Abstract
In recent years, carbon dots have received immense attention not only due to their exciting structural, morphological as well as physicochemical properties but also because of the versatility in their fabrication and manipulation toward various applications. Traditionally, they have been synthesized using different carbon-rich precursors that are originated from petroleum resources. Emerging concerns in utilizing petroleum resources that include limited availability, poor cost stability, greenhouse gas effect and climate change that significantly impacted the synthesis of carbon dots from renewable feedstocks. The key advantages of utilizing renewable precursors as a carbon source in synthesizing carbon dots are their abundance and wider options for source selection. Recently, several renewable resource-based materials have been effectively utilized for the synthesis of carbon dots. Thus, the present chapter is ultimately aimed to summarize their recent developments, current potential applications, and emerging opportunities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amjadi M, Abolghasemi-Fakhri Z, Hallaj T (2015) Carbon dots-silver nanoparticles fluorescence resonance energy transfer system as a novel turn-on fluorescent probe for selective determination of cysteine. J Photochem Photobiol, A 309:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.04.016
Amjadi M, Hallaj T, Asadollahi H, Song Z, de Frutos M, Hildebrandt N (2017) Facile synthesis of carbon quantum dot/silver nanocomposite and its application for colorimetric detection of methimazole. Sens Actuators B: Chem 244:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.003
Arul V, Edison TN, Lee YR, Sethuraman MG (2017) Biological and catalytic applications of green synthesized fluorescent N-doped carbon dots using Hylocereus undatus. J Photochem Photobiol B 168:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.02.007
Atchudan R, Edison T, Lee YR (2016a) Nitrogen-doped carbon dots originating from unripe peach for fluorescent bioimaging and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 482:8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.07.058
Atchudan R, Edison TNJI, Sethuraman MG, Lee YR (2016b) Efficient synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots for cell imaging using unripe fruit extract of Prunus mume. Appl Surf Sci 384:432–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.054
Atchudan R, Edison TNJI, Chakradhar D, Perumal S, Shim J-J, Lee YR (2017) Facile green synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots using Chionanthus retusus fruit extract and investigation of their suitability for metal ion sensing and biological applications. Sens Actuators B: Chem 246:497–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.119
Atchudan R, Edison TNJI, Aseer KR, Perumal S, Lee YR (2018) Hydrothermal conversion of Magnolia liliiflora into nitrogen-doped carbon dots as an effective turn-off fluorescence sensing, multi-colour cell imaging and fluorescent ink Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 169:321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.032
Ahmed KBA, Suresh Kumar P, Veerappan A (2016) A facile method to prepare fluorescent carbon dots and their application in selective colorimetric sensing of silver ion through the formation of silver nanoparticles. J Lumin 177:228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.04.053
Baker SN, Baker GA (2010) Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:6726–6744. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906623
Bandi R, Gangapuram BR, Dadigala R, Eslavath R, Singh SS, Guttena V (2016) Facile and green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from onion waste and their potential applications as sensor and multicolour imaging agents. RSC Adv 6:28633–28639. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA01669C
Banhart F, Ajayan P (1996) Carbon onions as nanoscopic pressure cells for diamond formation. Nature 382:433–435. https://doi.org/10.1038/382433a0
Barati A, Shamsipur M, Arkan E, Hosseinzadeh L, Abdollahi H (2015) Synthesis of biocompatible and highly photoluminescent nitrogen doped carbon dots from lime: analytical applications and optimization using response surface methodology. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 47:325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.035
Barbosa CDES, Corrêa JR, Medeiros GA, Barreto G, Magalhães KG, de Oliveira AL, Spencer J, Rodrigues MO, Neto BAD (2015) Carbon dots (C-dots) from cow manure with impressive subcellular selectivity tuned by simple chemical modification. Chem—Eur J 21:5055–5060. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201406330
Baruah U, Gogoi N, Konwar A, Deka MJ, Chowdhury D, Majumdar G (2014) Carbon dot based sensing of dopamine and ascorbic acid. J Nanoparticles. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/178518
Bera D, Qian L, Tseng T-K, Holloway PH (2010) Quantum dots and their multimodal applications: a review. Materials 3:2260–2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3042260
Bhaisare ML, Gedda G, Khan MS, Wu H-F (2016) Fluorimetric detection of pathogenic bacteria using magnetic carbon dots. Anal Chim Acta 920:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.025
Bhatt S, Bhatt M, Kumar A, Vyas G, Gajaria T, Paul P (2018) Green route for synthesis of multifunctional fluorescent carbon dots from Tulsi leaves and its application as Cr (VI) sensors, bio-imaging and patterning agents. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 167:126–133
Bhunia SK, Maity AR, Nandi S, Stepensky D, Jelinek R (2016) Imaging cancer cells expressing the folate receptor with carbon dots produced from folic acid. ChemBioChem 17:614–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201500694
Bourlinos AB, Trivizas G, Karakassides MA, Baikousi M, Kouloumpis A, Gournis D, Bakandritsos A, Hola K, Kozak O, Zboril R, Papagiannouli I, Aloukos P, Couris S (2015) Green and simple route toward boron doped carbon dots with significantly enhanced non-linear optical properties. Carbon 83:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.032
Chatzimitakos T, Kasouni A, Sygellou L, Leonardos I, Troganis A, Stalikas C (2018a) Human fingernails as an intriguing precursor for the synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur-doped carbon dots with strong fluorescent properties: analytical and bioimaging applications. Sens Actuators B: Chem 267:494–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.04.059
Chatzimitakos TG, Kasouni AI, Troganis AN, Stalikas CD (2018b) Carbonization of human fingernails: toward the sustainable production of multifunctional nitrogen and sulfur codoped carbon nanodots with highly luminescent probing and cell proliferative/migration properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:16024–16032. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b03263
Chen Y, Wu Y, Weng B, Wang B, Li C (2016) Facile synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots and application for Fe(III) ions detection and cell imaging. Sens Actuators B: Chem 223:689–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.09.081
Chen J, Liu J, Li J, Xu L, Qiao Y (2017) One-pot synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots and its application for sensor and multicolor cellular imaging. J Colloid Interface Sci 485:167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.09.040
Chen D, Zhao J, Zhang L, Liu R, Huang Y, Lan C, Zhao S (2018a) Capsicum-derived biomass quantum dots coupled with Alizarin Red S as an inner-filter-mediated illuminant nanosystem for imaging of intracellular calcium ions. Anal Chem 90:13059–13064. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04055
Chen Z, Wang S, Yang X (2018b) Phosphorus-doped carbon dots for sensing both Au (III) and l-methionine. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 365:178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.08.001
Chowdhury D, Gogoi N, Majumdar G (2012) Fluorescent carbon dots obtained from chitosan gel. RSC Adv 2:12156. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21705h
Costas-Mora I, Romero V, Lavilla I, Bendicho C (2015) situ photochemical synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots for optical sensing of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants. Talanta 144:1308–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.093
da Silva JCGE, Gonçalves HMR (2011) Analytical and bioanalytical applications of carbon dots. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 30:1327–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.04.009
Demchenko AP, Dekaliuk MO (2013) Novel fluorescent carbonic nanomaterials for sensing and imaging. Methods Appl Fluorescence 1:042001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/1/4/042001
Dey D, Bhattacharya T, Majumdar B, Mandani S, Sharma B, Sarma TK (2013) Carbon dot reduced palladium nanoparticles as active catalysts for carbon-carbon bond formation. Dalton Trans 42:13821–13825. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3DT51234G
Dey S, Govindaraj A, Biswas K, Rao CNR (2014) Luminescence properties of boron and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots prepared from arc-discharge-generated doped graphene samples. Chem Phys Lett 595:203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.012
Ding H, Du F, Liu P, Chen Z, Shen J (2015a) DNA-carbon dots function as fluorescent vehicles for drug delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:6889–6897. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00628
Ding H, Yu S-B, Wei J-S, Xiong H-M (2015b) Full-color light-emitting carbon dots with a surface-state-controlled luminescence mechanism. ACS Nano 10:484–491. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b05406
Ding B, Huang S, Pang K, Duan Y, Zhang J (2018) Nitrogen-enriched carbon nanofiber aerogels derived from marine chitin for energy storage and environmental remediation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02164
Dong Y, Chen C, Zheng X, Gao L, Cui Z, Yang H, Guo C, Chi Y, Li CM (2012) One-step and high yield simultaneous preparation of single-and multi-layer graphene quantum dots from CX-72 carbon black. J Mater Chem 22:8764–8766. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm30658a
D’souza SL, Deshmukh B, Bhamore JR, Rawat KA, Lenka N, Kailasa SK (2016) Synthesis of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots from dried shrimps for cell imaging and boldine drug delivery system. RSC Adv 6:12169–12179. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24621k
Edison TN, Atchudan R, Sethuraman MG, Shim JJ, Lee YR (2016a) Microwave assisted green synthesis of fluorescent N-doped carbon dots: cytotoxicity and bio-imaging applications. J Photochem Photobiol B 161:154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.017
Edison TN, Atchudan R, Shim JJ, Kalimuthu S, Ahn BC, Lee YR (2016b) Turn-off fluorescence sensor for the detection of ferric ion in water using green synthesized N-doped carbon dots and its bio-imaging. J Photochem Photobiol, B 158:235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.010
Ensafi AA, Sefat HS, Kazemifard N, Rezaei B, Moradi F (2017) A novel one-step and green synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots from saffron for cell imaging and sensing of prilocaine. Sens Actuators B: Chem 253:451–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.06.163
Eslami A, Borghei SM, Rashidi A, Takdastan A (2018) Preparation of activated carbon dots from sugarcane bagasse for naphthalene removal from aqueous solutions. Sep Sci Technol 53:2536–2549. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1462832
Essner JB, Laber CH, Ravula S, Polo-Paradab L, Baker GA (2016) Pee-dots: biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots derived from the upcycling of urine. Green Chem 18:243–250. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02032h
Fang Y, Guo S, Li D, Zhu C, Ren W, Dong S, Wang E (2012) Easy synthesis and imaging applications of cross-linked green fluorescent hollow carbon nanoparticles. ACS Nano 6:400–409. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2046373
Fang L, Xu Q, Zheng X, Zhang W, Zheng J, Wu M, Wu W (2016) Soy flour-derived carbon dots: facile preparation, fluorescence enhancement, and sensitive Fe3+ detection. J Nanoparticle Res 18:224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3521-z
Feng X, Jiang Y, Zhao J, Miao M, Cao S, Fang J, Shi L (2015a) Easy synthesis of photoluminescent N-doped carbon dots from winter melon for bio-imaging. RSC Adv 5:31250–31254. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02271a
Feng Y, Zhong D, Miao H, Yang X (2015b) Carbon dots derived from rose flowers for tetracycline sensing. Talanta 140:128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.038
Feng J, Wang W-J, Hai X, Yu Y-L, Wang J-H (2016) Green preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon dots derived from silkworm chrysalis for cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 4:387–393. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB01999K
Fernando KS et al (2015) Carbon quantum dots and applications in photocatalytic energy conversion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:8363–8376. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00448
Gaddam RR, Mukherjee S, Punugupati N, Vasudevan D, Patra CR, Narayan R, Kothapalli RVSN (2017) Facile synthesis of carbon dot and residual carbon nanobeads: Implications for ion sensing, medicinal and biological applications. Mater Sci Eng C 73:643–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.095
Gedda G, Lee C-Y, Lin Y-C, Wu H-F (2016) Green synthesis of carbon dots from prawn shells for highly selective and sensitive detection of copper ions. Sens Actuators B: Chem 224:396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.09.065
Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
Gholinejad M, Najera C, Hamed F, Seyedhamzeh M, Bahrami M, Kompany-Zareh M (2017) Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots from vanillin for modification of magnetite nanoparticles and formation of palladium nanoparticles: efficient catalyst for Suzuki reaction. Tetrahedron 73:5585–5592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.014
Ghosh B, Gogoi S, Thakur S, Karak N (2016) Bio-based waterborne polyurethane/carbon dot nanocomposite as a surface coating material. Prog Org Coat 90:324–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.10.025
Gonçalves H, Jorge PAS, Fernandes JRA, da Silva JCGE (2010) Hg (II) sensing based on functionalized carbon dots obtained by direct laser ablation. Sens Actuators B: Chem 145:702–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.01.031
Gong X, Lu W, Paau MC, Hu Q, Wu X, Shuang S, Dong C, Choi MM (2015) Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots for Fe3+ sensing and cellular imaging. Anal Chim Acta 861:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.045
Gu D, Shang S, Yu Q, Shen J (2016) Green synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots from lotus root for Hg(II) ions detection and cell imaging. Appl Surf Sci 390:38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.012
Gu D, Zhang P, Zhang L, Liu H, Pu Z, Shang S (2018) Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots derived from lily bulbs for copper ion sensing and cell imaging. Opt Mater 83:272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2018.06.012
Guo L-P, Zhang Y, Li W-C (2017) Sustainable microalgae for the simultaneous synthesis of carbon quantum dots for cellular imaging and porous carbon for CO2 capture. J Colloid Interface Sci 493:257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.003
Han S, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xie Y, Liu L, Wang H, Li X, Liu W, Tang Y (2014) Fabrication, gradient extraction and surface polarity-dependent photoluminescence of cow milk-derived carbon dots. RSC Adv 4:58084–58089. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09520k
Han S, Zhang H, Xie Y, Liu L, Shan C, Li X, Liu W, Tang Y (2015) Application of cow milk-derived carbon dots/Ag NPs composite as the antibacterial agent. Appl Surf Sci 328:368–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.12.074
Himaja AL, Karthik PS, Sreedhar B, Singh SP (2014) Synthesis of carbon dots from kitchen waste: conversion of waste to value added product. J Fluorescence 24:1767–1773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-014-1465-1
Himaja AL, Karthik PS, Singh SP (2015) Carbon dots: the newest member of the carbon nanomaterials family. Chem Rec 15:595–615. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201402090
Hou J, Dong J, Zhu H, Teng X, Ai S, Mang M (2015) A simple and sensitive fluorescent sensor for methyl parathion based on l-tyrosine methyl ester functionalized carbon dots. Biosens Bioelectron 68:20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.037
Hou J, Dong G, Tian Z, Lu J, Wang Q, Ai S, Wang M (2016) A sensitive fluorescent sensor for selective determination of dichlorvos based on the recovered fluorescence of carbon dots-Cu(II) system Food Chem 202:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.134
Hu Y, Yang J, Tian J, Jia L, Yu J-S (2014) Waste frying oil as a precursor for one-step synthesis of sulfur-doped carbon dots with pH-sensitive photoluminescence. Carbon 77:775–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.081
Huang C, Dong H, Su Y, Wu Y, Narron R, Yong Q (2019) Synthesis of carbon quantum dot nanoparticles derived from byproducts in bio-refinery process for cell imaging and in vivo bioimaging. Nanomaterials 9:387. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030387
Iijima S, Ichihashi T (1993) Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 363:603–605. https://doi.org/10.1038/363603a0
Ilaiyaraja N, Fathima SJ, Khanum F (2018) Quantum dots: a novel fluorescent probe for bioimaging and drug delivery applications. In: Inorganic frameworks as smart nanomedicines. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 529–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813661-4.00012-2
Jahanbakhshi M, Habibi B (2016) A novel and facile synthesis of carbon quantum dots via salep hydrothermal treatment as the silver nanoparticles support: application to electroanalytical determination of H2O2 in fetal bovine serum. Biosens Bioelectron 81:143–150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.064
Janus Ł, Piątkowski M, Radwan-Pragłowska J, Bogdał D, Matysek D (2019) Chitosan-based carbon quantum dots for biomedical applications: synthesis and characterization. Nanomaterials 9:274. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020274
Jhonsi MA, Thulasi S (2016) A novel fluorescent carbon dots derived from tamarind. Chem Phys Lett 661:179–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2016.08.081
Jiang H, Chen F, Lagally MG, Denes FS (2010) New strategy for synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanoparticles. Langmuir 26:1991–1995. https://doi.org/10.1021/la9022163
Jiang D, Zhang Y, Huang M, Liu J, Wan J, Chu H, Chen M (2014a) Carbon nanodots as reductant and stabilizer for one-pot sonochemical synthesis of amorphous carbon-supported silver nanoparticles for electrochemical nonenzymatic H2O2 sensing. J Electroanal Chem 728:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.017
Jiang C, Wu H, Song X, Ma X, Wang J, Tan M (2014b) Presence of photoluminescent carbon dots in Nescafe® original instant coffee: applications to bioimaging. Talanta 127:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.046
Jin H, Gui R, Wang Y, Sun J (2017) Carrot-derived carbon dots modified with polyethyleneimine and nile blue for ratiometric two-photon fluorescence turn-on sensing of sulfide anion in biological fluids. Talanta 169:141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.083
Kasibabu BSB, D’Souza SL, Jha S, Kailasa SK (2015a) Imaging of bacterial and fungal cells using fluorescent carbon dots prepared from Carica papaya juice. J Fluoresc 25:803–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-015-1595-0
Kasibabu BSB, D’Souza SL, Jha S, Singhal RK, Basu H, Kailasa SK (2015b) One-step synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots for imaging bacterial and fungal cells. Anal Methods 7:2373–2378. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ay02737j
Kong D, Yan F, Luo Y, Ye Q, Zhou S, Chen L (2017) Amphiphilic carbon dots for sensitive detection, intracellular imaging of Al(3). Anal Chim Acta 953:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.049
Konwar A, Chowdhury D (2015) Property relationship of alginate and alginate-carbon dot nanocomposites with bivalent and trivalent cross-linker ions. RSC Adv 5:62864–62870. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA09887D
Kroto HW, Heath JR, O’Brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985) C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318:162–163. https://doi.org/10.1038/318162a0
Kumar A, Chowdhuri AR, Laha D, Mahto TK, Karmakar P, Sahu SK (2017) Green synthesis of carbon dots from Ocimum sanctum for effective fluorescent sensing of Pb2+ ions and live cell imaging. Sens Actuators B: Chem 242:679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.109
Li H, Kang Z, Liu Y, Lee S-T (2012) Carbon nanodots: synthesis, properties and applications. J Mater Chem 22:24230–24253. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34690g
Li C-L, Ou C-M, Huang C-C, Wu W-C, Chen Y-P, Lin T-E, Ho L-C, Wang C-W, Shih C-C, Zhou H-C, Lee Y-C, Tzeng W-F, Chiou T-J, Chu S-T, Cang J, Chang H-T (2014) Carbon dots prepared from ginger exhibiting efficient inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Mater Chem B 2:4564. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00216d
Li L, Li L, Wang C, Liu K, Zhu R, Qiang H, Lin Y (2015) Synthesis of nitrogen-doped and amino acid-functionalized graphene quantum dots from glycine, and their application to the fluorometric determination of ferric ion. Microchimica Acta 182:763–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-014-1383-6
Li Y, Chen T, Ma Y (2016) Nanosized carbon dots from organic matter and biomass. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Ed 31:823–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-016-1452-2
Li K, Xu J, Arsalan M, Cheng N, Sheng Q, Zheng J, Cao W, Yue T (2019) Nitrogen doped carbon dots derived from natural seeds and their application for electrochemical sensing. J Electrochem Soc 166:B56–B62. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0501902jes
Liang Q, Ma W, Shi Y, Li Z, Yang X (2013) Easy synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from gelatin and their luminescent properties and applications. Carbon 60:421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.055
Liang Z, Zeng L, Cao X, Wang Q, Wang X, Sun R (2014) Sustainable carbon quantum dots from forestry and agricultural biomass with amplified photoluminescence by simple NH4OH passivation. J Mater Chem C 2:9760–9766. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc01714e
Lim SY, Shen W, Gao Z (2015) Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 44:362–381. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00269E
Lin P-Y, Hsieh C-W, Kung M-L, Chu L-Y, Huang H-J, Chen H-T, Wu D-C, Kuo C-H, Hsieh S-L, Hsieh S (2014) Eco-friendly synthesis of shrimp egg-derived carbon dots for fluorescent bioimaging. J Biotechnol 189:114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.043
Lin B, Yan Y, Guo M, Cao Y, Yu Y, Zhang T, Huang Y, Wu D (2018) Modification-free carbon dots as turn-on fluorescence probe for detection of organophosphorus pesticides. Food Chem 245:1176–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.038
Linehan K, Doyle H (2014) Efficient one-pot synthesis of highly monodisperse carbon quantum dots. RSC Adv 4:18–21. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA45083J
Liu S, Tian J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Qin X, Luo Y, Asiri AM, Al-Youbi AO, Sun X (2012) Hydrothermal treatment of grass: a low‐cost, green route to nitrogen‐doped, carbon‐rich, photoluminescent polymer nanodots as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for label‐free detection of Cu(II) ions. Adv Mater 24:2037–2041. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200164
Liu S-S, Wang C-F, Li C-X, Wang J, Mao L-H, Chen S (2014) Hair-derived carbon dots toward versatile multidimensional fluorescent materials. J Mater Chem C 2:6477–6483. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TC00636D
Liu R, Zhang J, Gao M, Li Z, Chen J, Wu D, Liu P (2015) A facile microwave-hydrothermal approach towards highly photoluminescent carbon dots from goose feathers. RSC Adv 5:4428–4433. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12077A
Liu G, Chen Z, Jiang X, Feng D-Q, Zhao J, Fan D, Wang W (2016a) In-situ hydrothermal synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers coated carbon dots for fluorescent detection of bisphenol A. Sens Actuators B: Chem 228:302–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.01.010
Liu X, Pang J, Xu F, Zhang X (2016b) Simple approach to synthesize amino-functionalized carbon dots by carbonization of chitosan. Sci Rep 6:31100. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31100
Liu F, Zhang W, Chen W, Wang J, Yang Q, Zhu W, Wang J (2017a) One-pot synthesis of NiFe2O4 integrated with EDTA-derived carbon dots for enhanced removal of tetracycline. Chem Eng J 310:187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.116
Liu W, Diao H, Chang H, Wang H, Li T, Wei W (2017b) Green synthesis of carbon dots from rose-heart radish and application for Fe3+ detection and cell imaging. Sens Actuators B: Chem 241:190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.10.068
Liu W, Li C, Sun X, Pan W, Yu G, Wang J (2017c) Highly crystalline carbon dots from fresh tomato: UV emission and quantum confinement. Nanotechnology 28:485705. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa900b
Liu Y, Zhou Q, Yuan Y, Wu Y (2017d) Hydrothermal synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from sodium citrate and polyacrylamide and their highly selective detection of lead and pyrophosphate. Carbon 115:550–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.035
Lu W, Gong X, Nan M, Liu Y, Shuang S, Dong C (2015) Comparative study for N and S doped carbon dots: synthesis, characterization and applications for Fe3+ probe and cellular imaging. Anal Chim Acta 898:116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.09.050
Lu M, Duan Y, Song Y, Tan J, Zhou L (2018) Green preparation of versatile nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from watermelon juice for cell imaging, detection of Fe3+ ions and cysteine, and optical thermometry. J Mol Liquids 269:766–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.101
Ma Z, Ming H, Huang H, Liu Y, Kang Z (2012) One-step ultrasonic synthesis of fluorescent N-doped carbon dots from glucose and their visible-light sensitive photocatalytic ability. New J Chem 36:861–864. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2NJ20942J
Ma Y, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Ma M, Chen B, Wei L, Xiao L (2016) A bright carbon-dot-based fluorescent probe for selective and sensitive detection of mercury ions. Talanta 161:476–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.082
Mehta VN, Jha S, Kailasa SK (2014) One-pot green synthesis of carbon dots by using Saccharum officinarum juice for fluorescent imaging of bacteria (Escherichia coli) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 38:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.01.038
Mehta VN, Jha S, Basu H, Singhal RK, Kailasa SK (2015) One-step hydrothermal approach to fabricate carbon dots from apple juice for imaging of mycobacterium and fungal cells. Sens Actuators B: Chem 213:434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.02.104
Meng Y, Zhang Y, Sun W, Wang M, He B, Chen H, Tang Q (2017) Biomass converted carbon quantum dots for all-weather solar cells. Electrochim Acta 257:259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.086
Mewada A, Pandey S, Shinde S, Mishra N, Oza G, Thakur M, Sharon M, Sharon M (2013) Green synthesis of biocompatible carbon dots using aqueous extract of Trapa bispinosa peel. Mater Sci Eng C 33:2914–2917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.03.018
Miao H, Wang L, Zhuo Y, Zhou Z, Yang X (2016) Label-free fluorimetric detection of CEA using carbon dots derived from tomato juice. Biosens Bioelectron 86:83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.043
Mishra V, Patil A, Thakur S, Kesharwani P (2018) Carbon dots: emerging theranostic nanoarchitectures. Drug Discovery Today 23:1219–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.006
Mochalin VN, Shenderova O, Ho D, Gogotsi Y (2012) The properties and applications of nanodiamonds. Nat Nanotechnol 7:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.209
Murugan N, Sundramoorthy AK (2018) Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from Borassus flabellifer flowers for label-free highly selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ ions. New J Chem 42:13297–13307. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nj01894d
Muthulingam S, Bae KB, Khan R, Lee I-H, Uthirakumar P (2016) Carbon quantum dots decorated N-doped ZnO: synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity on UV, visible and daylight sources with suppressed photocorrosion. J Environ Chem Eng 4:1148–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.06.029
Nabid MR, Bide Y, Fereidouni N (2016) Boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots as a metal-free catalyst for hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride. New J Chem 40:8823–8828. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NJ01650B
Oza G, Oza K, Pandey S, Shinde S, Mewada A, Thakur M, Sharon M, Sharon M (2015) A green route towards highly photoluminescent and cytocompatible carbon dot synthesis and its separation using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. J Fluoresc 25:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-014-1477-x
Oza G, Ravichandran M, Merupo VI, Shinde S, Mewada A, Ramirez JT, Velumani S, Sharon M, Sharon M (2016) Camphor-mediated synthesis of carbon nanoparticles, graphitic shell encapsulated carbon nanocubes and carbon dots for bioimaging. Sci Rep 6:21286. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21286
Pakkath SAR, Chetty SS, Selvarasu P, Murugan, AV, Kumar Y, Periyasamy L, Santhakumar M, Sadras SR, Santhakumar K (2018) Transition metal ion (Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+)-doped carbon dots synthesized via microwave-assisted pyrolysis: a potential nanoprobe for magneto-fluorescent dual-modality bioimaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 4:2582–2596. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00943
Park SY, Lee HU, Park ES, Lee SC, Lee JW, Jeong SW, Kim CH, Lee YC, Huh YS, Lee J (2014) Photoluminescent green carbon nanodots from food-waste-derived sources: large-scale synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:3365–3370. https://doi.org/10.1021/am500159p
Pei S, Zhang J, Gao M, Wu D, Yang Y, Liu R (2015) A facile hydrothermal approach towards photoluminescent carbon dots from amino acids. J Colloid Interface Sci 439:129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.10.030
Phadke C, Mewada A, Dharmatti R, Thakur M, Pandey S, Sharon M (2015) Biogenic synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots at ambient temperature using Azadirachta indica (Neem) gum. J Fluorescence 25:1103–1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-015-1598-x
Pires NR, Santos CMW, Sousa RR, de Paula RCM, Cunha PLR, Feitosa JPA (2015) Novel and fast microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon quantum dots from raw cashew gum. J Braz Chem Soc 26:1274–1282. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150094
Pradeep T (2007) Nano: the essentials. Understanding nanoscience and nanotechnology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 9780071548298
Prasannan A, Imae T (2013) One-pot synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from orange waste peels. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:15673–15678. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie402421s
Pudza MY, Abidin ZZ, Abdul-Rashid Suraya, Md Yassin F, Noor ASM, Abdullah M (2019) Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent carbon dots from tapioca. Chem Select 4: 4140–4146. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201900836
Purbia R, Paria S (2016) A simple turn on fluorescent sensor for the selective detection of thiamine using coconut water derived luminescent carbon dots. Biosens Bioelectron 79:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.087
Qiao Z-A, Wang Y, Gao Y, Li H, Dai T, Liu Y, Huo Q (2010) Commercially activated carbon as the source for producing multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots by chemical oxidation. Chem Commun 46:8812–8814. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC02724C
Qu D, Zheng M, Zhang L, Zhao H, Xie Z, Jing X, Haddad RE, Fan H, Sun Z (2014) Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots. Sci Rep 4:5294. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05294
Ramezani Z, Qorbanpour M, Rahbar N (2018) Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots using quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga) powder as carbon precursor: application in cell imaging and As3+ determination. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 549:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.04.006
Ren G, Zhang Q, Li S, Fu S, Chai F, Wang C, Qu F (2017) One pot synthesis of highly fluorescent N doped C-dots and used as fluorescent probe detection for Hg2+ and Ag+ in aqueous solution. Sens Actuators B: Chem 243:244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.149
Rodrigues CV, Correa JR, Aiube CM, Andrade LP, Galvão PM, Costa PA, Campos AL, Pereira AJ, Ghesti GF, Felix JF, Weber IT, Neto BA, Rodrigues MO (2015) Down- and up-conversion photoluminescence of carbon-dots from brewing industry waste: application in live cell-imaging experiments. J Braz Chem Soc 26:2623–2628. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150291
Romero V, Vila V, de la Calle I, Lavilla I, Bendicho C (2019) Turn–on fluorescent sensor for the detection of periodate anion following photochemical synthesis of nitrogen and sulphur co–doped carbon dots from vegetables. Sens Actuators B: Chem 280:290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.10.064
Rong M-C, Zhang K-X, Wang Y-R, Chen X (2017) The synthesis of B, N-carbon dots by a combustion method and the application of fluorescence detection for Cu2+. Chin Chem Lett 28:1119–1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2016.12.009
Roy P, Periasamy AP, Chuang C, Liou Y-R, Chen Y-F, Joly J, Liang C-T, Chang H-T (2014) Plant leaf-derived graphene quantum dots and applications for white LEDs. New J Chem 38:4946–4951. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NJ01185F
Sabet M, Mahdavi K (2019) Green synthesis of high photoluminescence nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from grass via a simple hydrothermal method for removing organic and inorganic water pollutions. Appl Surf Sci 463:283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.223
Sachdev A, Gopinath P (2015) Green synthesis of multifunctional carbon dots from coriander leaves and their potential application as antioxidants, sensors and bioimaging agents. Analyst 140:4260–4269. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5an00454c
Sachdev A, Matai I, Kumar SU, Bhushan B, Dubey P, Gopinath P (2013) A novel one-step synthesis of PEG passivated multicolour fluorescent carbon dots for potential biolabeling application. RSC Adv 3:16958–16961. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42415d
Sahu S, Behera B, Maiti TK, Mohapatra S (2012) Simple one-step synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots from orange juice: application as excellent bio-imaging agents. Chem Commun 48:8835–8837. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC33796G
Sankaranarayanan S, Vishnukumar P, Hariram M, Vivekanandhan S, Camus C, Buschmann AH, Navia R (2019) Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and seed germination effects of green‐emitting graphene oxide‐carbon dot composite using brown macroalgal bio‐oil as precursor. J Chem Technol Biot 94:3269–3275. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6137
Sharma M, Mondal D, Singh N, Upadhyay K, Rawat A, Devkar RV, Sequeira RA, Prasad K (2017) Seaweed-derived nontoxic functionalized graphene sheets as sustainable materials for the efficient removal of fluoride from high fluoride containing drinking water. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:3488–3498. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00198
Shasha P, Kim JH, Park SJ (2019) Celery stalk-derived carbon dots for detection of copper ions. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 19:6077–6082. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.17022
Shchipunov YA, Khlebnikov ON, Silant’ev VE (2015) Carbon quantum dots hydrothermally synthesized from chitin. Polymer Sci Ser B 57:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1560090415010121
Shen L-M, Liu J (2016) New development in carbon quantum dots technical applications. Talanta 156–157:245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.028
Shen L, Chen M, Hu L, Chen X, Wang J (2013) Growth and stabilization of silver nanoparticles on carbon dots and sensing application. Langmuir: The ACS J Surf Colloids 29:16135–16140. https://doi.org/10.1021/la404270w
Shen J, Shang S, Chen X, Wang D, Cai Y (2017) Facile synthesis of fluorescence carbon dots from sweet potato for Fe3+ sensing and cell imaging. Mater Sci Eng C 76:856–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.178
Shi W, Fan H, Ai S, Zhu L (2015) Preparation of fluorescent graphene quantum dots from humic acid for bioimaging application. New J Chem 39:7054–7059. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ00760G
Shi L, Zhao B, Li X, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Dong C, Shuang S (2016) Eco-friendly synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots from wool for multicolor cell imaging, patterning, and biosensing. Sens Actuators B: Chem 235:316–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.05.094
Sun Y-P, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando KAS, Pathak P, Meziani MJ, Harruff BA, Wang X, Wang H (2006) Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 128:7756–7757. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja062677d
Sun D, Ban R, Zhang P-H, Wu G-H, Zhang J-R, Zhu J-J (2013) Hair fiber as a precursor for synthesizing of sulfur- and nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots with tunable luminescence properties. Carbon 64:424–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.095
Sung-Soo K, Jeong-Yong C, Kwan K, Byeong-Hyeok S (2012) Large area tunable arrays of graphene nanodots fabricated using diblock copolymer micelles. Nanotechnology 23:125301. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/12/125301
Suvarnaphaet P, Tiwary CS, Wetcharungsri J, Porntheeraphat S, Hoonsawat R, Ajayan PM, Tang IM, Asanithi P (2016) Blue photoluminescent carbon nanodots from limeade. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 69:914–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.075
Tan M, Zhang L, Tang R, Song X, Li Y, Wu H, Wang Y, Lv G, Liu W, Ma X (2013) Enhanced photoluminescence and characterization of multicolor carbon dots using plant soot as a carbon source. Talanta 115:950–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.061
Tan XW, Romainor ANB, Chin SF, Ng SM (2014) Carbon dots production via pyrolysis of sago waste as potential probe for metal ions sensing. J Anal Appl Pyrol 105:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.11.001
Teng X, Ma C, Ge C, Yan M, Yang J, Zhang Y, Morais PC, Bi H (2014) Green synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots from konjac flour with “off–on” fluorescence by Fe3+ and l-lysine for bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2:4631. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tb00368c
Thambiraj S, Shankaran DR (2016) Green synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from sugarcane bagasse pulp. Appl Surf Sci 390:435–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.106
Tripathi KM, Tran TS, Tung TT, Losic D, Kim T (2017) Water soluble fluorescent carbon nanodots from biosource for cells imaging. J Nanomater 2017:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7029731
Tyagi A, Tripathi KM, Singh N, Choudhary S, Gupta RK (2016) Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots from lemon peel waste: applications in sensing and photocatalysis. RSC Adv 6:72423–72432. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA10488F
Vandarkuzhali SAA, Natarajan S, Jeyabalan S, Sivaraman G, Singaravadivel S, Muthusubramanian S, Viswanathan B (2018) Pineapple peel-derived carbon dots: applications as sensor, molecular keypad lock, and memory device. ACS Omega 3:12584–12592. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01146
Vivekanandhan S, Schreiber M, Muthuramkumar S, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2017) Carbon nanotubes from renewable feedstocks: a move toward sustainable nanofabrication. J Appl Polym Sci 134:44255. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44255
Wang Y, Hu A (2014) Carbon quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications. J Mater Chem C 2:6921–6939. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00988f
Wang L, Zhou HS (2014) Green synthesis of luminescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots from milk and its imaging application. Anal Chem 86:8902–8905. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac502646x
Wang F, Pang S, Wang L, Li Q, Kreiter M, Liu C-Y (2010) One-step synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots in noncoordinating solvents. Chem Mater 22:4528–4530. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm101350u
Wang Q, Zheng H, Long Y, Zhang L, Gao M, Bai W (2011) Microwave–hydrothermal synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from graphite oxide. Carbon 49:3134–3140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.03.041
Wang J, Wang C-F, Chen S (2012) Amphiphilic egg-derived carbon dots: rapid plasma fabrication, pyrolysis process, and multicolor printing patterns. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:9297–9301. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201204381
Wang D, Wang X, Guo Y, Liu W, Qin W (2014a) Luminescent properties of milk carbon dots and their sulphur and nitrogen doped analogues. RSC Adv 4:51658–51665. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA11158C
Wang J, Ng YH, Lim Y-F, Ho GW (2014b) Vegetable-extracted carbon dots and their nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production. RSC Adv 4:44117–44123. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07290a
Wang L, Bi Y, Hou J, Li H, Xu Y, Wang B, Ding H, Ding L (2016a) Facile, green and clean one-step synthesis of carbon dots from wool: application as a sensor for glyphosate detection based on the inner filter effect. Talanta 160:268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.020
Wang L, Li B, Xu F, Shi X, Feng D, Wei D, Li Y, Feng Y, Wang Y, Jia D, Zhou Y (2016b) High-yield synthesis of strong photoluminescent N-doped carbon nanodots derived from hydrosoluble chitosan for mercury ion sensing via smartphone APP. Biosens Bioelectron 79:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.085
Wang L, Li W, Wu B, Li Z, Wang S, Liu Y, Pan D, Wu M (2016c) Facile synthesis of fluorescent graphene quantum dots from coffee grounds for bioimaging and sensing. Chem Eng J 300:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.123
Wang N, Wang Y, Guo T, Yang T, Chen M, Wang J (2016d) Green preparation of carbon dots with papaya as carbon source for effective fluorescent sensing of Iron (III) and Escherichia coli. Biosens Bioelectron 85:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.089
Wang ZH, Yu JB, Gui RJ, Jin H, Xia YZ (2016c) Carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical aptasensors. Biosens Bioelectron 79:136–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.093
Wang X, Yang P, Feng Q, Meng T, Wei J, Xu C, Han J (2019) Green preparation of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from cyanobacteria for biological imaging polymers 11:616. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040616
Weng C-I, Chang H-T, Lin C-H, Shen Y-W, Unnikrishnan B, Li Y-J, Huang C-C (2015) One-step synthesis of biofunctional carbon quantum dots for bacterial labeling. Biosens Bioelectron 68:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.028
Wu H, Mi C, Huang H, Han B, Li J, Xu S (2012) Solvothermal synthesis of green-fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and their application. J Lumin 132:1603–1607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.12.077
Wu ZL, Zhang P, Gao MX, Liu CF, Wang W, Leng F, Huang CZ (2013) One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of highly luminescent nitrogen-doped amphoteric carbon dots for bioimaging from Bombyx mori silk—natural proteins. J Mater Chem B 1: 2868–2873. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb20418a
Xiao D, Yuan D, He H, Lu J (2013) Microwave-assisted one-step green synthesis of amino-functionalized fluorescent carbon nitride dots from chitosan. Luminescence 28:612–615. https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.2486
Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, Ploehn HJ, Gearheart L, Raker K, Scrivens WA (2004) Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments. J Am Chem Soc 126:12736–12737. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja040082h
Xu Y, Tang C-J, Huang H, Sun C-Q, Zhang Y-K, Ye Q-F, Wang A-J (2014) Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots for detection of Hg2+. Chin J Anal Chem 42:1252–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2040(14)60765-9
Xu M, Gao Z, Zhou Q, Lin Y, Lu M, Tang D (2016a) Terbium ion-coordinated carbon dots for fluorescent aptasensing of adenosine 5′-triphosphate with unmodified gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 86:978–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.105
Xu M, Huang Q, Sun R, Wang X (2016b) Simultaneously obtaining fluorescent carbon dots and porous active carbon for supercapacitors from biomass. RSC Adv 6:88674–88682. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA18725K
Xue M, Zhan Z, Zou M, Zhang L, Zhao S (2016) Green synthesis of stable and biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots from peanut shells for multicolor living cell imaging. New J Chem 40:1698–1703. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ02181B
Yan Z, Zhang Z, Chen J (2016) Biomass-based carbon dots: synthesis and application in imatinib determination. Sens Actuators B: Chem 225:469–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.10.107
Yang X, Zhuo Y, Zhu S, Luo Y, Feng Y, Dou Y (2014a) Novel and green synthesis of high-fluorescent carbon dots originated from honey for sensing and imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 60:292–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.046
Yang Z, Xu M, Liu Y, He F, Gao F, Su Y, Wei H, Zhang Y (2014b) Nitrogen-doped, carbon-rich, highly photoluminescent carbon dots from ammonium citrate. Nanoscale 6:1890–1895. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr05380f
Yang W, Huang TT, Zhao M, Luo F, Weng W, Wei Q, Lin Z, Chen G (2017a) High peroxidase-like activity of iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots and its application in immunosorbent assay. Talanta 164:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.099
Yang X, Wang Y, Shen X, Su C, Yang J, Piao M, Jia F, Gao G, Zhang L, Lin Q (2017b) One-step synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots with excitation-independent emission for selective bioimaging and gene delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 492:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.12.057
Yang Q, Duan J, Yang W, Li X, Mo J, Yang P, Tang Q (2018) Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from biomass via simple one-pot method and exploration of their application. Appl Surf Sci 434:1079–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.040
Yao Y-Y, Gedda G, Girma WM, Yen C-L, Ling Y-C, Chang J-Y (2017) Magnetofluorescent carbon dots derived from crab shell for targeted dual-modality bioimaging and drug delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:13887–13899. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01599
Ye Q, Yan F, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhou X, Chen L (2017) Formation of N, S-codoped fluorescent carbon dots from biomass and their application for the selective detection of mercury and iron ion. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 173:854–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.039
Yu H, Li X, Zeng X, Lu Y (2015a) Preparation of carbon dots by non-focusing pulsed laser irradiation in toluene. Chem Commun 52:819–822. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC08384B
Yu J, Song N, Zhang Y-K, Zhong S-X, Wang A-J, Chen J (2015b) Green preparation of carbon dots by Jinhua bergamot for sensitive and selective fluorescent detection of Hg2+ and Fe3+. Sens Actuators B: Chem 214:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.03.006
Yu C, Xuan T, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Liu X, Lian G, Li H (2016) Gadolinium-doped carbon dots with high quantum yield as an effective fluorescence and magnetic resonance bimodal imaging probe. J Alloy Compd 688:611–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.226
Yuan M, Zhong R, Gao H, Li W, Yun X, Liu J, Zhao X, Zhao G, Zhang F (2015) One-step, green, and economic synthesis of water-soluble photoluminescent carbon dots by hydrothermal treatment of wheat straw, and their bio-applications in labeling, imaging, and sensing. Appl Surf Sci 355:1136–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.095
Yue X, Chun-Jing T, Hong H, Chao-Qun S, Ya-Kun Z, Qun-Feng Y, Ai-Jun W (2014) Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots for detection of Hg2+. Chinese J Anal Chem 42:1252–1258
Zhai H, Zheng B, Yang F, Wang M, Xiao D (2018) Synthesis of water-soluble fluorescent carbon dots from Setcreasea purpurea boom and its application for Br2 detection. Anal Methods 10:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ay02631e
Zhang Y-Q, Ma D-K, Zhuang Y, Zhang X, Chen W, Hong L-L, Yan Q-X, Yu K, Huang S-M (2012) One-pot synthesis of N-doped carbon dots with tunable luminescence properties. J Mater Chem 22:16714–16718. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM32973E
Zhang L, Aboagye A, Kelkar A, Lai C, Fong H (2014) A review: carbon nanofibers from electrospun polyacrylonitrile and their applications. J Mater Sci 49:463–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7705-y
Zhang J, Dong L, Yu S-H (2015a) A selective sensor for cyanide ion (CN−) based on the inner filter effect of metal nanoparticles with photoluminescent carbon dots as the fluorophore. Sci Bull 60:785–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0764-5
Zhang J, Yuan Y, Liang G, Yu S-H (2015b) Scale-up synthesis of fragrant nitrogen-doped carbon dots from bee pollens for bioimaging and catalysis advanced. Science 2:1500002. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500002
Zhang Z, Sun W, Wu P (2015c) Highly photoluminescent carbon dots derived from egg white: facile and green synthesis, photoluminescence properties, and multiple applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:1412–1418. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00156
Zhang C, Xiao Y, Ma Y, Li B, Liu Z, Lu C, Liu X, Wei Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Y (2017) Algae biomass as a precursor for synthesis of nitrogen-and sulfur-co-doped carbon dots: a better probe in Arabidopsis guard cells and root tissues. J Photochem Photobiol, B 174:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.024
Zhang X, Jiang M, Niu N, Chen Z, Li S, Liu S, Li J (2018) Natural-product-derived carbon dots: from natural products to functional materials. Chemsuschem 11:11–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201701847
Zhao Q-L, Zhang Z-L, Huang B-H, Peng J, Zhang M, Pang D-W (2008) Facile preparation of low cytotoxicity fluorescent carbon nanocrystals by electrooxidation of graphite. Chem Commun. 5116–5118. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812420e
Zhao XJ, Zhang WL, Zhou ZQ (2014) Sodium hydroxide-mediated hydrogel of citrus pectin for preparation of fluorescent carbon dots for bioimaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 123:493–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.048
Zhao S, Lan M, Zhu X, Xue H, Ng T-W, Meng X, Lee C-S, Wang P, Zhang W (2015) Green synthesis of bifunctional fluorescent carbon dots from garlic for cellular imaging and free radical scavenging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:17054–17060. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b03228
Zhao C, Jiao Y, Hu F, Yang Y (2018) Green synthesis of carbon dots from pork and application as nanosensors for uric acid detection. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 190:360–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2017.09.037
Zheng L, Chi Y, Dong Y, Lin J, Wang B (2009) Electrochemiluminescence of water-soluble carbon nanocrystals released electrochemically from graphite. J Am Chem Soc 131:4564–4565. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809073f
Zhong D, Zhuo Y, Feng Y, Yang X (2015) Employing carbon dots modified with vancomycin for assaying Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. Biosens Bioelectron 74:546–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.015
Zhou J, Booker C, Li R, Zhou X, Sham T-K, Sun X, Ding Z (2007) An electrochemical avenue to blue luminescent nanocrystals from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). J Am Chem Soc 129:744–745. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0669070
Zhou J, Sheng Z, Han H, Zou M, Li C (2012) Facile synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots using watermelon peel as a carbon source. Mater Lett 66:222–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.08.081
Zhu C, Zhai J, Dong S (2012) Bifunctional fluorescent carbon nanodots: green synthesis via soy milk and application as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. Chem commun 48:9367–9369. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC33844K
Zhu L, Yin Y, Wang C-F, Chen S (2013) Plant leaf-derived fluorescent carbon dots for sensing, patterning and coding. J Mater Chem C 1:4925–4932
Zong J, Zhu Y, Yang X, Shen J, Li C (2011) Synthesis of photoluminescent carbogenic dots using mesoporous silica spheres as nanoreactors. Chem Commun 47:764–766. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC03092A
Zou S, Hou C, Fa H, Zhang L, Ma Y, Dong L, Li D, Huo D, Yang M (2017) An efficient fluorescent probe for fluazinam using N, S co-doped carbon dots from l-cysteine. Sens Actuators B: Chem 239:1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.07.169
Zuo P, Lu X, Sun Z, Guo Y, He H (2016a) A review on syntheses, properties, characterization and bioanalytical applications of fluorescent carbon dots. Microchimica Acta 183:519–542
Zuo PL, Lu XH, Sun ZG, Guo YH, He H (2016b) A review on syntheses, properties, characterization and bioanalytical applications of fluorescent carbon dots Microchimica Acta 183:519–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-015-1705-3
Acknowledgements
SV acknowledges the University Grants Commission (UGC) for the financial support for this research activity through the Minor Research Project (MRP/UGC-SERO—Proposal No.: 1593). SS acknowledges FONDECYT-CONICYT, Chile, for his postdoctoral fellowship (Project No. 3160392). RN acknowledges Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología GAMBIO Project No ACT172128, and FONDECYT project No 1190769 from CONICYT, Chile.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vishnukumar, P., Sankaranarayanan, S., Hariram, M., Vivekanandhan, S., Navia, R. (2020). Carbon Dots from Renewable Resources: A Review on Precursor Choices and Potential Applications. In: Ahmed, S., Ali, W. (eds) Green Nanomaterials. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 126. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3560-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3560-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3559-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3560-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)