Skip to main content

Prevention of Neurodegeneration for Alzheimer’s Disease by Lycium barbarum

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Lycium Barbarum and Human Health

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that will affect more than 50 million people worldwide. AD is an aging-associated disease because the chance of suffering from AD is double after age of 65. This is a complex disease that is highly related to our environmental stress, experience of head trauma, our daily diet and exercise, quality of our sleep, and even air pollution. All these factors give multiple hits to our brain promoting neurodegeneration in the aging processes. As Lycium barbarum (Wolfberry) is an antiaging Chinese medicine, we have attempted to understand the scientific meaning of this antiaging medicine. In this chapter, we will at first summarize different risk factors leading to AD. Then, we will discuss how Wolfberry protects neurons against AD. Furthermore, we will discuss how Wolfberry prevents those risk factors leading to AD. As Chinese medicine emphasizes on prevention of disease by adjusting the whole body health from a holistic point of view, our understanding of Wolfberry will help us to advance our knowledge of how this natural product elicits multi-target effects to prevent the devastating problem of dementia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed N, Ahmed U, Thornalley PJ, Hager K, Fleischer G, Munch G. Protein glycation, oxidation and nitration adduct residues and free adducts of cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease and link to cognitive impairment. J Neurochem. 2005;92:255–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alzheimer’s disease association. 2012 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8:131–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amagase H, Nance DM. Lycium barbarum increases caloric expenditure and decreases waist circumference in healthy overweight men and women: pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2011;30:304–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anton B, Vitetta L, Cortizo F, Sali A. Can we delay aging? The biology and science of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1057:525–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Artola A, Kamal A, Ramakers GM, Biessels GJ, Gispen WH. Diabetes mellitus concomitantly facilitates the induction of long-term depression and inhibits that of long-term potentiation in hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci. 2005;22:169–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:819–28.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM. Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:186–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butters MA, Becker JT, Nebes RD, Zmuda MD, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Reynolds CF III. Changes in cognitive functioning following treatment of late-life depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1949–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallucci V, D’Amelio M, Cecconi F. Abeta toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2012;45:366–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Cheng X, Chen J, Yi X, Nie D, Sun X, Qin J, Tian M, Jin G, Zhang X. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides prevent memory and neurogenesis impairments in scopolamine-treated rats. PLoS One. 2014;9:e88076.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng D, Kong H. The effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Molecules. 2011;16:2542–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craft S, Peskind E, Schwartz MW, Schellenberg GD, Raskind M, Porte D Jr. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer’s disease: relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology. 1998;50:164–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cui B, Liu S, Lin X, Wang J, Li S, Wang Q, Li S. Effects of Lycium barbarum aqueous and ethanol extracts on high-fat-diet induced oxidative stress in rat liver tissue. Molecules. 2011;16:9116–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3666.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douaud G, Refsum H, de Jager CA, Jacoby R, Nichols TE, Smith SM, Smith AD. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:9523–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harman D. Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis: role of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1067:454–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebert LE, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Annual incidence of Alzheimer disease in the United States projected to the years 2000 through 2050. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2001;15:169–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho YS, So KF, Chang RC. Drug discovery from Chinese medicine against neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Chin Med. 2011;6:15.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho YS, Yang X, Lau JC, Hung CH, Wuwongse S, Zhang Q, Wang J, Baum L, So KF, Chang RC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces tau pathology and forms a vicious cycle: implication in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;28:839–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho YS, Yu MS, Lai CS, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC. Characterizing the neuroprotective effects of alkaline extract of Lycium barbarum on beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Brain Res. 2007;1158:123–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho YS, Yu MS, Yang XF, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC. Neuroprotective effects of polysaccharides from wolfberry, the fruits of Lycium barbarum, against homocysteine-induced toxicity in rat cortical neurons. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19:813–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho YS, Yu MS, Yik SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC. Polysaccharides from wolfberry antagonizes glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2009;29:1233–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday R. Aging is no longer an unsolved problem in biology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1067:1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooshmand B, Polvikoski T, Kivipelto M, Tanskanen M, Myllykangas L, Erkinjuntti T, Makela M, Oinas M, Paetau A, Scheltens P, van Straaten EC, Sulkava R, Solomon A. Plasma homocysteine, Alzheimer and cerebrovascular pathology: a population-based autopsy study. Brain. 2013;136:2707–16.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hynd MR, Scott HL, Dodd PR. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Int. 2004;45:583–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez-Palomares M, Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Lopez-Acosta JF, Pacheco-Herrero M, Lechuga-Sancho AM, Perdomo G, Garcia-Alloza M, Cozar-Castellano I. Increased Aβ production prompts the onset of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;302:E1373–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jing L, Cui G, Feng Q, Xiao Y. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of the polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009;6:579–84.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm AF. History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: an updated review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2001;35:776–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamal A, Biessels GJ, Gispen WH, Ramakers GM. Synaptic transmission changes in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Brain Res. 2006;1073–1074:276–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knegtering H, Eijck M, Huijsman A. Effects of antidepressants on cognitive functioning of elderly patients. A review. Drugs Aging. 1994;5:192–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopf D, Frolich L. Risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease in diabetic patients: a systematic review of prospective trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16:677–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korczyn AD. Why have we failed to cure Alzheimer’s disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;29:275–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulstad JJ, Green PS, Cook DG, Watson GS, Reger MA, Baker LD, Plymate SR, Asthana S, Rhoads K, Mehta PD, Craft S. Differential modulation of plasma beta-amyloid by insulin in patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006;66:1506–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard BE, Myint A. Inflammation and depression: is there a causal connection with dementia? Neurotox Res. 2006;10:149–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li XM, Ma YL, Liu XJ. Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111:504–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin NC, Lin JC, Chen SH, Ho CT, Yeh AI. Effect of Goji (Lycium barbarum) on expression of genes related to cell survival. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59:10088–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M, Corke H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci. 2004;76:137–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIlroy SP, Dynan KB, Lawson JT, Patterson CC, Passmore AP. Moderately elevated plasma homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, and risk for stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer disease in Northern Ireland. Stroke. 2002;33:2351–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris MS. Homocysteine and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:425–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy TH, Schnaar RL, Coyle JT. Immature cortical neurons are uniquely sensitive to glutamate toxicity by inhibition of cystine uptake. FASEB J. 1990;4:1624–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D. Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:530–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul Hsu CH, Nance DM, Amagase H. A meta-analysis of clinical improvements of general well-being by a standardized Lycium barbarum. J Med Food. 2012;15:1006–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poon DC, Ho YS, Chiu K, Chang RC. Cytokines: how important are they in mediating sickness? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qi ZS, Li SF. Determination of the chemical composition of Fructus Lycii. 1981. pp. 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:329–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen C, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang K, Zhang T, Lin A, Jing N. Hydrogen peroxide promotes Aβ production through JNK-dependent activation of gamma-secretase. J Biol Chem. 2008;283;17721–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starkstein SE, Mizrahi R, Power BD. Depression in Alzheimer’s disease: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008;20:382–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang T, He B. Treatment of d-galactose induced mouse aging with lycium barbarum polysaccharides and its mechanism study. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013;10:12–7.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong GT, Chang RC, Law AC. A breach in the scaffold: the possible role of cytoskeleton dysfunction in the pathogenesis of major depression. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:67–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrighten SA, Piroli GG, Grillo CA, Reagan LP. A look inside the diabetic brain: contributors to diabetes-induced brain aging. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1792:444–53.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wuwongse S, Chang RC, Law AC. The putative neurodegenerative links between depression and Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91:362–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wuwongse S, Cheng SS, Wong GT, Hung CH, Zhang NQ, Ho YS, Law AC, Chang RC. Effects of corticosterone and amyloid-beta on proteins essential for synaptic function: implications for depression and Alzheimer’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1832:2245–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu MS, Ho YS, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC. Cytoprotective effects of Lycium barbarum against reducing stress on endoplasmic reticulum. Int J Mol Med. 2006;17:1157–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MS, Lai CS, Ho YS, Zee SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RCC. Characterization of the effects of anti-aging medicine Fructus lycii on beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Med. 2007;20:261–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MS, Leung SK, Lai SW, Che CM, Zee SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC. Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine Lycium barbarum against beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Exp Gerontol. 2005;40:716–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang E, Yau SY, Lau BW, Ma H, Lee TM, Chang RC, So KF. Synaptic plasticity, but not hippocampal neurogenesis, mediated the counteractive effect of wolfberry on depression in rats (1). Cell Transplant. 2012;21:2635–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q DUX, Xu Y, Dang L, Xiang L, Zhang J. The effects of Gouqi extracts on Morris maze learning in the APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Ther Med. 2013;5:1528–30.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu J, Liu W, Yu J, Zou S, Wang J, Yao W, Gao X. Characterization and hypoglycemic effect of a polysaccharide extracted from the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;98:8–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The work is supported by the Macau Science and Technology Development Fund (053/2013/A2) to Y.S.H., HKU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Network under Strategic Research Theme of Healthy Aging, Azalea (1972) Endowment Fund, and generous donation from Ms Kit-Wan Chow to RCCC.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yuen-Shan Ho or Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ho, YS., Li, Xa., Hung, CL., Chang, RC. (2015). Prevention of Neurodegeneration for Alzheimer’s Disease by Lycium barbarum . In: Chang, RC., So, KF. (eds) Lycium Barbarum and Human Health. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9658-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9658-3_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9657-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9658-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics