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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Review of Global Scenario

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Carbon Footprint Case Studies

Abstract

Increases in the population and prosperity are significant contributors to waste generation. Globally, ~2.01 billion metric tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are produced annually, which are expected to upsurge by two folds in 2050, thereby raising a matter of concern in future. The chapter aims to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSW management and its subsequent impacts on socioeconomic status of people and ecological systems. The study also includes mitigation strategies to reduce emissions of GHGs from waste management. The life cycle assessment of MSW management in relation to GHG emissions discloses that more than 50% of the collected waste is not managed properly instead openly burned or dumped at landfills in most developing countries. Moreover, nearly 10–40% is processed through recycling and composting. Total GHG (CH4, CO2, and N2O) emissions from waste management contribute approximately 5% of overall GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Methane generation exclusively accounts for 1–2% of GHG release from the process of waste management. The emitted GHGs lead to global warming, climate change, and adversely affect the living organisms on the earth. Therefore, sustainable management of the system from collection to treatment and disposal with special emphasis on GHGs emission minimization is essential to sustain the available resources and safeguard the environment. The study highlights the strategies such as 5-R principal, waste segregation at household level, use of natural gas-based vehicles, advanced modifications in the system of waste management in developing countries, utilization of compost and residue as manure, and reclamation of abandoned landfill sites to mitigate the emissions for sustainable progression of the nations. The review also provides a basis for decision-makers in local, national, and regional levels to formulate and execute strategies and policies for mitigating GHG emanations during MSW management.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, the Coordinator, Interdisciplinary School of Life Sciences and CAS in Botany, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi. Meenu Gautam is thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (09/013(0857)/2018-EMR-I), New Delhi, for the financial aid in the form of Research Associateship.

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  1. Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Meenu Gautam & Madhoolika Agrawal

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Correspondence to Madhoolika Agrawal .

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    Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu

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Gautam, M., Agrawal, M. (2021). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Review of Global Scenario. In: Muthu, S.S. (eds) Carbon Footprint Case Studies. Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9577-6_5

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