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Synthetic Plasmids to Challenge Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Between Rhizobia and Legumes

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Methods in Rhizosphere Biology Research

Part of the book series: Rhizosphere Biology ((RHBIO))

Abstract

Growth of most angiosperms, including cereal crops, is constrained by a limited accessibility of nitrogen in soils. Until now, agriculture relied extensively upon chemical fertilizers to compensate for NPK deficiencies in fields, often at considerable ecological costs. Making better use of plant-bacteria associations could lower the environmental impact of agriculture while retaining good yields. For example, soil bacteria known as rhizobia reduce enough atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to secure growth and seed production of legumes. The positive impact on soil fertility of growing legumes in fields and pastures has been known for centuries. Yet, molecular mechanisms governing rhizobia-legume symbioses were only extensively deciphered recently. Conversion of N2 into ammonia by rhizobia nitrogenase occurs almost exclusively inside plant cells of specialized root (or more rarely stem) organs called nodules. Thus, rhizobia established on root surfaces must infect plant tissues and gain access to the cytoplasm of nodule cells before becoming proficient symbionts. Concomitantly, host plants must also prevent systemic infections by non-symbiotic bacteria while securing the development of the nodule organs. Bacterial infection and nodule development are coordinated by molecular signals exchanged by legumes and rhizobia. Amongst these signals, plant-made flavonoids and rhizobial nodulation (Nod) factors are instrumental in securing harmonious symbiosis. As many symbiotic signals and cognate receptors/sensors have been identified in recent years, genetic engineering offers new opportunities to study but also to harness the benefits of legume-rhizobia symbioses. Here, we review the major molecular mechanisms involved in the development of proficient nodules and describe a framework for assembling a subset of symbiotic loci into small synthetic plasmids capable of converting soil bacteria into beneficial plant symbionts. As proof of concept, the nodulation phenotype conferred by the synthetic plasmid pMSym2 is detailed.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Natalia Giot for her help in many aspects of this work. Financial support for this project was provided by the University of Geneva and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants no. 31003A-146,548 and 31003A-173,191).

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  1. Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Jovelyn Unay & Xavier Perret

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  1. Jovelyn Unay
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Correspondence to Xavier Perret .

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Didier Reinhardt

  2. Biological Sciences, CBSH, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

    Anil K. Sharma

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Unay, J., Perret, X. (2019). Synthetic Plasmids to Challenge Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Between Rhizobia and Legumes. In: Reinhardt, D., Sharma, A. (eds) Methods in Rhizosphere Biology Research. Rhizosphere Biology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5767-1_1

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