotics: a case study of Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 7:249–258
Sgouras DN, Panayotopoulou EG, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Petraki K, Michopoulos S, Mentis A (2005) Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 attenuates Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and reduces levels of proinflammatory chemokines in C57BL/6 mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:1378–1386
Shakeri A, Sharifi MJ, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Emami A, Soheili V, Sahebkar A et al (2018) Bioautography detection of antimicrobial compounds from the essential oil of salvia Pachystachys. Curr Bioact Compd 14(1):80–85
Shao J, Zhang M, Wang T, Li Y, Wang C (2016) The roles of CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 in kaempferol-induced suppression with fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Pharm Biol 54(6):984–992
Sharifzadeh A, Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Shirzadi H (2018) Potential effect of 2isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) alone and in combination with fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei. J Mycol Med 28(2):294–299
Sharma C, Singh BP, Thakur N, Gulati S, Gupta S, Mishra SK, Panwar H (2017) Antibacterial effects of Lactobacillus isolates of curd and human milk origin against foodborne and human pathogens. 3 Biotech 7:31
Sherpa RT, Reese CJ, Montazeri Aliabadi H (2015) Application of iChip to grow “uncultivable” microorganisms and its impact on antibiotic discovery. J Pharm Pharm Sci 18:303–315
Siddiqui BS, Ali ST, Rizwani GH, Begum S, Tauseef S, Ahmad A (2012) Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic bark extract of Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.Ham), its fractions and the pure compound conessine. Nat Prod Res 26(11):987–992
Simova ED, Beshkova DB, Dimitrov ZPB (2009) Characterization and antimicrobial spectrum of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Bulgarian dairy products. J Appl Microbiol 106:692–701
Siriyong T, Chusri S, Srimanote P, Tipmanee V, Voravuthikunchai SP (2016) Holarrhena antidysenterica extract and its steroidal alkaloid, Conessine, as resistance-modifying agents against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Microb Drug Resist 22(4):273–282
Sisto F, Brenciaglia MI, Scaltrito MM, Dubini F (2000) Helicobacter pylori: ureA, cagA and vacA expression during conversion to the coccoid form. Int J Antimicrob Agents 15:277–282
Smyth T, Ramachandran V, Smyth W (2009) A study of the antimicrobial activity of selected naturally occurring and synthetic coumarins. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33(5):421–426
Sobolewska D, Podolak I, Makowska-Was J (2015) Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview. Phytochem Rev 14(1):81–97
Sofrata A, Santangelo EM, Azeem M, Borg-Karlson AK, Gustafsson A, Putsep K (2011) Benzyl isothiocyanate, a major component from the roots of Salvadora persica is highly active against Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 6(8):e23045
Soltani R, Fazeli H, Bahri Najafi R, Jelokhanian A (2017) Evaluation of the synergistic effect of Tomatidine with several antibiotics against standard and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Iran J Pharm Res 16(1):290–296
Song J, Xia F, Jiang H, Li X, Hu L, Gong P et al (2016) Identification and characterization of HolGH15: the holin of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage GH15. J Gen Virol 97:1272–1281
Songisepp E, Hütt P, Rätsep M, Shkut E, Kõljalg S, Truusalu K et al (2012) Safety of a probiotic cheese containing Lactobacillus plantarum Tensia according to a variety of health indices in different age groups. J Dairy Sci 95:5495–5509
Soumet C, Méheust D, Pissavin C, Le Grandois P, Frémaux B, Feurer C et al (2016) Reduced susceptibilities to biocides and resistance to antibiotics in food-associated bacteria following exposure to quaternary ammonium compounds. J Appl Microbiol 121:1275–1281
Spinler JK, Taweechotipatr M, Rognerud CL, Ou CN, Tumwasorn S, Versalovic J (2008) Human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri demonstrate antimicrobial activities targeting diverse enteric bacterial pathogens. Anaerobe 14:166–171
Sridevi D, Shankar C, Prakash P, Park JH, Thamaraiselvi K (2017) Inhibitory effects of reserpine against efflux pump activity of antibiotic resistance bacteria. Chem Biol Lett 4(2):69–72
Stermitz FR, Beeson TD, Mueller PJ, Hsiang J, Lewis K (2001) Staphylococcus aureus MDR efflux pump inhibitors from a Berberis and a Mahonia (sensu strictu) species. Biochem Syst Ecol 29(8):793–798
Stermitz FR, Cashman KK, Halligan KM, Morel C, Tegos GP, Lewis K (2003) Polyacylated neohesperidosides from Geranium caespitosum: bacterial multidrug resistance pump inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13(11):1915–1918
Sturme MH, Francke C, Siezen RJ, de Vos WM, Kleerebezem M (2007) Making sense of quorum sensing in lactobacilli: aspecial focus on Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. Microbiology 153:3939–3947
Sulakvelidze A (2013) Using lytic bacteriophages to eliminate or significantly reduce contamination of food by foodborne bacterial pathogens. J Sci Food Agric 93:3137–3146
Sun N, Du RL, Zheng YY, Huang BH, Guo Q, Zhang RF et al (2017) Antibacterial activity of N-methylbenzofuro[3,2-b]quinoline and Nmethylbenzoindolo[3,2-b]-quinoline derivatives and study of their mode of action. Eur J Med Chem 135:1–11
Tagg JR, Dierksen KP (2003) Bacterial replacement therapy: adapting “germ warfare” to infection prevention. Trends Biotechnol 21:217–223
Takac M, Blasi U (2005) Phage P68 virion-associated protein 17 displays activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:2934–2940
Tan N, Bilgin M, Tan E, Miski M (2017) Antibacterial activities of pyrenylated coumarins from the roots of Prangos hulusii. Molecules 22(7):1098
Téllez G, Lauková A, Latorre JD, Hernandez-Velasco X, Hargis BM, Callaway T (2015) Food-producing animals and their health in relation to human health. Microb Ecol Health Dis 26:25876
Thierry A, Deutsch SM, Falentin H, Dalmasso M, Cousin FJ, Jan G (2011) New insights into physiology and metabolism of Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Int J Food Microbiol 149:19–27
Togashi N, Hamashima H, Shiraishi A, Inoue Y, Takano A (2010) Antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus of terpene alcohols with aliphatic carbon chains. J Essent Oil Res 22(3):263–269
Tominaga K, Higuchi K, Hamasaki N, Hamaguchi M, Takashima T, Tanigawa T et al (2002) In vivo action of novel alkyl methyl quinolone alkaloids against Helicobacter pylori. J AntimicrobChemother 50(4):547–552
Tompkins TA, Hagen KE, Wallace TD, Fillion-Forte V (2008) Safety evaluation of two bacterial strains used in Asian probiotic products. Can J Microbiol 54:391–400
Tompkins TA, Barreau G, Broadbent JR (2012) Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, a commercial probiotic strain. J Bacteriol 194:6349
Totté JEE, van Doorn MB, Pasmans SGMA (2017) Successful treatmentof chronicStaphylococcusaureus-related dermatoses with the topical endolysin staphefekt SA.100: a report of 3 cases. Case Rep Dermatol 9:19–25
Tsai CC, Lin PP, Hsieh YM (2008) Three Lactobacillus strains from healthy infant stool inhibit enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli grown in vitro. Anaerobe 14:61–67
Tyagi P, Singh M, Kumari H, Kumari A and Mukhopadhyay K (2015). Bactericidal activity of curcumin I is associated with damaging of bacterial membrane. PLoS one., 10(3):e0121313-e.
Ursell LK, Treuren WV, Metcalf JL, Pirrung M, Gewirtz A, Knight R (2013) Replenishing our defensive microbes. BioEssays 35:810–817
Valadkhani Z, Hassan N, Aghighi Z et al (2016) Protective role of Lactobacillus acidophilus against vaginal infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Mediterranean. J Biosci 1(2):50–54
Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Laxminarayan R (2014) Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: An analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis 14:742–750
Van Boeckel TP, Brower C, Gilbert M, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Robinson TP et al (2015) Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 112:5649–5654
van Baarlen P, Wells JM, Kleerebezem M (2013) Regulation of intestinal homeostasis and immunity with probiotic lactobacilli. Trends Immunol 34:208–215
Vandevelde NM, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F (2016) Modulating antibiotic activity towards respiratory bacterial pathogens by co-medications: a multi-target approach. Drug DiscovToday 21(7):1114–1129
Vankerckhoven V, Huys G, Vancanneyt M, Snauwaert C, Swings J, Klare I et al (2008) Genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence factors of human isolates and probiotic cultures constituting two intraspecific groups of Enterococcus faecium isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:4247–4255
Varankovich NV, Nickerson MT, Korber DR (2015) Probiotic-based strategies for therapeutic and prophylactic use against multiple gastrointestinal diseases. Front Microbiol 6:685
Ventura M, Turroni F, Canchaya C, Vaughan EE, O’toole PW, Sinderen DV (2009) Microbial diversity in the human intestine and novel insights from metagenomics. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed.) 14:3214–3221
Verraes C, Van Boxstael S, Van Meervenne E, Van Coillie E, Butaye P, Catry B et al (2013) Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10:2643–2669
Viertel TM, Ritter K, Horz HP (2014) Viruses versus bacteria—novel approaches to phage therapy as a tool against multidrug-resistant pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 69:2326–2336
Vizoso Pinto MG, Franz CM, Schillinger U, Holzapfel WH (2006) Lactobacillus spp. with in vitro probiotic properties from human faeces and traditional fermented products. Int J Food Microbiol 109:205–214
Walsh C (2000) Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance. Nature 17(406):775–781
Webber MA, Whitehead RN, Mount M, Loman NJ, Pallen MJ, Piddock LJV (2015) Parallel evolutionary pathways to antibiotic resistance selected by biocide exposure. J Antimicrob Chemother 70:2241–2248
Weber-Dabrowska B, Jonczyk-Matysiak E, Zaczek M, Łobocka M, Łusiak-Szelachowska M, Górski A (2016) Bacteriophage procurement for therapeutic purposes. Front Microbiol 7:1177
WHO. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance, vol. 2014. WHO, Geneva, 2014
Wright GD (2005) Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: enzymatic degradation and modification. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57:1451–1470
Wu D, Kong Y, Han C, Chen J, Hu L, Jiang H et al (2008) d-Alanine:d-alanine ligase as a new target for the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 32(5):421–426
Wu Y, Bai J, Zhong K, Huang Y, Qi H, Jiang Y et al (2016) Antibacterial activity and membrane-disruptive mechanism of 3-p-trans-coumaroyl-2-hydroxyquinic acid, a novel phenolic compound from pine needles of Cedrus deodara, against Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 21(8):1084
Xiao ZP, Pengn ZY, Dong JJ, He J, Ouyang H, Feng YT et al (2013) Synthesis, structure activity relationship analysis and kinetics study of reductive derivatives of flavonoids as Helicobacter pylori urease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 63:685–695
Xiao ZP, Wang XD, Wang PF, Zhou Y, Zhang JW, Zhang L et al (2014) Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel fluoroquinolone-flavonoid hybrids as potent antibiotics against drug-resistant microorganisms. Eur J Med Chem 80:92–100
Xiao H, Shao F, Wu M, Ren W, Xiong X, Tan B et al (2015) The application of antimicrobial peptides as growth and health promoters for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 6:19
Yadav MK, Chae SW, Im GJ, Chung JW, Song JJ (2015) Eugenol: a phyto-compound effective against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain biofilms. PLoS One 10(3):e0119564
Yi ZB, Yan Y, Liang YZ, Bao Z (2007) Evaluation of the antimicrobial mode of berberine by LC/ESI-MS combined with principal component analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 44(1):301–304
Yoong P, Schuch R, Nelson D, Fischetti VA (2004) Identification of a broadly active phage lytic enzyme with lethal activity against antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. J Bacteriol 186:4808–4812
Yuksekdag ZN, Darilmaz DO, Beyatli Y (2014) Dairy Propionibacterium strains with potential as biopreservatives against food borne pathogens and their tolerance–resistance properties. Eur Food Res Technol 238:17–26
Zamfir M, Callewaert R, Cornea PC, Savu L, Vatafu I, De Vuyst L (1999) Purification and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus IBB 801. J Appl Microbiol 87:923–931
Zhang Y, Zhang L, Du M, Yi H, Guo C, Tuo Y, Han X, Li J, Yang L (2011) Antimicrobial activity against Shigella sonnei and probiotic properties of wild lactobacilli from fermented food. Microbiol Res 167:27–31
Zhang Y, Sass A, Van Acker H, Wille J, Verhasselt B, Van Nieuwerburgh F et al (2018) Coumarin reduces virulence and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by affecting quorum sensing, type III secretion and c-di-GMP levels. Front Microbiol 9:1952
Zhao J, Liu Y, Xiao C, He S, Yao H, Bao G (2017) Efficacyof phage therapyin controlling rabbit colibacillosis and changes in cecal microbiota. Front Microbiol 8:957
Zhou LN, Ge XL, Dong TT, Gao HY, Sun BH (2017) Antibacterial steroidal alkaloids from Holarrhena antidysenteriaca. Chin J Nat Med 15(7):540–545
Zou D, Xie K, Wang H, Chen Y, Xie M (2014) Inhibitory effects of biochanin a on the efflux pump of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 54(10):1204–1211
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rasool, S.A., Rasool, M.S., Ajaz, M. (2021). Encountering the Antibiotic Resistance by Bioactive Components and Therapies: Probiotics, Phytochemicals and Phages. In: Mojgani, N., Dadar, M. (eds) Probiotic Bacteria and Postbiotic Metabolites: Role in Animal and Human Health. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 2. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0223-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0223-8_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-0222-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-0223-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)