Skip to main content

Abstract

This chapter discusses graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) quantum dot (CNQD), which is a novel carbon-containing material. The synthetic resource of g-C3N4 comes from bulk carbon material, such as melamine or urea powder. Further quantized synthesis of g-C3N4 is often performed by thermal etching and hydrothermal method. After the preliminary steps during synthesis, bulk g-C3N4 lumps into a sheet and then splits into a spot-shaped material. CNQDs equipped with multiple electronic properties can be modified as a photocatalytic material that can be extensively used in electrochemistry. Moreover, g-C3N4 is a candidate for biological applications, e.g., the blue fluorescence of g-C3N4 may be used for biological imaging. This chapter explores the synthesis and properties of CNQDs. The unique advantageous properties from CNQDs will be applied in current science and technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Arne T, Frederic G, Markus A, Jens M, Schlogl R, Carlsson JM (2008) Graphitic carbon nitride materials: variation of structure and morphology and their use as metal-free catalysts. J Mater Chem 18: 4893.

    Google Scholar 

  2. She Y, Lu Z, Ni M, Li L, Leung MK (2015) Facile synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur codoped carbon from ionic liquid as metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7: 7214.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ding H, Zhang P, Wang TY, Kong JL, Xiong HM (2014) Nitrogen-doped carbon dots derived from polyvinyl pyrrolidone and their multicolor cell imaging. Nanotech 25: 205604.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Li Y, Zhao Y, Cheng H, Hu Y, Shi G, Dai L, Qu L (2012) Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots with oxygen-rich functional groups. J Am Chem Soc 134: 15.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Khanam A, Tripathi SK, Roy D, Nasim M (2013) A facile and novel synthetic method for the preparation of hydroxyl capped fluorescent carbon nanoparticles. Colloid Surf B Biointerfaces 102: 63.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Nie H, Li Q, Liang S, Tan Y, Sheng L, Shi W, Zhang SX-A (2014) Carbon Dots with Continuously Tunable Full-Color Emission and Their Application in Ratiometric pH Sensing. Chem Mater 26: 3104.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lee WJ, Maiti UN, Lee JM, Lim J, Han TH, Kim SO (2014) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and graphene composite structures for energy and catalytic applications. Chem Commun 50: 6818.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wang W, Yu JC, Shen Z, Chan DK, Gu T (2014) g-C3N4 quantum dots: direct synthesis, upconversion properties and photocatalytic application. Chem Commun 50: 10148.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Zhou J, Yang Y, Zhang CY (2013) A low-temperature solid-phase method to synthesize highly fluorescent carbon nitride dots with tunable emission Chem Commun 49: 8605.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Zhao Z, Sun Y, Dong F (2015) Graphitic carbon nitride based nanocomposites: a review. Nanoscale 7: 15.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Miller S (1983) Renewable energy. Environ Sci Technol 17: 75A.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Maness PC, Smolinski S, Blake DM, Huang Z, Wolfrum EJ, Jacoby WA (1999) Bactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO(2) reaction: toward an understanding of its killing mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 4094.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kim S, Hwang SJ, Choi W (2005) Visible light active platinum-ion-doped TiO2 photocatalyst J Phys Chem B 109: 24260.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Chen D, Wang K, Ren T, Ding H, Zhu Y (2014) Synthesis and characterization of the ZnO/mpg-C(3)N(4) heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photoactivity. Dalton Trans 43: 13105.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tian J, Liu Q, Ge C, Xing Z, Asiri AM, Al-Youbi AO, Sun X (2013) Ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets: a low-cost, green, and highly efficient electrocatalyst toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and its glucose biosensing application. Nanoscale 5: 8921.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ong WJ, Tan LL, Chai SP, Yong ST (2015) Graphene oxide as a structure-directing agent for the two-dimensional interface engineering of sandwich-like graphene-g-C3N4 hybrid nanostructures with enhanced visible-light photoreduction of CO2 to methane. Chem Commun 51: 858.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Niu P, Yin LC, Yang YQ, Liu G, Cheng HM (2014) Increasing the visible light absorption of graphitic carbon nitride (melon) photocatalysts by homogeneous self-modification with nitrogen vacancies. Adv Mater 26: 8046.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Boonprakob N, Wetchakun N, Phanichphant S, Waxler D, Sherrell P, Nattestad A, Chen J, Inceesungvorn B (2014) Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/TiO2 films. J Colloid Interface Sci 417: 402.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Dai Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Gu Q, Jiang W, Wang Y, Li C, Zeng T, Zeng H, Sun Y, Zeng J (2013) Versatile Graphene Quantum Dots with Tunable Nitrogen Doping Part Part Syst Charact 31: 597.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gray HB, (2009) Powering the planet with solar fuel. Nat Chem 1: 7.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Algara-Siller G, Severin N, Chong SY, Bjorkman T, Palgrave RG, Laybourn A, Antonietti M, Khimyak YZ, Krasheninnikov AV, Rabe JP, Kaiser U, Cooper AI, Thomas A, Bojdys MJ (2014) Triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride: a two-dimensional semiconductor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 53: 7450.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Jian X, Jiajie F, Baoshun L, Shaowen C, Jiaguo Y (2015) g-C3N4 modified TiO2 nanosheets with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cell. J Power Sources 274: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Liu Y, Wang Q, Lei J, Hao Q, Wang W, Ju H (2014) Anodic electrochemiluminescence of graphitic-phase C(3)N(4) nanosheets for sensitive biosensing. Talanta 122: 130.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang Q, Xie J, Tian Y, Wang J, Xie Y (2014) Single-layered graphitic-C3N4 quantum dots for two-photon fluorescence imaging of cellular nucleus Adv Mater 26: 4438.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang X, Xie X, Wang H, Zhang J, Pan B, Xie Y (2013) Enhanced photoresponsive ultrathin graphitic-phase C3N4 nanosheets for bioimaging. J Am Chem Soc 135: 18.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rong M, Lin L, Song X, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Yan J, Feng Y, Zeng X, Chen X (2015) Fluorescence sensing of chromium (VI) and ascorbic acid using graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as a fluorescent “switch”. Biosens Bioelectron 68: 210.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tian J, Liu Q, Asiri AM, Qusti AH, Al-Youbi AO, Sun X (2013) Ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets: a novel peroxidase mimetic, Fe doping-mediated catalytic performance enhancement and application to rapid, highly sensitive optical detection of glucose. Nanoscale 5: 11604.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Tian J, Liu Q, Asiri AM, Al-Youbi AO, Sun X (2013) Ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet: a highly efficient fluorosensor for rapid, ultrasensitive detection of Cu2+. Anal Chem 85: 5595.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hideg E (2004) Detection of free radicals and reactive oxygen species Methods. Mol Biol 274: 249.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Novo E, Parola M (2012) The role of redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis. Fibrogenesis tissue repair 5: S4.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Novo E, Parola, M (2008) Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis. Fibrogenesis & tissue repair 1: 5.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Idris NM, Gnanasammandhan MK, Zhang J, Ho PC, Mahendran R, Zhang Y (2012) In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers. Nat Med 18: 1580.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lin LS, Li J, Ke KM, Guo SS, Yang HH, Chen GN (2014) Graphitic-phase C3N4 nanosheets as efficient photosensitizers and pH-responsive drug nanocarriers for cancer imaging and therapy. J Mater Chem B 2: 1031.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Niu P, Yang Y, Yu JC, Liu G, Cheng HM (2014) Switching the selectivity of the photoreduction reaction of carbon dioxide by controlling the band structure of a g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Chem Commun 50: 10837.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ru-Shi Liu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chan, MH., Liu, RS. (2016). Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots and Their Applications. In: Liu, RS. (eds) Phosphors, Up Conversion Nano Particles, Quantum Dots and Their Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1590-8_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics