Skip to main content

Breeding Forage Crops

  • Chapter
  • 801 Accesses

Abstract

The breeding and use of improved forage varieties have progressed rapidly in the last few decades, but this has not always been so. In the United States, the breeding of forage varieties did not receive the same attention in the early part of this century as the breeding of cereal varieties. As late as 1950, seed of many forage species was sold without identity of variety because improved varieties were not available. There are several reasons for the late start in forage breeding research in the United States.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Asay, K. H., and Johnson, D. A. (1983). Breeding for drought resistance in range grasses. Iowa State J. Res. 57: 441–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asay, K. H., and Sleper, D. A. (1979). Registration of Missouri-96 tall fescue. Crop Sci. 19: 563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asay, K. H., Frakes, R. V., and Buckner, R. C. (1979). Breeding and cultivars. In “Tall Fescue” ( R. C. Buckner and L. P. Bush, eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, C. W., Porter, J. K., Robbins, J. D., and Luttrell, E. S. (1977). Epichloë typhina from toxic

    Google Scholar 

  • tall fescue grasses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:576–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. K. (1980). Alfalfa. In “Hybridization of Crop Plants” ( W. R. Fehr and H. H. Hadley, eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. K., and Hanson, C. H. (1967). “An Illustrated Summary of Genetic Traits in Tetraploid and Diploid Alfalfa.” U.S. Dep. Agric. ARS Tech. Bull. 1370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. K., Bingham, E. T., Axtell, J. D., and Davis, W. H. (1972). The flower, sterility mechanisms, and pollination control. In “Alfalfa Science and Technology” ( C. H. Hanson, ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. K., Bingham, E. T., Murphy, R. P., Hunt, O. J., Beard, D. F., Skrdla, W. H., and Teuber, L. R. (1977). “Alfalfa Germplasm in the United States: Genetic Vulnerability, Use, Improvement, and Maintenance.” U.S. Dep. Agric. ARS Tech. Bull. 1571. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, O. W., and Gibson, P. B. (1975). Identification and prevalence of white clover viruses and the resistance of Trifolium species to these viruses. Crop Sci. 15: 32–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bashaw, E. C. (1968). Registration of Higgins buffelgrass. Crop Sci. 8: 397–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bashaw, E. C., Voigt, P. W., and Burson, B. L. (1983). Breeding challenges in apomictic warm-season grasses. Proc. 14th Grassland Congr., Lexington, KY, 1981 (J. A. Smith and V. W. Hays, eds.). Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, C. C., Webster, G. T., and Jauhar, P. P. (1979). Cytogenetics and genetics. In “Tall Fescue” ( R. C. Buckner and L. P. Bush, eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohart, G. E., and Pedersen, M. W. (1963). The alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata F., for

    Google Scholar 

  • pollination of alfalfa in cages. Crop Sci. 3:183–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borrill, M. (1976). Temperate grasses, Lolium, Festuca, Dactylis, Phleum, Bromus, (Gramineae). In “Evolution of Crop Plants” ( M. W. Simmonds, ed.). Longmans, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breese, E. L., and Hayward, M. D. (1972). The genetic basis of present breeding methods in forage crops. Euphytica 21: 324–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breese, E. L., and Thomas, A. C. (1977). Uniformity and stability of Lolium multiflorum x L. perenne allotetraploids. In “Interspecific Hybridization in Plant Breeding” (E. Sanchez-Monge and F. Garcia-Olmedo, eds.). Proc. 8th EUCARPIA Congr., Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buker, R. J., Baluch, S. J., and Sellers, P. A. (1979). Registration of Redman red clover. Crop Sci. 19:928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burson, B. L. (1980). Warm-season grasses. In “Hybridization of Crop Plants” ( W. R. Fehr and H. H. Hadley, eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, G. W. (1964). Georgia 337 sudangrass. Crop Sci. 4:666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, G. W. (1966). Tifway (Tifton 419) bermudagrass. Crop Sci. 6:93–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, G. W. (1978). Advances in breeding a better quality forage plant. In “Advances in Hay, Silage, and Pasture Quality” Proc. 1978 Forage and Grassland Conf, Raleigh, North Carolina. American Forage and Grassland Council, Lexington, KY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, G. W. (1983). Improving the efficiency of forage-crop breeding. Proc. 14th Int. Grassland Congress, Lexington, Kentucky, 1981 (J. A. Smith and V. W. Hays, eds.). Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, G. W., and Davies, W. E. (1984). Handling germplasm of cross-pollinated forage crops. In “Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation” ( J. H. W. Holden and J. T. Williams, eds.). George Allen and Unwin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busbice, T. H., Hill, R. R., Jr., and Carnahan, H. L. (1972). Genetics and breeding procedures. In “Alfalfa Science and Technology” ( C. H. Hanson, ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnahan, H. L. and Hill, H. D. (1961). Cytology and genetics of forage grasses. Bot. Rev. 27: 1162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cope, W. A., and Taylor, N. L. (1985). Breeding and genetics. In “Clover Science and Technology” ( N. L. Taylor, ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cragmiles, J. P. (1963). Registration of varieties of sudangrass (Suhi-1). Crop Sci. 3:367. Crowder, L. V. and Chheda, H. R. (1982). Plant improvement and breeding. In “Tropical Grassland Husbandry.” Longmans, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, D. R. (1963). Self-fertility of crested wheatgrasses. Crop Sci. 3:351–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, D. R. (1984). Wide-hybridization and induced-polyploid breeding strategies for perennial grasses of the Triticeae tribe. Iowa State J. Res. 58: 383–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, J. F., Anderson, M. K., and Taylor, N. L. (1973). Effect of inbreeding on pseudo-selfcompatibility in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Euphytica 22:535–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgen, J. H., Jr., McMurtrey, J. E., III., Hartman, B. J., Thyr, B. D., Sorensen, E. L., Barnes, D. K., Frosheiser, F. I., Peaden, R. N., Hill, R. R., Jr., and Leath, K. T. (1983). Use of strain crosses in the development of multiple pest resistant alfalfa with improved field performance. Crop Sci. 23: 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, R. E., Curra, F., Caravella, A., Mazur, A. R., and Hurley, R. H. (1983). Registration of Mystic Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Sci. 23: 399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, A. M. (1976). Clovers, Trifolium spp. (Leguminosae-Papilionatae). In “Evolution of Crop Plants” ( N. W. Simmonds, ed.). Longmans, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergus, E. N., and Buckner, R. C. (1972). Registration of Kentucky 31 tall fescue. Crop Sci. 12:714. Frakes, R. V. (1974). Registration of Cascade chewings fescue. Crop Sci. 14: 338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frame, J. (1976). The potential of tetraploid red clover and its role in the United Kingdom. J. Br. Grassland Soc. 31: 139–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk, C. R., Engel, R. E., Pepin, G. W., Radko, A. M., and Peterson, R. J. (1974). Registration of Bonnieblue Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Sci. 14: 906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goplen, B. P. (1969). Legume breeding. Proc. Can. Forage Crops Symp. (K. F. Nielson, ed.). Western Cooperative Fertilizers, Calgary, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goplen, B. P. (1982). Registration of Norgold sweetclover. Crop Sci. 22: 1088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goplen, B. P. (1984). Registration of Yukon sweet clover. Crop Sci. 24: 620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goplen, B. P., Howarth, R. E., Lees, G. L., Majak, W., Fay, J. P., and Cheng, K. J. (1983). Evolution of selection techniques in breeding for bloat-safe alfalfa. Proc. 14th Int. Grassland Congr.,Lexington, Kentucky, 1981 (J. A. Smith and V. W. Hays, eds.). Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Gorz, H. J., Haskins, F. A., and Vogel, K. P. (1983). Cyanogenesis in dhurrin-containing forage grasses. Proc. 14th Int. Grassland Congr., Lexington, Kentucky, 1981 (J. A. Smith and V. W. Hays, eds.). Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandfield, C. O. (1945). “Buffalo Alfalfa.” Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn. Cir. 226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, A. A. (1972). Breeding of grasses. In “The Biology and Utilization of Grasses” ( V. B. Younger and C. M. McKell, eds.). Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, M. D., and Abdullah, I. B. (1985). Selection and stability of synthetic varieties of Lolium parenne. Theoret. Appl. Genet. 70: 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs, D. H. (1963). Creeping alfalfas. Adv. Agron. 15: 317–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, H. J., Taylor, R. L., Klebesadel, L. J., and Wilton, A. C. (1978). Registration of Articred red fescue. Crop Sci. 18: 524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollowell, E. A. (1951). Registration of varieties and strains of red clover. II (Kenland). Agron. J. 43: 242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, E. C., and Enkerlin, D. (1980). The biology and breeding of warm-season grasses for pest resistance. In “Biology and Breeding for Resistance to Arthropods and Pathogens in Agricultural Plants” (M. K. Harris, ed.). Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. MP-1451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horst, G. L., Nelson, C. J., and Asay, K. H. (1978). Relationship of leaf elongation to forage yield of tall fescue genotypes. Crop Sci. 18: 715–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoveland, C. S., Schmidt, S. P., King, C. C., Jr., Odom, J. W., Clark, E. M., McGuire, J. A., Smith, L. A., Grimes, H. W., and Holliman, J. L. (1983). Steer performance and association of Acremonium coenophialum fungal endophyte on tall fescue pasture. Agron. J. 75: 821–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hovin, A. W. (1980). Cool-season grasses. In “Hybridization of Crop Plants” ( W. R. Fehr and H. H. Hadley, eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, R. E., and Goplen, B. P. (1983). Improvement of forage quality through production management and plant breeding. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63: 895–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, R. E., Goplen, B. P., Brandt, S. A., and Cheng, K. J. (1982). Disruption of leaf tissues by rumen microorganisms: an approach to breeding bloat-safe forage legumes. Crop Sci. 22: 564–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkin, T. J. (1931). The method and technique of selection, breeding and strain-building in grasses. In “The Breeding of Herbage Plants: Technique Adopted at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station,” Bull. 3. Imperial Bureau of Plant Genetics: Herbage Plants, Aberystwyth, Wales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. A., Buckner, R. C., Burrus, P. B., II, and Bush, L. P. (1983). Accumulation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in benomyl-treated tall fescue parents and their untreated progenies. Crop Sci. 23: 1135–1140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Julén, G. (1948). Inbreeding in herbage plants. In “Svalöf, 1886–1946” ( A. Akerman, O. Tedin, and K. Fröier, eds.). Carl Bloms Boktryckeri, Lund, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi, I. I., and Beard, D. F. (1979). Registration of WL310 alfalfa. Crop Sci. 19: 293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kehr, W. R., Frosheiser, F. I., Wilcoxson, R. D., and Barnes, D. K. (1972). Breeding for disease resistance. In “Alfalfa Science and Technology” (C. H. Hanson ed.). American Society of Agron-

    Google Scholar 

  • omy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehr, W. R., Barnes, D. K., Brown, D. E., Elgin, J. H., Jr., and Sorensen, E. L. (1983). Seed yields

    Google Scholar 

  • from breeder and foundation seed of eight alfalfa cultivars. Crop Sci. 23:256–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kneebone, W. R. (1972). Breeding for seedling vigor. In “The Biology and Utilization of Grasses”

    Google Scholar 

  • V. B. Younger and C. M. McKell, eds.). Academic Press, Orlando, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, R. P. (1977). Recurrent mass selection for improved seed yields in intermediate wheat-grass. Crop Sci. 17: 51–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmer, A. E., Jr., Brolmann, J. B., Snyder, G. H., and Coleman, S. W. (1982). Registration of Florida tarpon desmodium. Crop Sci. 22: 158–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, W. F., Ede, L., Marble, V. L., Nielson, M. W., and Radenwald, J. D. (1983). Registration of UC Cibola alfalfa. Crop Sci. 23: 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesins, K. (1976). Alfalfa, lucerne. Medicago satina (Leguminosae-Papilionatae). In “Evolution of Crop Plants” ( N. W. Simmonds, ed.). Longmans, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loper, G. M. (1976). Differences in alfalfa flower volatiles among parent and F1 plants. Crop Sci. 16: 107–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, D. G., and Heizer, R. B. (1982). Registration of Lometa indiangrass. Crop Sci. 22: 686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundqvist, A. (1963). Self-incompatibility and the breeding of herbage grasses. In “Recent Plant Breeding Research, Svalöf, 1946–1961” ( E. Akerberg, A. Hagberg, G., Olsson, and O., Tedin, eds.). Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahon, J. D. (1983). Limitations to the use of physiological variability in plant breeding. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63: 11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, S. E. (1976). “Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants.” U.S. Dep. Agric. ARS Agric. Handb. 496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, W. W. (1980). Registration of Sourdough bluejoint reedgrass. Crop Sci. 20:671–672. Moutray, J. B., Hartman, W. G., and Haight, J. C. (1983). Granada alfalfa. Crop Sci. 23: 1010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, W. M. (1951). Registration of varieties and strains of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pers.). (Coastal bermuda grass). Agron. J. 43:240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, C. J., Asay, K. H., and Horst, G. L. (1975). Relationship of leaf photosynthesis to forage yield of tall fescue. Crop Sci. 15: 476–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, M. W., and Lehman, W. F. (1980). Breeding approaches in alfalfa. In Breeding Plants

    Google Scholar 

  • Resistant to Insects (F. G. Maxwell and P. R. Jennings, eds.). John Wiley, New York. Nilsson-Leissner, G. (1948). Natural selection and the breeding of cross-fertilizing plants. In

    Google Scholar 

  • Svalöf, 1886–1946 (A. Akerman, O. Tedin, and K. Fröier, eds.). Carl Bloms Boktryckeri

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riordon, T. P., Meier, V. D., Long, J. A., and Gruis, J. T. (1980). Registration of Seville St. Augustinegrass. Crop Sci. 20: 824–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rumbaugh, M. D., and Johnson, D. A. (1983). Changes in alfalfa cultivars grown in a semiarid environment. Crop Sci. 23: 477–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schank, S. C., Hodges, E. M., Killinger, G. B., and McCloud, D. E. (1972). Registration of Pangola digitgrass. Crop Sci. 12: 715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sleper, D. A. (1985). Breeding tall fescue. In “Plant Breeding Reviews,” Vol. 3 (J. Janick, ed.). AVI Publ. Co., Westport, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. R. (1971). Inheritance of a male-sterile character in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Crop Sci. 11: 326–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W. K., and Gorz, H. J. (1965). Sweetclover improvement. Adv. Agron. 17:163–231. Sorensen, E. L., Wilson, M. C., and Manglitz, G. R. (1972). Breeding for insect resistance. In “Alfalfa Science and Technology” ( C. H. Hanson, ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, E. L., Stuteville, D. L., and Horber, E. (1978). Registration of Riley alfalfa. Crop Sci. 18: 911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, E. L., Stuteville, D. L., and Horber, E. K. (1983). Registration of KS167 alfalfa germ plasm. Crop Sci. 23: 1224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stapledon, R. G. (1928). Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata L.): ecotypes in relation to the biotic factor. J. Ecol. 16: 71–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taliaferro, C. M., and Bashaw, E. C. (1966). Inheritance and control of obligate apomixis in breeding buffelgrass, Pennisetum ciliare. Crop Sci. 6: 473–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, N. L. (1980). Clovers. In “Hybridization of Crop Plants” ( W. R. Fehr and H. H. Hadley, eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, N. L., and Anderson, M. K. (1973). Registration of Kenstar red clover. Crop Sci. 13: 772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, N. L., and Smith, R. R. (1979). Red clover breeding and genetics. Adv. Agron. 31: 125–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teuber, L. R., Barnes, D. K., and Rincker, C. M. (1983). Effectiveness of selection for nectar volume, receptacle diameter, and seed yield characteristics in alfalfa. Crop Sci. 23:283–289. Tilley, J. M. A., and Terry, R. A. (1963). A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassland Soc. 18: 104–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, C. E. (1980). Forage legumes. In “Hybridization of Crop Plants” ( W. R. Fehr and H. H. Hadley, eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, C. E., and Taylor, N. L. (1985). Incompatibility and plant breeding. In “Clover Science and Technology” ( N. L. Taylor, ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trupp, C. R., and Carlson, I. T. (1971). Improvement of seedling vigor of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) by recurrent selection for high seed weight. Crop Sci. 11: 225–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, P. W., and Burson, B. L. (1983). Breeding of apomictic Eragrostis curvula. Proc. 14th Int. Grassland Congr., Lexington, Kentucky, 1981 (J. A. Smith and V. W. Hays, eds.). Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, P. D. (1980). The production characteristics of Bromus inermis Leyss and their inheritance. Adv. Agron. 33: 341–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, G. T., and Buckner, R. C. (1971). Cytology and agronomic performance of LoliumFestuca hybrid derivatives. Crop Sci. 11: 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. J., and Backman, P. A. (1984). Treatments for the control of the fungal endophyte of tall fescue. Proc. 1984 Forage and Grassland Conf. Houston, Texas. American Forage and Grassland Council, Lexington, KY.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Poehlman, J.M. (1987). Breeding Forage Crops. In: Breeding Field Crops. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7271-2_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7271-2_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-7273-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-7271-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics