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Significance of the Enzymes Associated with Soil C and N Transformation

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Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Soil

Abstract

Soil enzymes play a crucial role in soil organic matter transformation and nutrient cycling. Enzyme productions are the result of soil microbial community expression and their metabolomic requirement. Understanding the presence and activity of the enzymes of C and N cycles in soil may have important implications on ecosystem disturbances and can help to understand the role of C and N cycling in sustainable soil management and sustaining agricultural productivity. Among the biological features, soil enzymes are often used as a reliable index of changes in the soil status as affected by differentiated natural and anthropogenic factors since they are more sensitive to any changes than other soil variables. As was shown in the reviewed literature, interest in the enzyme systems responsible for C and N transformation in soil is currently still high. This chapter presents a brief overview of earlier and recent findings dealing with the most important soil enzymes involved in the soil C and N cycle, such as cellulase, β-glucosidase, urease, invertase, laccase, peroxidase, proteases, and nitrate reductase. The role of these enzymes in soil C and N transformation, as well as possible changes in enzymatic activity as influenced by differentiated factors, was also analyzed. Moreover, still existing limits related to the methodology adopted to assay soil enzyme activities have been discussed. Additionally, one subchapter is devoted to the relationship between gene abundance and enzymatic activity in soil. The contribution of transcriptomics and proteomics in soil enzymology is still poorly developed probably because there are still some methodological problems in soil proteomics. Moreover, the relationship between enzyme activity and the gene expression in soil is an important aim of research. Finally, further research needs and directions concerning the activity of soil C- and N-cycling enzymes are outlined.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Ammonification of arginine

Ag2SO4 :

Silver sulfate

amoA and gdh :

Gene coding the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase

ANR:

Assimilatory nitrate reductase

apr :

Alkaline metallopeptidases gene,

bpr or aprE :

Genes of proteolytic enzymes

C:

Carbon

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EEs:

Extracellular enzymes

GlcNAc:

N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide

H2SO4 :

Sulfuric acid

KCl:

Potassium chloride

lip A-lip J :

Lignin peroxidase genes

LiP H8:

Extracellular lignin peroxidase isozyme

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MUB:

Modified universal buffer

MUF:

4-Methylumbelliferone

N:

Nitrogen

NAG:

N-acetyl d-glucosamine

NAGase:

N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NH3/NH4 + :

Ammonia/ammonium

NO2/NO2 − :

Nitrite

NO3/NO3 − :

Nitrate

npr :

Neutral metallopeptidase gene

NR:

Nitrate reductase

P:

Phosphorus

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

pep Aa, pepAb, pep Ac, and pep Ad :

Aspartic protease genes

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

sub :

Peptidases genes

ureC :

Urease-encoding genes

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  1. Department of Biogeochemistry and Soil Science, Laboratory of Soil Science and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland

    Anna Piotrowska-Długosz

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  1. Department of Geology and Pedology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

    Rahul Datta

  2. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Swaroop Meena

  3. Department of Agrifood and Environmental Science (DISPAA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Shamina Imran Pathan

  4. DAGRI – Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Maria Teresa Ceccherini

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Piotrowska-Długosz, A. (2020). Significance of the Enzymes Associated with Soil C and N Transformation. In: Datta, R., Meena, R., Pathan, S., Ceccherini, M. (eds) Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Soil. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7264-3_12

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