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Vitamin-Loaded Nanocarriers as Nutraceuticals in Healthcare Applications

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Nanomedicine for Bioactives

Abstract

Vitamins are nutrients that come under the class of organic compounds and are considered as essential micronutrients that are generally deprived of providing energy but are highly required for proper functioning of body and are not produced in the human body but play a vital role for conducting the normal functions. Vitamins are indispensable for metabolism, growth and development as well as for the proper functioning of the body. Vitamin D and B2 are vitamins that are generated in the body; rest all vitamins are attained from the food [1]. Vitamins are cardinal part of the food consumed by humans as they have the capacity of regulating various biochemical reactions taking place in human body. Vitamins that are existent and established are 13 in number; in addition their roles in the physiological reactions cannot be denied and are categorised on the basis of their solubility into two classes. The vitamins that are lipophilic in nature comprise vitamins, namely A, E, K, and D in conjugation with the carotenoids displaying the functional properties of vitamin A [2]. Furthermore, the vitamins having hydrophilic nature comprise vitamin C, the group of B vitamins which includes thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), nicotinic acid (B3), pyridoxine (B6), pantothenic acid (B5), folate, and cyanocobalamin (B12), which act jointly with vital functions of body. Vitamins having distinct structure demonstrate distinctive biological actions that are entitled as vitamers, based on their structure. The provitamins do not exhibit characteristics of vitamins themselves and are organic compounds that are transformed into vitamins by metabolism process [3]. Sunlight is responsible for carrying out vitamin D synthesis in the body; additionally, vitamin B3 formation can only be possible by an adequate amount of tryptophan in proteins that elicits its synthesis. All classes of vitamins are produced by plants other than cyanocobalamin and hence it ought to be included in the diet of humans [4]. Despite the fact that vitamins are needed in small proportions, for ensuring that an adequate number of vitamins is obtained from the diet, foods that are enriched with vitamins can be ingested by individuals, for instance, in the type of functional foods in conjugation with vitamins as nutraceuticals. Furthermore, a few vitamins that are extracted from marine resources for instance seaweeds possess antioxidant action in addition to other benefits related to health for example reducing blood pressure, helping in preventing cardiovascular disorders, or moderating the risk of deadly disease like cancer [5]. The dominant role of vitamins in the physiological system comprises improving the immunity of body in addition to eyesight, strengthening dermal health, and helps preventing cancer (vitamin A); responsible for developing the immunity counter to various microorganisms, mitigate disorders like depression in addition to anxiety, chances of stroke are reduced, and unwinding premenstrual syndrome; keeping common cold or other viral infections at bay, maintaining healthy skin, accelerate wound healing, regulating the cholesterol and blood glucose level, minimising nervous system disorders (vitamin C) [6] averting the deadly cancer and diseases of cardiovascular system along with escalating strong bones and oral health (vitamin D); keep in check the neural disorders, for instance, Alzheimer and further abnormalities related to neurons, stamina develops, and averting disorders related to skin (vitamin E) [7]. The use of nanoscience in appropriate delivery of vitamins has attained considerable attention nowadays, and nanoencapsulation is projected as groundbreaking technique for site-specific delivery of vitamins and hence shielding these bioactive components from degradation in damaging environment [8]. Nanotechnology is a briskly developing zone having unique properties and broader applications. U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative describes nanoparticles (NPs) in the size range of 1–100 nm. Various techniques of nanotechnology used for the liposoluble vitamins include inclusion complexation, emulsion systems, and liposome solid lipid nanoparticles. For nutraceutical encapsulation, for vitamins that are liposoluble various systems are reported for delivery including liposomes, nanoemulsions, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and nanoparticles [9]. Nanoformulations that are substantially recommended by numerous experimental results are lipid-based nanoformulations because of their absorption to a greater extent when ingested and enhanced stability in addition to lesser degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. The technique of nanoencapsulation is extensively employed for protecting and releasing numerous bioactive ingredients in controlled manner; predominantly, pharmaceuticals and food bioactive components (nutraceuticals) can be successfully incorporated into formulations, hence resulting in enhanced bioavailability. The process of entrapment of nutrients at the nanoscale is termed as nanoencapsulation [10]. Thus, nanoencapsulation is an effective technique for providing absorbance at relatively elevated rate in addition to delivery of nutrients in comparison to microscale delivery [11]. Nanocarriers (<1000 nm in general, <100 nm in pharmaceutical sector) are capable of providing better bioavailability because of improved surface-to-volume ratios. As well as with reference to technological aspect, nanocarriers are efficiently used for enhancing the solubility of nutraceuticals that are hydrophobic in nature. Food-grade nanocarriers are being frequently employed for vitamin encapsulation. In nanodelivery systems polymeric compounds that are natural in origin are generally employed for instance cyclodextrins, albumin, alginate, gelatin, collagen, chitosan, and pectin [12]. Numerous formulation approaches employed for effective delivery of nutraceuticals that are encapsulated comprise nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanocapsules, micelles, etc. Nutraceutical is a term derived from both nutrition and pharmaceutical, given by Stephen DeFelice. Stephen DeFelice further described nutraceutical as “a food or portion of food that is capable of providing medical or health benefits together with preclusion of disease and treatment” [13]. Nutraceuticals are considered as nutritional ingredients that are able to deliver medicinal or physiological benefits apart from nutritional requirements and contain a broad variety of components for instance phenolic components, vitamins, and lipids [14]. Still the medicinal or physiological benefits and efficacy of nutraceuticals are maintained only by preserving their bioavailability, described as a portion of an ingested compound that is well absorbed and reaches effectively in systemic circulation. Many factors are responsible for reduced bioavailability of a compound, consisting of reduced permeability and/or solubility inside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, inadequate residence time in stomach, and lack of stability at the time of food processing [15].

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  1. Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India

    Madhu Gupta, Radha Aggarwal, Neha Raina & Azmi Khan

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  1. Madhu Gupta
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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, SHUATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Mahfoozur Rahman

  2. Nanomedicine Research Lab, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

    Sarwar Beg

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, SHUATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Vikas Kumar

  4. Nanomedicine Research Lab, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

    Farhan Jalees Ahmad

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Gupta, M., Aggarwal, R., Raina, N., Khan, A. (2020). Vitamin-Loaded Nanocarriers as Nutraceuticals in Healthcare Applications. In: Rahman, M., Beg, S., Kumar, V., Ahmad, F. (eds) Nanomedicine for Bioactives . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1664-1_18

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