Abstract
Over the past years, knowledge concerning bioremediation of heavy metals via fungi and bacteria has been extensively developed. Globally, there has been a notable improvement in the level of several toxic metals in different environments as well as soils due to industrial usage (anthropogenic activities) and causing a severe affair to plants and human health as well. Plants growing in such a contaminated environment show a decrease in plant growth, development, and yield; thereby, there is a high-priority to cope with the toxicity of heavy metals. Several heavy metals have been examined to give rise to oxidative injury in crops by the generation of freely available toxic O2 radicals. In the arrangement to tackle with the toxicity of heavy metals or to keep alive the level of some vital metals inside the range of physiological processes, the plant has evolved a wide range of multiplex mechanisms for metal tolerance. Plant and microorganisms possess various mechanisms for the bioremediation of contaminated environments, including soils. Different microorganisms have been favorably employed to decrease the toxic effects of heavy metals. Nevertheless, the critical action is to sectionalize and accumulate heavy metals in plant tissues; and antioxidant defense system plus enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, APX, GR, POD, GSTs, GPx, MDHAR, and DHAR) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (ASA, GSH, carotenoids, and tocopherols) have been declared. Additionally, chelation has emerged as prospect mechanisms, which widely control the metal resistance in crops via retaining the low level of freely available metal ions in the cytoplasm. Chelation of metals can be carried out by thiol compounds (GSH, PCs, and MTs), and non-thiol compounds (organic acids, amino acids, and their derivatives). Together, GSH plays a vital role in the bioremediation process as a chelating agent, due to its high kinship of metals, and it acts as a forerunner for PCs. Under metal stress, ROS and antioxidant defense systems generate signaling, where GSH can affect the cellular pathways associated with the acclimation and repair process to tackle with oxidative damage caused by metal stress. In this chapter, we have reviewed the recent advancement in the decisive role of antioxidant defense systems in the bioremediation system along with chelation of metalsĀ in plants.
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Raza, A., Hussain, S., Javed, R., Hafeez, M.B., Hasanuzzaman, M. (2021). Antioxidant Defense Systems and Remediation of Metal Toxicity in Plants. In: Hasanuzzaman, M. (eds) Approaches to the Remediation of Inorganic Pollutants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6221-1_6
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