Chitosan-Based Systems for Controlled Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Biomedical Application

Patrulea, Viorica; Younes, Islem; Jordan, Olivier; Borchard, Gerrit

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0263-7_14

Chitosan-Based Systems for Controlled Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Biomedical Application

Viorica Patrulea³,
Islem Younes³,
Olivier Jordan³ &
…
Gerrit Borchard³

Chapter
First Online: 06 March 2020

871 Accesses
2 Citations

Abstract

Nowadays, topical microbial infections and antimicrobial resistance are global public health challenges. Despite the fact that many different antibiotics have been discovered during the “golden era,” they cannot withstand due to increase in antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial polymers have gained attention due to their unique properties. Chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, has been used as an antimicrobial agent in different biomedical applications. As well, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent candidates to kill the microorganisms; however, their high toxicity and hemolytic activity hinder their clinical use. In this chapter, the use of chitosan as a matrix or as a carrier for antimicrobial peptides is addressed, with an emphasis on topical application. The first section provides an overview of the present challenges related to topical microbial infections and the antimicrobial resistance. Second, chitosan and its antimicrobial mechanism against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, are summed up. In the third section, antimicrobial peptides as efficient antimicrobial agents and their in vitro, in vivo, and current clinical applications are presented. In particular, binding AMPs to chitosan either by covalent conjugation or using chitosan as a carrier is investigated in the last section.

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Abbreviations

ADMET:: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity
AMP:: Antimicrobial peptide
AMR:: Antimicrobial resistance
CFU:: Colony-forming unit
CMTMC:: Carboxymethyl-trimethyl chitosan
DA:: Degree of acetylation
DMCMC:: N-(4-N,N-Dimethylaminocinnamyl) chitosan
DQ:: Degree of quaternization
DS:: Degree of substitution
EDC:: 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
ESKAPE:: Enterococcus spp., S. aureus, Klebsiella spp., A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.
FDA:: Food and Drug Administration
GRAS:: Generally recognized as safe
HC:: Hemolytic activity
HC₅₀ :: Hemolytic activity to cause 50% lysis of RBCs
hLF:: Human lactoferin fragment
HMW:: High molecular weight
LMW:: Low molecular weight
MTGase:: Microbial transglutaminase
MPyMeC:: Methylated N-(4-pyridylmethyl) chitosan chloride
MW:: Molecular weight
MBC:: Minimal bactericidal concentration
MIC:: Minimal inhibitory concentration
NHS:: N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide
NP:: Nanoparticle
O-QCTS-DEBn:: O-Quaternized-N,N-diethyl-N-benzyl ammonium chitosan
O-QCTSS:: O-quaternized-N-benzylidene-chitosan
γ-PGA:: Poly-γ-glutamic acid
PLGA:: Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
Ppm:: Parts per million
RBC:: Red blood cells
TBDMS:: Tert-butyldimethylsilyl
TMC:: Trimethyl chitosan
TPP:: Sodium tripolyphosphate
USP:: United States Pharmacopeia

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge Aleksandar Jovanovic for his help in drawing Fig. 14.1.

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Viorica Patrulea, Islem Younes, Olivier Jordan & Gerrit Borchard

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Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal, India
Sougata Jana
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Subrata Jana

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Patrulea, V., Younes, I., Jordan, O., Borchard, G. (2019). Chitosan-Based Systems for Controlled Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Biomedical Application. In: Jana, S., Jana, S. (eds) Functional Chitosan. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0263-7_14

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