Abstract
The genome sequences of various kinds of plant species, such as cereals, vegetables, fruits, and flowers, have been determined. The genome sequence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) cultivar ‘Francesco’ was first determined as a floricultural crop using next-generation sequencing data obtained by Illumina HiSeq and 454 GS FLX+ platforms. The genome size of the carnation was estimated as 638.7 Mb. The draft genome sequence DCA_r1.0 was determined by a combination of three kinds of de novo assemblers. The total and N50 lengths of the draft genome sequence were 568,887,315 bp and 60,737 bp, respectively. Of 56,382 transcripts identified by the gene prediction, 43,491 were determined to be genes without transposable elements. The genes were annotated by similarity searches against the UniProtKB/TrEMBL, TAIR10, and RAP-DB databases and by domain searches against the InterPro database. The genes were mapped onto the KEGG pathways and classified into gene ontology (GO) groups and EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) of proteins. The genome data are available from the Carnation DB (https://plant1.kazusa.or.jp/carnation/). The 496 DNA markers of carnation, including 491 SSR markers, have been released from the Plant Genome DataBase Japan (PGDBj) (http://pgdbj.jp). As genome data and DNA markers accumulate, studies of the molecular genetics of carnation would be promoted, and molecular breeding would be made more effective.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408:796–815
Asamizu E, Ichihara H, Nakaya A, Nakamura Y, Hirakawa H, Ishii T, Tamura T, Fukami-Kobayashi K, Nakajima Y, Tabata S (2014) Plant genome database Japan (PGDBj): a portal website for the integration of plant genome-related databases. Plant Cell Physiol 55:e8
Avni R, Nave M, Barad O, Baruch K, Twardziok SO, Gundlach H, Hale I, Mascher M, Spannagl M, Wiebe K, Jordan KW, Golan G, Deek J, Ben-Zvi B, Ben-Zvi G, Himmelbach A, MacLachlan RP, Sharpe AG, Fritz A, Ben-David R, Budak H, Fahima T, Korol A, Faris JD, Hernandez A, Mikel MA, Levy AA, Steffenson B, Maccaferri M, Tuberosa R, Cattivelli L, Faccioli P, Ceriotti A, Kashkush K, Pourkheirandish M, Komatsuda T, Eilam T, Sela H, Sharon A, Ohad N, Chamovitz DA, Mayer KFX, Stein N, Ronen G, Peleg Z, Pozniak CJ, Akhunov ED, Distelfeld A (2017) Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Science 357:93–97
Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, Lesin VM, Nikolenko SI, Pham S, Prjibelski AD, Pyshkin AV, Sirotkin AV, Vyahhi N, Tesler G, Alekseyev MA, Pevzner PA (2012) SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol 19:455–477
Boetzer M, Henkel CV, Jansen HJ, Butler D, Pirovano W (2011) Scaffolding pre-assembled contigs using SSPACE. Bioinformatics 27:578–579
Boisvert S, Laviolette F, Corbeil J (2010) Ray: simultaneous assembly of reads from a mix of high-throughput sequencing technologies. J Comput Biol 17:1519–1533
Bombarely A, Moser M, Amrad A, Bao M, Bapaume L, Barry CS, Bliek M, Boersma MR, Borghi L, Bruggmann R, Bucher M, D’Agostino N, Davies K, Druege U, Dudareva N, Egea-Cortines M, Delledonne M, Fernandez-Pozo N, Franken P, Grandont L, Heslop-Harrison JS, Hintzsche J, Johns M, Koes R, Lv X, Lyons E, Malla D, Martinoia E, Mattson NS, Morel P, Mueller LA, Muhlemann J, Nouri E, Passeri V, Pezzotti M, Qi Q, Reinhardt D, Rich M, Richert-Pöggeler KR, Robbins TP, Schatz MC, Schranz ME, Schuurink RC, Schwarzacher T, Spelt K, Tang H, Urbanus SL, Vandenbussche M, Vijverberg K, Villarino GH, Warner RM, Weiss J, Yue Z, Zethof J, Quattrocchio F, Sims TL, Kuhlemeier C (2016) Insight into the evolution of the Solanaceae from the parental genomes of Petunia hybrida. Nat Plants 2:16074
Burton JN, Adey A, Patwardhan RP, Qiu R, Kitzman JO, Shendure J (2013) Chromosome-scale scaffolding of de novo genome assemblies based on chromatin interactions. Nat Biotechnol 31:1119–1125
Cai J, Liu X, Vanneste K, Proost S, Tsai WC, Liu KW, Chen LJ, He Y, Xu Q, Bian C, Zheng Z, Sun F, Liu W, Hsiao YY, Pan ZJ, Hsu CC, Yang YP, Hsu YC, Chuang YC, Dievart A, Dufayard JF, Xu X, Wang JY, Wang J, Xiao XJ, Zhao XM, Du R, Zhang GQ, Wang M, Su YY, Xie GC, Liu GH, Li LQ, Huang LQ, Luo YB, Chen HH, Van de Peer Y, Liu ZJ (2015) The genome sequence of the orchid Phalaenopsis equestris. Nat Genet 47:65–72
Chen S, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Zhong X, Li C, Yang G (2018) Structural characteristic and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Dianthus Caryophyllus. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 3:1131–1132
Colle M, Leisner CP, Wai CM, Ou S, Bird KA, Wang J, Wisecaver JH, Yocca AE, Alger EI, Tang H, Xiong Z, Callow P, Ben-Zvi G, Brodt A, Baruch K, Swale T, Shiue L, Song GQ, Childs KL, Schilmiller A, Vorsa N, Buell CR, VanBuren R, Jiang N, Edger PP (2019) Haplotype-phased genome and evolution of phytonutrient pathways of tetraploid blueberry. Gigascience 8(pii):giz012
Edger PP, Poorten TJ, VanBuren R, Hardigan MA, Colle M, McKain MR, Smith RD, Teresi SJ, Nelson ADL, Wai CM, Alger EI, Bird KA, Yocca AE, Pumplin N, Ou S, Ben-Zvi G, Brodt A, Baruch K, Swale T, Shiue L, Acharya CB, Cole GS, Mower JP, Childs KL, Jiang N, Lyons E, Freeling M, Puzey JR, Knapp SJ (2019) Origin and evolution of the octoploid strawberry genome. Nat Genet 51:541–547
Edgar RC, Myers EW (2005) PILER: identification and classification of genomic repeats. Bioinform Suppl 1:i152-158
Ghurye J, Rhie A, Walenz BP, Schmitt A, Selvaraj S, Pop M, Phillippy AM, Koren S (2019) Integrating Hi-C links with assembly graphs for chromosome-scale assembly. Plos Comput Biol 15:e1007273
Gnerre S, Maccallum I, Przybylski D, Ribeiro FJ, Burton JN, Walker BJ, Sharpe T, Hall G, Shea TP, Sykes S, Berlin AM, Aird D, Costello M, Daza R, Williams L, Nicol R, Gnirke A, Nusbaum C, Lander ES, Jaffe DB (2011) High-quality draft assemblies of mammalian genomes from massively parallel sequence data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:1513–1518
Haas BJ, Delcher AL, Mount SM, Wortman JR, Smith RK Jr, Hannick LI, Maiti R, Ronning CM, Rusch DB, Town CD, Salzberg SL, White O (2003) Improving the Arabidopsis genome annotation using maximal transcript alignment assemblies. Nucleic Acids Res 31:5654–5666
Hibrand Saint-Oyant L, Ruttink T, Hamama L, Kirov I, Lakhwani D, Zhou NN, Bourke PM, Daccord N, Leus L, Schulz D, Van de Geest H, Hesselink T, Van Laere K, Debray K, Balzergue S, Thouroude T, Chastellier A, Jeauffre J, Voisine L, Gaillard S, Borm TJA, Arens P, Voorrips RE, Maliepaard C, Neu E, Linde M, Le Paslier MC, Bérard A, Bounon R, Clotault J, Choisne N, Quesneville H, Kawamura K, Aubourg S, Sakr S, Smulders MJM, Schijlen E, Bucher E, Debener T, De Riek J, Foucher F (2018) A high-quality genome sequence of Rosa chinensis to elucidate ornamental traits. Nat Plants 4:473–484
Hirakawa H, Sumitomo K, Hisamatsu T, Nagano S, Shirasawa K, Higuchi Y, Kusaba M, Koshioka M, Nakano Y, Yagi M, Yamaguchi H, Taniguchi K, Nakano M, Isobe SN (2019) De novo whole-genome assembly in Chrysanthemum seticuspe, a model species of Chrysanthemums, and its application to genetic and gene discovery analysis. DNA Res 26:195–203
Hoshino A, Jayakumar V, Nitasaka E, Toyoda A, Noguchi H, Itoh T, Shin-I T, Minakuchi Y, Koda Y, Nagano AJ, Yasugi M, Honjo MN, Kudoh H, Seki M, Kamiya A, Shiraki T, Carninci P, Asamizu E, Nishide H, Tanaka S, Park KI, Morita Y, Yokoyama K, Uchiyama I, Tanaka Y, Tabata S, Shinozaki K, Hayashizaki Y, Kohara Y, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Fujiyama A, Iida S, Sakakibara Y (2016) Genome sequence and analysis of the Japanese morning glory Ipomoea nil. Nat Commun 7:13295
Hu Y, Chen J, Fang L, Zhang Z, Ma W, Niu Y, Ju L, Deng J, Zhao T, Lian J, Baruch K, Fang D, Liu X, Ruan YL, Rahman MU, Han J, Wang K, Wang Q, Wu H, Mei G, Zang Y, Han Z, Xu C, Shen W, Yang D, Si Z, Dai F, Zou L, Huang F, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Brodt A, Ben-Hamo H, Zhu X, Zhou B, Guan X, Zhu S, Chen X, Zhang T (2019) Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum genomes provide insights into the origin and evolution of allotetraploid cotton. Nat Genet 51:739–748
Huang S, Li R, Zhang Z, Li L, Gu X, Fan W, Lucas WJ, Wang X, Xie B, Ni P, Ren Y, Zhu H, Li J, Lin K, Jin W, Fei Z, Li G, Staub J, Kilian A, van der Vossen EA, Wu Y, Guo J, He J, Jia Z, Ren Y, Tian G, Lu Y, Ruan J, Qian W, Wang M, Huang Q, Li B, Xuan Z, Cao J, Asan, Wu Z, Zhang J, Cai Q, Bai Y, Zhao B, Han Y, Li Y, Li X, Wang S, Shi Q, Liu S, Cho WK, Kim JY, Xu Y, Heller-Uszynska K, Miao H, Cheng Z, Zhang S, Wu J, Yang Y, Kang H, Li M, Liang H, Ren X, Shi Z, Wen M, Jian M, Yang H, Zhang G, Yang Z, Chen R, Liu S, Li J, Ma L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fang X, Li G, Fang L, Li Y, Liu D, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Qin N, Li Z, Yang G, Yang S, Bolund L, Kristiansen K, Zheng H, Li S, Zhang X, Yang H, Wang J, Sun R, Zhang B, Jiang S, Wang J, Du Y, Li S (2009) The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nat Genet 41:1275–1281
International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (2005) The map-based sequence of the rice genome. Nature 436:793–800
International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) (2018) Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome. Science 361:eaar7191
Jeon JH, Kim SC (2019) Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of three closely related East-Asian wild roses (Rosa sect. Synstylae; Rosaceae). Genes (Basel). 10:E23
Jones P, Binns D, Chang HY, Fraser M, Li W, McAnulla C, McWilliam H, Maslen J, Mitchell A, Nuka G, Pesseat S, Quinn AF, Sangrador-Vegas A, Scheremetjew M, Yong SY, Lopez R, Hunter S (2014) InterProScan 5: genome-scale protein function classification. Bioinformatics 30:1236–1240
Jurka J (1998) Repeats in genomic DNA: mining and meaning. Curr Opin Struct Biol 8:333–337
Keller O, Kollmar M, Stanke M, Waack S (2011) A novel hybrid gene prediction method employing protein multiple sequence alignments. Bioinformatics 27:757–763
Kent WJ (2002) BLAT–the BLAST-like alignment tool. Genome Res 12:656–664
Li H (2012) Exploring single-sample SNP and INDEL calling with whole-genome de novo assembly. Bioinformatics 28:1838–1844
Li G, Tembrock LR, Wu Z, Liu F (2019a) Complete chloroplast genome of carnation (Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4:1463–1464
Li M, Zhang D, Gao Q, Luo Y, Zhang H, Ma B, Chen C, Whibley A, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Li Q, Guo H, Li J, Song Y, Zhang Y, Copsey L, Li Y, Li X, Qi M, Wang J, Chen Y, Wang D, Zhao J, Liu G, Wu B, Yu L, Xu C, Li J, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Hu S, Liang C, Yin Y, Coen E, Xue Y (2019b) Genome structure and evolution of Antirrhinum majus L. Nat Plants 5:174–183
Li R, Zhu H, Ruan J, Qian W, Fang X, Shi Z, Li Y, Li S, Shan G, Kristiansen K, Li S, Yang H, Wang J, Wang J (2010) De novo assembly of human genomes with massively parallel short read sequencing. Genome Res 20:265–272
Lu M, An H, Li L (2016) Genome Survey Sequencing for the Characterization of the genetic background of Rosa roxburghii Tratt and leaf ascorbate metabolism genes. PLoS ONE 11:e0147530
Marçais G, Kingsford C (2011) A fast, lock-free approach for efficient parallel counting of occurrences of k-mers. Bioinformatics 27:764–770
Nakamura N, Hirakawa H, Sato S, Otagaki S, Matsumoto S, Tabata S, Tanaka Y (2018) Genome structure of Rosa multiflora, a wild ancestor of cultivated roses. DNA Res 25:113–121
Nakaya A, Ichihara H, Asamizu E, Shirasawa S, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Hirakawa H (2017) Plant genome database Japan (PGDBj). Methods Mol Biol 1533:45–77
Nowak MD, Russo G, Schlapbach R, Huu CN, Lenhard M, Conti E (2015) The draft genome of Primula veris yields insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly. Genome Biol 16:12
Parra G, Bradnam K, Korf I (2007) CEGMA: a pipeline to accurately annotate core genes in eukaryotic genomes. Bioinformatics 23:1061–1067
Price AL, Jones NC, Pevzner PA (2005) De novo identification of repeat families in large genomes. Bioinform Suppl 1:i351-358
Qi W, Chen X, Fang P, Shi S, Li J, Liu X, Cao X, Zhao N, Hao H, Li Y, Han Y, Zhang Z (2018) Genomic and transcriptomic sequencing of Rosa hybrida provides microsatellite markers for breeding, flower trait improvement and taxonomy studies. BMC Plant Biol 18:119
Raymond O, Gouzy J, Just J, Badouin H, Verdenaud M, Lemainque A, Vergne P, Moja S, Choisne N, Pont C, Carrère S, Caissard JC, Couloux A, Cottret L, Aury JM, Szécsi J, Latrasse D, Madoui MA, François L, Fu X, Yang SH, Dubois A, Piola F, Larrieu A, Perez M, Labadie K, Perrier L, Govetto B, Labrousse Y, Villand P, Bardoux C, Boltz V, Lopez-Roques C, Heitzler P, Vernoux T, Vandenbussche M, Quesneville H, Boualem A, Bendahmane A, Liu C, Le Bris M, Salse J, Baudino S, Benhamed M, Wincker P, Bendahmane M (2018) The Rosa genome provides new insights into the domestication of modern roses. Nat Genet 50:772–777
Sakai H, Naito K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Takahashi Y, Iseki K, Muto C, Satou K, Teruya K, Shiroma A, Shimoji M, Hirano T, Itoh T, Kaga A, Tomooka N (2015) The power of single molecule real-time sequencing technology in the de novo assembly of a eukaryotic genome. Sci Rep 5:16780
Sato S, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Asamizu E, Kato T, Nakao M, Sasamoto S, Watanabe A, Ono A, Kawashima K, Fujishiro T, Katoh M, Kohara M, Kishida Y, Minami C, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shimizu Y, Shinpo S, Takahashi C, Wada T, Yamada M, Ohmido N, Hayashi M, Fukui K, Baba T, Nakamichi T, Mori H, Tabata S (2008) Genome structure of the legume, Lotus japonicus. DNA Res 15:227–239
Seppey M, Manni M, Zdobnov EM (2019) BUSCO: Assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness. Methods Mol Biol 1962:227–245
Shirasawa K, Isuzugawa K, Ikenaga M, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Hirakawa H, Isobe S (2017) The genome sequence of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) for use in genomics-assisted breeding. DNA Res 24:499–508
Song C, Liu Y, Song A, Dong G, Zhao H, Sun W, Ramakrishnan S, Wang Y, Wang S, Li T, Niu Y, Jiang J, Dong B, Xia Y, Chen S, Hu Z, Chen F, Chen S (2018) The Chrysanthemum nankingense genome provides insights into the evolution and diversification of Chrysanthemum flowers and medicinal traits. Mol Plant 11:1482–1491
Springer NM, Anderson SN, Andorf CM, Ahern KR, Bai F, Barad O, Barbazuk WB, Bass HW, Baruch K, Ben-Zvi G, Buckler ES, Bukowski R, Campbell MS, Cannon EKS, Chomet P, Dawe RK, Davenport R, Dooner HK, Du LH, Du C, Easterling KA, Gault C, Guan JC, Hunter CT, Jander G, Jiao Y, Koch KE, Kol G, Köllner TG, Kudo T, Li Q, Lu F, Mayfield-Jones D, Mei W, McCarty DR, Noshay JM, Portwood JL 2nd, Ronen G, Settles AM, Shem-Tov D, Shi J, Soifer I, Stein JC, Stitzer MC, Suzuki M, Vera DL, Vollbrecht E, Vrebalov JT, Ware D, Wei S, Wimalanathan K, Woodhouse MR, Xiong W, Brutnell TP (2018) The maize W22 genome provides a foundation for functional genomics and transposon biology. Nat Genet 50:1282–1288
Tatusov RL, Fedorova ND, Jackson JD, Jacobs AR, Kiryutin B, Koonin EV, Krylov DM, Mazumder R, Mekhedov SL, Nikolskaya AN, Rao BS, Smirnov S, Sverdlov AV, Vasudevan S, Wolf YI, Yin JJ, Natale DA (2003) The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes. BMC Bioinformatics 4:41
Tuskan GA, Difazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, Putnam N, Ralph S, Rombauts S, Salamov A, Schein J, Sterck L, Aerts A, Bhalerao RR, Bhalerao RP, Blaudez D, Boerjan W, Brun A, Brunner A, Busov V, Campbell M, Carlson J, Chalot M, Chapman J, Chen GL, Cooper D, Coutinho PM, Couturier J, Covert S, Cronk Q, Cunningham R, Davis J, Degroeve S, Déjardin A, Depamphilis C, Detter J, Dirks B, Dubchak I, Duplessis S, Ehlting J, Ellis B, Gendler K, Goodstein D, Gribskov M, Grimwood J, Groover A, Gunter L, Hamberger B, Heinze B, Helariutta Y, Henrissat B, Holligan D, Holt R, Huang W, Islam-Faridi N, Jones S, Jones-Rhoades M, Jorgensen R, Joshi C, Kangasjärvi J, Karlsson J, Kelleher C, Kirkpatrick R, Kirst M, Kohler A, Kalluri U, Larimer F, Leebens-Mack J, Leplé JC, Locascio P, Lou Y, Lucas S, Martin F, Montanini B, Napoli C, Nelson DR, Nelson C, Nieminen K, Nilsson O, Pereda V, Peter G, Philippe R, Pilate G, Poliakov A, Razumovskaya J, Richardson P, Rinaldi C, Ritland K, Rouzé P, Ryaboy D, Schmutz J, Schrader J, Segerman B, Shin H, Siddiqui A, Sterky F, Terry A, Tsai CJ, Uberbacher E, Unneberg P, Vahala J, Wall K, Wessler S, Yang G, Yin T, Douglas C, Marra M, Sandberg G, Van de Peer Y, Rokhsar D (2006) The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 313:1596–1604
Valliyodan B, Cannon SB, Bayer PE, Shu S, Brown AV, Ren L, Jenkins J, Chung CY, Chan TF, Daum CG, Plott C, Hastie A, Baruch K, Barry KW, Huang W, Patil G, Varshney RK, Hu H, Batley J, Yuan Y, Song Q, Stupar RM, Goodstein DM, Stacey G, Lam HM, Jackson SA, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Edwards D, Nguyen HT (2019) Construction and comparison of three reference-quality genome assemblies for soybean. Plant J 100:1066–1082
Vicedomini R, Vezzi F, Scalabrin S, Arvestad L, Policriti A (2013) GAM-NGS: genomic assemblies merger for next generation sequencing. BMC Bioinform Suppl 7:S6
Vurture GW, Sedlazeck FJ, Nattestad M, Underwood CJ, Fang H, Gurtowski J, Schatz MC (2017) GenomeScope: fast reference-free genome profiling from short reads. Bioinformatics 33:2202–2204
Yagi M, Yamamoto T, Isobe S, Hirakawa H, Tabata S, Tanase K, Yamaguchi H, Onozaki T (2014a) Construction of a reference genetic linkage map for carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). BMC Genomics 14:734
Yagi M, Kosugi S, Hirakawa H, Ohmiya A, Tanase K, Harada T, Kishimoto K, Nakayama M, Ichimura K, Onozaki T, Yamaguchi H, Sasaki N, Miyahara T, Nishizaki Y, Ozeki Y, Nakamura N, Suzuki T, Tanaka Y, Sato S, Shirasawa K, Isobe S, Miyamura Y, Watanabe A, Nakayama S, Kishida Y, Kohara M, Tabata S (2014b) Sequence analysis of the genome of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). DNA Res 2:231–241
Yagi M, Shirasawa K, Waki T, Kume T, Isobe S, Tanase K, Yamaguchi H (2017) Construction of an SSR and RAD marker-based genetic linkage map for carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Plant Mol Biol Rep 35:110–117
Yan L, Wang X, Liu H, Tian Y, Lian J, Yang R, Hao S, Wang X, Yang S, Li Q, Qi S, Kui L, Okpekum M, Ma X, Zhang J, Ding Z, Zhang G, Wang W, Dong Y, Sheng J (2015) The genome of Dendrobium officinale illuminates the biology of the important traditional Chinese orchid herb. Mol Plant 8:922–934
Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Ming R, Tang H (2019) Assembly of allele-aware, chromosomal-scale autopolyploid genomes based on Hi-C data. Nat Plants 5:833–845
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hirakawa, H. (2020). Draft Genome Sequence. In: Onozaki, T., Yagi, M. (eds) The Carnation Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8261-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8261-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-8260-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-8261-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)