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Polymers, Blends and Nanocomposites for Implants, Scaffolds and Controlled Drug Release Applications

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Advances in Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Part of the book series: Advanced Structured Materials ((STRUCTMAT,volume 66))

Abstract

Polymer blends and nanocomposites are widely explored for different biomedical applications such as biodegradable scaffolds, biosensors, implants and controlled drug release. Both, synthetic and semi-synthetic polymers are used in medical applications and have their inherent advantages and disadvantages. Synthetic polymers offer flexibility of varying monomer unit, molecular weight, branching and thus offer a diverse set of physico-mechanical properties, whereas natural polymers offer superior biocompatibility and biodegradation profile. Availability of polymer blending techniques adds another dimension to the property set that polymers can offer, and therefore polymer blending is often used to tailor biodegradability and physico-mechanical properties. Polymers, in general, have poor mechanical properties when compared to metals and ceramics, putting a load bearing limit on polymer-based medical implants. The addition of reinforcing/functional filler is expected to overcome such disadvantages of polymers. Polymers composites are heterogeneous systems wherein polymers are compounded with micron or nano-size particles to render high strength, electrical conductivity or any other functional attribute. This chapter describes the technological aspects of polymer blends and nanocomposites with a specific reference to synthesis, characteristics and applications of multi-phasic polymer systems as implants, scaffolds, and controlled drug release matrices. A detailed account of synthetic and natural polymer nanocomposites along with a brief discussion on important nano-fillers used in medical applications and interface modification techniques is presented. Few examples of recently explored novel polymer blends and composites that displayed promising properties as implants, scaffolds, biosensors and control release matrices have also been discussed.

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Abbreviations

ABS:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

Bi2O3 :

Bismuth oxide

BN:

Boron nitride

BNT:

Born nitride tubes

DMF:

Dimethyl formamide

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

CTAB:

Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide

CVD:

Chemical vapour deposition

EG:

Exfoliated graphene

EVA:

Ethylene-vinyl acetate

EPDM:

Ethylene propylene diene monomer

GIC:

Graphene intercalated compound

GO:

Graphene oxide

HDPE:

High-density polyethylene

HEMA:

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

HUVEC:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

LDS:

Lauryl dodecyl sulfonate

MoS2 :

Molybdenum disulfide

MWNT:

Multi walled nanotube

NCB:

Nano carbon black

NP:

Nanoparticle

NCC:

Nanocrystalline cellulose

NMP:

N-Methylpyrrolidone

PC:

Polycarbonates

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PEEK:

Polyether ether ketone

PEI:

Polyethylenimine

pHEMA:

Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate

PLA:

Polylactic acid

PLGA:

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PMMA:

Poly methylmethacrylate

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

PU:

Polyurethane

PVA:

Poly vinyl alcohol

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SC:

Sodium cholate

SDBS:

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulphonate

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

STM:

Scanning tunnelling microscopy

SWNT:

Single walled nanotube

TDOC:

Sodium taurodeoxycholate

TEOS:

Tetraethoxysilane

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

TPU:

Thermoplastic polyurethane

TTAB:

Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide

UHMWPE:

Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WS2:

Tungsten sulphide

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Nd:YAG:

Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet

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  1. Radiation Technology Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India

    Kumar Abhinav Dubey, Chandrashekhar V Chaudhari, Yatendra Kumar Bhardwaj & Lalit Varshney

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  1. Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Anuj Tripathi

  2. Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Jose Savio Melo

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Dubey, K.A., Chaudhari, C.V., Bhardwaj, Y.K., Varshney, L. (2017). Polymers, Blends and Nanocomposites for Implants, Scaffolds and Controlled Drug Release Applications. In: Tripathi, A., Melo, J. (eds) Advances in Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 66. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3328-5_1

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