Abstract
Underlying principles of echocontrast effects are outlined in this section, which aims to reflect the recent advances and detailed reports presented in subsequent chapters. To place microbubble phenomena in context, it was deemed useful to consider parallel multidisciplinary efforts in such areas as hydrodynamic cavitation, diving physiology and bubbly flow processes. Although there are many applications of ultrasound contrast, one difficult but potentially realizable objective was singled out: the quantitation of myocardial perfusion with intravenously administered gaseous bubbles.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Gramiak R, Shah PM, Kramer DH. Ultrasound cardiography. Contrast studies in anatomy and function. Radiology 1968; 92: 939.
Ziskin MC, Bonakdarpour A, Weinstein DP et al. Contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound. Invest Radiol 1972; 7: 500.
Meltzer RS, Tickner EG, Salines TP, Popp RL. The source of ultrasound contrast effect. J Clin Ultrasound 1980; 8: 121–7.
Roelandt J. Review Paper. Contrast echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol 1982; 8: 471–92.
Meltzer RS, Sartorius OEH, Lancee GT et al. Transmission of echocardiographic contrast through the lungs. Ultrasound Med Biol 1981; 7: 377–84.
Meltzer RS, Vermeulen HWJ, Valk NK, Verdouw PD, Lancee CT, Roelandt J. New echo-cardiographic contrast agents: transmission through the lungs and myocardial perfusion imaging. J Cardiovasc Ultrason 1982; 1: 277–82.
Carroll BA, Turner RJ, Tickner EG, Boyle DB, Young SW. Gelatin encapsulated nitrogen micro-bubbles as ultrasonic contrast agents. Invest Radiol 1980; 15: 260–6.
Tei C, Sakamaki T, Shah PM et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography. A reproducible technique of myocardial opacification for identifying regional perfusion deficits. Circulation 1983; 67: 585–93.
Armstrong WF, West SR, Mueller EM, Dillon JC, Feigenbaum H. Assessment of location and size of myocardial infarction with contrast-enhanced echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 2: 63–9.
Kaul S, Pandian NG, Okada RD, Pohost GM, Weyman AE. Contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial ischemia: I. In vivo determination of total left ventricular `area at risk’. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 4: 1272–82.
Kemper AJ, O’Boyle JE, Sharmer S et al. Hydrogen peroxide contrast-enhanced 2-dimensional echocardiography: Real time in vivo delineation of regional myocardial perfusion. Circulation 1983; 68: 603–11
Keller MW, Glasheen W, Kaul S. Albunex: a safe and effective commercially produced agent for myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echo 1989; 2: 48–52.
Kaul S. Quantitation of myocardial perfusion with contrast echocardiography. Am J Card Imag 1991; 5: 200–16.
Porter TR, D’Sa A, Turner C et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography for the assessment of coronary blood flow reserve: Validations in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 349–55.
Villanueva FS, Glasheen WP, Sklenar J, Kaul S. Assessment of risk area during coronary occlusion and infarct size after reperfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography using left and right atrial injections of contrast. Circulation 1993; 88: 596–604.
Skyba DM, Jayaweera AIR, Goodman NC, Ismail S, Camarano G, Kaul S. Quantification of myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography during left atrial injection of contrast: Implications for venous injection. Circulation 1994; 90: 1513–21.
Keller MW, Segal SS, Kaul S, Duling BR. The behavior of sonicated albumin microbubbles in the microcirculation: A basis for their use as myocardial echo contrast agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 10: 75A.
Apfel RE. Accoustic cavitation. Methods of experimental physics. 1981; 69: 355–411.
Ivey JA, Gardner EA, Fowlkes JB, Rubin JM, Carson PL. Accoustic generation of intraarterial contrast boluses. Ultrasound Med Biol 1995; 21: 757–767.
Feinstein SB, Ten Cate FJ, Zwehl W et al. Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography. I. In vitro development and quantitative analysis of echo contrast agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3 (1): 14–21.
Schlief R, Schurmann R, Balzer T, Zomack M, Niendorf HP. Saccharide based contrast agents. In: Nanda NC, Schlief R, editors. Advances in echo imaging using contrast enhancement. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1993: 71–96.
Schlief R, Schurmann R, Balzer T et al. Saccharide-based contrast agents and their application in vascular Doppler ultrasound. Adv Echo-contrast 1994; 3: 60–76.
Von Bibra H, Sutherland G, Becher H, Neudert J, Nihoyannopoulos P. Clinical evaluation of left heart Doppler contrast enhancement by saccharide-based transpulmonary contrast agent. J Am Coll Cardiol l995;25:500–8.
Christiansen C, Kryvi H, Sontum PC, Skotland T. Physical and biochemical characterization of Albunex, a new ultrasound contrast agent consisting of air-filled albumin microspheres suspended in a solution of human albumin. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1994; 19: 307–20.
Bleeker HJ, Shung KK, Barnhart JL. Ultrasonic characterization of Albunex, a new contrast agent. J Accoust Soc Am 1990; 87: 1792–7.
deJong N, Ten Cate FJ, Vletter WB, Roelandt JRTC. Quantification of transpulmonary echo-contrast effects. Ultrasound Med Biol 1993; 19: 279–88.
Sonne HS, Christensen PD, Muan B, Assentoft J, Haider T, Kristensen BO. Left ventricular opacification after intravenous injection of Albunex. Int J Cardiac Imag 1995; 11: 47–53.
Porter TR, Xie F, Cricsfeld A, Kilzer K. Noninvasive identification of acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion with contrast ultrasound using intravenous Perfluoropropane-exposed sonicated Dextrose Albumin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 26: 33–40.
Dittrich HC, Bales GL, Kuvelas T, Hunt RM, McFerran BA, Greener Y. Myocardial contrast echocardiography in experimental coronary artery occlusion with a new intravenously administered contrast agent. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995; 8: 465–74.
Uhlendorf V, Hoffmann C. Non-linear accoustical response of coated microbubbles in diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasonics Symposium 1994. IEEE; 1559–62.
Forsberg F, Liu JB, Merton A, Rawool NM, Goldberg BB. In vivo evaluation of a new ultrasound contrast agent. Ultrasonics Symposium. 1994. IEEE; 1555–8.
Unger E, Shen DK, Fritz T et al. Gas-filled liposomes as echocardiographic contrast agents in rabbits with myocardial infarcts. Invest Radiol 1993; 28: 1155–9.
Plesset MS, Prosperetti A. Bubble dynamics and cavitation. Am Rev Fluid Mech 1977; 9: 145–85.
Houghton G. Theory of bubble pulsation and cavitation. J Accoust Soc Am 1963; 35: 1387–93.
Minnaertk M. On musical air bubbles and the sound of running water. Phil Mag 1993; 16: 235.
Anderson AL, Hampton LD. Accoustics of gas-bearing sediments. (1) Background. J Accoust Soc Am 1980; 67: 1865–89.
Tsujino T, Shima A. The behavior of gas bubbles in blood subjected to an oscillating pressure. J Biol Mech 1980; 13: 407–16.
Lauterborn W. Numerical investigation of non-linear oscillation of gas bubble in liquids. J Accoust Soc Am 1976; 59: 283–93.
Eatock VC, Nishi RY. Numerical studies of the spectrum of low-intensity ultrasound scattered by bubbles. J Accoust Soc Am 1985; 77: 1692–701.
Miller DL. Ultrasonic detection of resonant cavitation bubbles in a flow tube by their second-harmonic emission. Ultrasonics 1981; 19: 217–24.
Prosperetti A. Bubble phenomena in sound fields: Part I. Ultrasonics 1984; 22: 69–77.
Prosperetti A. Bubble dynamics some things we did not know 10 years ago. In: Bubble Dynamics and Interface Phenomena, Proceedings of an IUTAN Symposium. Blake JR, Boulton-Stone JM, Thomas NH, editors. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994: 3–16.
Prosperetti A, Crum LA, Commander KW. Non-linear bubble dynamics. J Accoust Soc Am 1988; 83: 502–14.
Wu J, Zhu Z, Du G. Non-linear behavior of a liquid containing uniform bubbles: comparison between theory and experiments. Ultrasound Med Biol 1995; 21: 545–52.
Beyer RT. Non-linear accoustics. The Naval Ship Systems Command. Washington DC: Naval Department, 1974.
D’Agostino L, Brennen CE. Accoustical absorption and scattering cross sections of spherical bubble clouds. J Accoust Soc Am 1988; 84: 2126–33.
Pelekasis NA, Tsanopoulos JA. Bjerkenes forces between two bubbles. Response to a step change in pressure. J Fluid Mech 1993; 254: 467–99.
Doinikov AA, Zavtrak ST. On the mutual interaction of two gas bubbles in a sound field. Phys Fluids 1995; 7: 1923–30.
Epstein PS, Plesset MS. On the stability of gas bubbles in liquid-gas solutions. J Chem Phys 1950; 18: 1505–9.
deJong N, Ten Cate F, Lancee CT et al. Principles and recent developments in ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasonics 1991; 29: 324–30.
Yang WJ. Dynamics of gas bubbles in whole blood and plasma. J Bio Med 1971; 4: 119–23.
Fyrillas MM, Szeri AJ. Dissolution or growth of soluble spherical oscillating bubbles: the effect of surfactants. J Fluid Mech 1995; 289: 295–314.
van Liew HD, Burkhard ME. Behavior of bubbles of slowly permeating gas used for ultrasonic imaging contrast. Invest Radiol 1995; 30: 315–21.
Lieberman L. Air bubbles in water. J Appl Phys 1957; 28: 205–11.
Fox FE, Herzfeld KF. Gas bubbles with organic skin as cavitation nuclei. J Accoust Soc Am 1954; 26: 984–9.
Love AEH. The mathematical theory of elasticity. New York: Dover Publications, 1944.
Yount DE. Bubble nucleation in aqueous media: implications for diving physiology. Appl Sci Res 1982; 38: 37–44.
deJong N, Hoff L, Skotland T, Bom B. Absorption and scatter of encapsulated gas-filled micro-spheres: Theoretical considerations and some measurements. Ultrasonics 1992; 30: 95–103.
deJong N, Cornet R, Lancee CT. Higher harmonics of vibrating gas-filled microspheres. Part I: simulations. Ultrasonics 1994; 32: 447–53.
Mottley J, Everbach EC, Schwarz KQ et al. Decay of ultrasound integrated back scatter from a saccharide contrast agent is accelerated by increased pressure. Circulation 1990; 82 (Suppl. 3): 28.
Shandas R, Sahn DJ, Bales G et al. Persistence of Albunex ultrasound contrast agent: in vitro study of the effects of pressure and accoustic power on particle size and the duration of contrast and Doppler enhancement. Circulation 1990; 82 (Suppl. 3): 95.
Shapiro JR, Reisner SA, Lichtenberg GS, Meltzer RS. Intravenous contrast echocardiography with use of sonicated albumin in humans: Systolic disappearance of left ventricular contrast after transpulmonary transmission. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 6: 1607–17.
Tickner EC, Rasor NS. An instrument for the noninvasive assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Adv Bioeng. ASME 1978; 101–3.
Ooi KK, Acosta AJ. The utilization of specially tailored air bubbles as statis pressure sensors in a jet. Trans ASME IJ Fluid Eng 1983; 106: 459–65.
Ran B, Katz J. The response of microscopic bubbles to sudden change in ambient pressure. J Fluid Mech 1991; 224: 91–115.
Shima A, Rajvanjhi SC, Tsujino T. Study of non-linear oscillations of bubbles in Powell Eiring fluids. J Accoust Soc Am 1985; 77: 1702–9.
Tsujino T, Miura M. The motion of bubbles in blood as related to some medical problems. Nippon Kikai Gakai Ronbunshu. B Hen Trans of the Jap Soc of Mech Eng Part B 1989; 56: 74–8.
Mor-avi V, Shroff SJ, Robinson KA et al. Effects of left ventricular pressure on sonicated albumin microbubbles: Evaluation using an isolated rabbit heart model. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1779–85.
Vuille C, Nidorf M, Morrissey RL, Newell JB, Weyman AE, Picard MH. Effect of static pressure on the disappearance rate of specific echocardiographic contrast agents. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994; 7: 347–54.
Padial LR, Chen MH, Vuille C, Guerero JL, Weyman AE, Picard MH. Pulsatile pressure affects the disappearance of echocardiographic contrast agents. JAm Soc Echocardiogr 1995; 8: 285–92.
Gibson FW. Measurement of the effect of air bubbles on the speed of sound in water. J Accoust Soc Am 1970; 48: 1195–7.
Ophir J, Parker J. Contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 1989; 15: 319–33.
Morse PM, Ingard KU. Theoretical accoustics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1968: 418–27.
Nishi RY. The scattering and absorption of sound waves by a gas bubble in a viscous liquid. Acustica 1975; 33: 65–74.
Schrope V, Newhouse VL, Uhlendorf V. Simulated capillary blood flow measurements using a non-linear ultrasonic contrast agent. Ultrasonic Imag 1992; 14: 134–58.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Meerbaum, S. (1997). Microbubble fluid dynamics of echocontrast. In: Nanda, N.C., Schlief, R., Goldberg, B.B. (eds) Advances in Echo Imaging Using Contrast Enhancement. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5704-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5704-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6405-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5704-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive