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Potentially Harmful Elements in the Atmosphere

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PHEs, Environment and Human Health

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Abstract

The atmosphere represents a complex system influenced by the chemical and physical processes that occur at the Earth surface. These processes include emissions, transport, lifetimes and fates of several anthropogenic and biogenic/geogenic chemicals emitted from a wide variety of sources. Among these chemicals, some are considered air pollutants, i.e. any substance present in ambient air and likely to have harmful effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole. Metals, and in general elements, are natural components of the earth’s crust and constituents of all ecosystems. In the atmosphere, they are mainly related to particle phase but also they can be present in a liquid phase due to the dissolution of aerosol particles in the water drops. Whatever their origin, both natural and anthropogenic, most elements, and in particular heavy metals, are dangerous because they tend to bio-accumulate in the human body.

This chapter describes a general overview on elements and their sources and potential effects on human health in atmosphere. Furthermore, considering the increase of the interest on biological fraction of PM, a briefly description of bioaerosols will be made. Recently, the number of evidence that describes how this fraction may play a key role in the effects of PM on biological systems with negative impacts on human health and ecosystem functioning are increased.

Mathematical model applied to air pollution studies will be briefly described. Mathematical models (dispersion and transport model), that predict the concentration and the dispersion of primary and secondary pollutants in atmosphere, represent a fundamental tool in the atmospheric studies to develop health and/or environmental risk assessment and various control strategy actions. Moreover, some specific elements (Sb, Tl, V and Be) will be discussed investigating the effects on health, main sources application and reviewing the most recent studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Universià Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle Larga S. Marta, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venezia, Italy

    Giancarlo Rampazzo, Elena Innocente, Eliana Pecorari, Stefania Squizzato & Gabrio Valotto

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  1. Giancarlo Rampazzo
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  2. Elena Innocente
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  3. Eliana Pecorari
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  4. Stefania Squizzato
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  5. Gabrio Valotto
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Correspondence to Giancarlo Rampazzo .

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy

    Claudio Bini

  2. Faculty of Biology, Soil Sc. Lab., University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Jaume Bech

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Rampazzo, G., Innocente, E., Pecorari, E., Squizzato, S., Valotto, G. (2014). Potentially Harmful Elements in the Atmosphere. In: Bini, C., Bech, J. (eds) PHEs, Environment and Human Health. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8965-3_1

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