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Plants for Remediation: Uptake, Translocation and Transformation of Organic Pollutants

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Plants, Pollutants and Remediation

Abstract

Phytoremediation exploits plant physiological processes to decontaminate environment or to improve food chain safety by phytostabilisation of toxic elements. These phytotechnologies are based on plants remarkable absorption, transportation and metabolic capabilities that allow to uptake and transform environmental organic pollutants into nontoxic compounds or carry out their complete mineralization. Uptake of organic pollutants may occur through roots and leaves. Several factors such as cell wall permeability, temperature, pH, soil humidity affect pollutants uptake through roots. Thickness of leaf cuticle, its waxy layer serves as a rate-limiting barrier for penetration of organic pollutants in leaf cells. Translocation of organic pollutants uptaken by roots and leaves is carried out via transpiration stream and the flow of assimilates. Entering in cells pollutants undergo enzymatic transformations: functionalization, conjugation and compartmentation. Oxidases, reductases, dehalogenases, esterases and transferases, participating in these transformation processes are characterized according to their catalytic properties and regulation. Prolonged process of transformation of organic pollutants in plants that implies mostly deep oxidation is reflected on the cell normal metabolic processes. Enzymes, involved in catabolic processes leading to energy generation are indirectly participating in the detoxification process. Reversibilty of plants ultrastructural deviations and changes in enzyme activities, i.e. ability to overcome pollutants toxicity and proceed their detoxification highly depends on pollutants concentration and exposure time. Genetic engineering applied for improvement of plant remediation capacity involve: overexpression of existing or introduction of genes of enzymes catalyzing pollutants degradation; introduction of genes encoding biosynthetic pathway of biosurfactants to increase bioavailability of contaminants, etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, David Aghmashenebeli Alley, 13th km., 0159, Tbilisi, Georgia

    Giorgi Kvesitadze, G. Khatisashvili & T. Sadunishvili

  2. Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 52 Rustaveli Ave., 0108, Tbilisi, Georgia

    Giorgi Kvesitadze

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava St., 0168, Tbilisi, Georgia

    E. Kvesitadze

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  1. Giorgi Kvesitadze
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  2. G. Khatisashvili
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  3. T. Sadunishvili
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  4. E. Kvesitadze
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Correspondence to Giorgi Kvesitadze .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University Bornova, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  2. Pakistan Academy of Science, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ashraf

  3. Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

    Ahmet Aksoy

  4. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Dept. Botany, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    M. S. A. Ahmad

  5. Universiti Putra Malaysia Faculty of Forestry, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

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Kvesitadze, G., Khatisashvili, G., Sadunishvili, T., Kvesitadze, E. (2015). Plants for Remediation: Uptake, Translocation and Transformation of Organic Pollutants. In: Öztürk, M., Ashraf, M., Aksoy, A., Ahmad, M., Hakeem, K. (eds) Plants, Pollutants and Remediation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7194-8_12

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