Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Transition Supports and Barriers to “Staying Out”

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Incarcerated Youth Transitioning Back to the Community

  • 579 Accesses

Abstract

In this concluding chapter, an overview of the extant research on supports and barriers to the successful transition of young people returning to the community is provided. The supports and barriers discussed in the international chapters in Part 2 of the book are also included in this overview. The chapter concludes with implications for practice and future research. Connections are made to the Taxonomy for Transition Programming 2.0, where relevant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrams, L. S. (2006). From corrections to community: Youth offenders’ perceptions of the challenges of transition. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 44(2–3), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v44n02_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams, L. S. (2012). Envisioning life on the outs: Exit narratives of incarcerated male youth. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56, 877–896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11415042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams, L. S., & Freisthler, B. (2010). A spatial analysis of risks and resources for reentry youth in Los Angeles County. Journal of Sociology Social Work Research, 1(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2010.4F.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams, L., & Hyun, A. (2009). Mapping a process of negotiated identity among incarcerated male juvenile offenders. Youth and Society, 41, 26–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altschuler, D., & Bilchik, S. (2014). Critical elements of juvenile re-entry in research and practice. Retrieved from Justice Center website: https://csgjusticecenter.org/youth/posts/critical-elements-of-juvenile-reentry-in-research-and-practice/.

  • Anthony, E. K., Sample, M. D., de Kervor, D. N., Ituarte, S., Lee, C., & Austin, M. J. (2010). Coming back home: The reintegration of formerly incarcerated youth with service implications. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1271–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.04.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arizona Department of Education. (n.d.). Merging Two Worlds. Retrieved from: http://www.azed.gov/specialeducation/merging-two-worlds/.

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, T., Melrose, M., & Brodie, I. (2013). ‘Nothings really that hard, you can do it’. Agency and fatalism: The resettlement needs of girls in custody. Retrieved from University of Bedfordshire: http://uobrep.openrepository.com/uobrep/handle/10547/622170.

  • Bellmore, S. (2013). The re-entry of young offenders: A look at successful reintegration. (Master’s Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada). Retrieved from: https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/13731/1/fulltext.pdf.

  • Blaustein, M., & Kinniburgh, K. (2010). Treating traumatic stress in children and adolescents: How to foster resilience through attachment, self-regulation, and competency. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. (2010). Viewing offender assessment and rehabilitation through the lens of risk-need-responsivity. In F. O’Neill, P. Raynor & C. Trotter (Eds.), Offender supervision: New directions in theory, research and practice (pp. 19–40). Abingdon, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 187–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. D., McCauley, K., Navalta, C. P., & Saxe, G. N. (2013). Trauma Systems Therapy in residential settings: Improving emotion regulation and the social environment of traumatized children and youth in congregate care. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9542-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullis, M., Yovanoff, P., & Havel, E. (2004). The importance of getting started right: Further examination of the facility-community transition of formerly incarcerated youth. The Journal of Special Education, 38(2), 80–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, D. C., Peterson, D., & Esbensen, F.-A. (2013). Youth gang desistance: An examination of the effect of different operational definitions of desistance on the motivations, methods, and consequences associated with leaving the gang. Criminal Justice Review, 38, 510–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, H. L., Little, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). The transition to adulthood for adolescents in the juvenile justice system: A developmental perspective. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., & Maggioni, F. (2014). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45, 11–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, H., & Cohen, R. (2013). Breaking down the barriers: A case study of juvenile justice personnel perspectives on school re-entry. The Journal of Correctional Education, 64, 13–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A review and current status of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Journal of Planning Literature, 30, 393–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, F. T. (1994). Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential address for the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11, 527–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes, G. D. (2011). The challenges of reintegrating Indigenous youth after their release from detention. Journal of Youth Studies, 14, 693–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2011.580338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorado, J. S., Martinez, M., McArthur, L. E., & Leibovitz, T. (2016). Healthy environments and response to trauma in schools (HEARTS): A whole-school, multi-level, prevention and intervention program for creating trauma-informed, safe and supportive schools. School Mental Health, 8, 163–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, D., & Abrams, L. (2010). Gender differences in the perceived needs and barriers of youth offenders preparing for community reentry. Child & Youth Care Forum, 39, 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9102-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J., & Blaustein, M. E. (2013). Systemic self-regulation: A framework for trauma-informed services in residential juvenile justice. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 665–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9538-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., & Russo, E. (2006). Trauma-focused, present-centered, emotional self-regulation approach to integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress and addiction: Trauma Adaptive Recovery Group Education and Therapy (TARGET). American Journal of Psychotherapy, 60, 335–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Coll, C., & Duff, K. (1996). Reframing the needs of women in prison: A relational and diversity perspective. Project report. Wellesley, MA: Stone Center, Wellesley College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). Gender, crime, and desistence: Towards a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 990–1064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, B., Shelton, H. K., & Bree, M. (2010). The moderating role of close friends in the relationship between conduct problems and adolescent substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunwald, H. E., Lockwood, B., Harris, P. W., & Mennis, J. (2010). Influences of neighborhood context, individual history and parenting behavior on recidivism among juvenile offenders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1067–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9518-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halsey, M. (2007). Assembling recidivism: The promise and contingencies of post-release life. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 97, 1209–1260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartwell, S., McMackin, R., Tansi, R., & Bartlett, N. (2010). “I grew up too fast for my age:” Post discharge issues and experiences of male juvenile offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49, 495–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Rodick, J. D., Borduin, C. M., Hanson, C. L., Watson, S. M., & Urey, J. R. (1986). Multisystemic treatment of juvenile offenders: Effects on adolescent behaviour and family interaction. Developmental Psychology, 22, 132–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahnukainen, M. (2007). High-risk youth transitions to adulthood: A longitudinal view of youth leaving the residential education in Finland. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 637–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, E. K., Slemon, A., & Haines-Saah, R. J. (2017). Developing harm reduction in the context of youth substance use: Insights from multi-site qualitative analysis of young people’s harm minimization strategies. Harm Reduction Journal, 14, 53–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. W. (2011). Comprehensive gang and violence reduction programs: Reinventing the square wheel. Criminology & Public Policy, 10, 1037–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, P. D., Gothberg, J. E., Fowler, C., & Coyle, J. (2016). Taxonomy for transition programming 2.0: A model for planning, organizing, and evaluating transition education, services, and programs. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambie, I., & Randell, I. (2013). The impact of incarceration on juvenile offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 448–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landenberger, N. A., & Lipsey, M. (2005). Positive effects of cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders: A meta-analysis of factors associated with effective treatment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 451–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, J. M., Campbell, K., Shanley, P., Crusto, C. A., & Connell, C. M. (2016). Building capacity for trauma-informed care in the child welfare system: Initial results of a statewide implementation. Child Maltreatment, 21, 113–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laub, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Sampson, R. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review, 63, 225–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice, 28, 1–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBel, T. P., Burnett, R., Maruna, S., & Bushway, S. (2008). The ‘chicken and egg’ of subjective and social factors in desistence from crime. European Journal of Criminology, 5, 131–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Stanton, B., & Feigelman, S. (2000). Impact of perceived parental monitoring on adolescent risk behavior over 4 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00092-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, N. (1986). Conceptualizing social support. In N. Lin, A. Dean & W. Edsel (eds.), Social support, life events, and depression (pp. 17–30). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G. A. (1996). Harm reduction: Come as you are. Addictive Behaviors, 21, 779–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Maruna, S., & Roy, K. (2007). Amputation or reconstruction? Notes on the concept of ‘knifing off’ and desistance from crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23, 104–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, F. (2006). A desistance paradigm for offender management. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 6, 39–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey, E. P., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. R. (2010). Trajectories and continuity in antisocial behaviour following court adjudication among serious adolescent offenders. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 453–475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nas, C. N., Brugman, D., & Koops, W. (2005). Effects of the EQUIP programme of the moral judgement, cognitive distortions, and social skills of juvenile delinquents. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11, 421–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • New South Wales Department of Justice. (2016). Juvenile justice: Year in review 2015–16. Retrieved from: http://www.juvenile.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/Juvenile%20Justice/publications/2015-16%20Year%20in%20Review.pdf.

  • O’Neal, E. N., Decker, S. H., Moule, R. K., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2014). Girls, gangs, and getting out: Gender differences and similarities in leaving the gang. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 60, 491–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204014551426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, S. C., Strnadová, I., & Cumming, T. M. (2017). Systems barriers to community re-entry for incarcerated youths: A review. Children and Youth Services Review, 79, 29–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Bean, R. A. (2009). Negative and positive peer influence: Relations to positive and negative behaviors of African American, European American, and Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.02.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panuccio, E. A., Christian, J., Martinez, D. J., & Sullivan, M. L. (2012). Social support, motivation, and the process of juvenile reentry: An exploratory analysis of desistance. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 51, 135–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2011.618527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53, 873–932. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyrooz, D. C., Sweeten, G., & Piquero, A. R. (2013). Continuity and change in gang membership and gang embeddedness. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50, 239–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811434830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Respect. (2016). Young people using violence and abuse in close relationships. Retrieved from: http://respect.uk.net/information-support/young-people-using-violence-and-abuse-in-close-relationships/.

  • Sen, B. (2010). The relationships between frequency of family dinner and adolescent problem behaviors after adjusting for other family characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.03.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serin, R. C., & Lloyd, C. D. (2009). Examining the process of offender change: The transition to crime desistance. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15, 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802261078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanahan, R., & diZerega, M. (2016). Identifying, engaging, and empowering families: A charge for juvenile justice agencies. Retrieved from VERA Institute of Justice website: https://www.vera.org/publications/identifying-engaging-and-empowering-families-a-charge-for-juvenile-justice-agencies.

  • Shapland, J., & Bottoms, A. (2011). Reflections on social values, offending and desistance among young adult recidivists. Punishment & Society, 13, 256–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharkey, J. D., Stifel, S. W. F., & Mayworm, A. M. (2015). How to help me get out of a gang: Youth recommendations to family, school, community, and law enforcement systems. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 4, 64–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, M. B., & Jones-Walker, C. (2004). Interventions and services offered to former juvenile offenders reentering their communities: An analysis of program effectiveness. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204003260049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stansfield, R. (2016). Juvenile desistance and community disadvantage: The role of appropriate accommodations and engagements. Justice Quarterly, 33, 708–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2014.958189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L., Chung, H. L., & Little, M. (2004). Reentry of young offenders from the justice system: A developmental perspective. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. L. (2004). Youth perspective on the experience of reentry. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/154204003260047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, D., & Abrams, L. S. (2017). Dangers, diversions, and decisions: The process of criminal desistance among formerly incarcerated young men. International Journal of Offender Therapy, 61, 727–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Council for State Governments Justice Center. (2018). Juvenile reentry. Retrieved from: https://csgjusticecenter.org/youth/juvenile-reentry/.

  • Ticknor, B., & Tillinghast, S. (2011). Virtual reality and the criminal justice system: New possibilities for research, training, and rehabilitation. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research, 4(2). Retrieved from: https://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/index.php/jvwr/article/view/2071/5549.

  • Todis, B., Bullis, M., Waintrup, M., Schultz, R., & D’Ambrosio, R. (2001). Overcoming the odds: Qualitative examination of resilience among formerly incarcerated adolescents. Exceptional Children, 68, 119–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomé, G., de Matos, M. G., Simões, C., Camacho, I., & Alves Diniz, J. (2012). How peer group can influence the behaviour of adolescents: Explanatory model. Global Journal of Health Science, 4(2), 26–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, C. (2015). Working with involuntary clients. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unruh, D., Povenmire-Kirk, T., & Yamamoto, S. (2009). Perceived barriers and protective factors of juvenile offenders on their developmental pathway to adulthood. Journal of Correctional Education, 60, 201–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Stouwe, T., Asscher, J. J., Hoeve, M., van der Laan, P. H., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2016). Social skills training for juvenile delinquents: Post-treatment changes. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12, 515–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Stouwe, T., Asscher, J. J., Hoeve, M., van der Laan, P. H., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2018). The influence of treatment motivation on outcomes of social skills training for juvenile delinquents. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62, 108–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. G., & Small, E. W. (2015). Exploring a relationship between parental supervision and recidivism among juvenile offenders at a juvenile detention facility. International Social Science Review, 90(2), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, L., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2002a). Romantic relationships of young people with childhood and adolescent onset antisocial behaviour problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 231–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2002b). Deviant partner involvement and offending risk in early adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 177–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Sue C. O’Neill

Authors
  1. Sue C. O’Neill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sue C. O’Neill .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Sue C. O’Neill

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

O’Neill, S.C. (2018). Transition Supports and Barriers to “Staying Out”. In: O’Neill, S. (eds) Incarcerated Youth Transitioning Back to the Community. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0752-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0752-2_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0751-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0752-2

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation