Abstract
The key question addressed in this book is: what drives superior financial performance? Important component questions include: why do some firms consistently perform better than others? why do poorly performing firms improve profitability? why do once successful firms suffer profit declines, and what can be done about it? what keeps consistently under performing firms from improving profitability, and what can be done about it? Answers to these questions should lead directly to advice for managers on how corporations might improve financial performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Of course, organizations use experimentation in a limited way in product development, test marketing and so forth.
Because of acquisition and divestiture activity, it is quite possible that in any two separate years, an individual business unit might enter the PIMS database as a unit of two different firms.
In order to place an external value on a business unit, corporate may decide to sell a portion of the equity, thus forming an interface between the business unit and the capital markets.
For example, a firm may establish a minimum size for a business to be “worthwhile” the entrepreneurial or acquiring effort; conversely, a firm may decide to place a maximum size on individual business units in order to reap entrepreneurial benefits and avoid potential bureaucratic costs.
See also, Berg (1965, 1969, 1973) and Pitts (1976, 1980).
See also Burgelman (1983) who argues that corporate strategy induces strategic behavior, which in turn affects the structural context (strategy → structure), but that this context leads to autonomous strategic initiatives at lower levels in the firm that develop into firm strategy (structure →strategy).
For simplicity, we have omitted discussion of such matters as composition of the board of directors (e.g., Boyd 1990; Pfeffer 1972), principal/agent issues concerning the interests of owners/boards of directors versus managers (e.g., Baysinger, Kosnik and Turk 1991; Hoskisson and Turk 1990; Judge and Zeithaml 1992; Walsh and Seward 1990) and relationships between ownership structure and corporate strategy (e.g., Allen 1993; Bethel and Liebeskind 1993; Porter 1992).
These “tools,” in order of user satisfaction were: mission statements, customer surveys, total quality management, pay for performance, reengineering, strategic alliances, self-directed teams, cycle time reduction, core competencies, competitor profiling, benchmarking, horizontal organizations, groupware, shareholder value, service guarantees, scenario planning, portfolio analysis, micromarketing, activity-based costing, dynamic simulations, retention management, five forces analysis, value chain analysis, mass customization and technology S-curves.
In 1980, the five-hundredth Fortune500 firm had sales revenues of $448 million dollars (1990: $546 million); and all 500 firms represented $1.6 trillion (1990: $2.6 trillion) of U.S. manufacturing output.
Since 1995, the Fortune500 has expanded beyond manufacturing to include service firms.
1 General References
Ackoff, Russell L. (1974), Redesigning the Future, New York: John Wiley.
— (1981), Creating the Corporate Future, New York: John Wiley.
— (1986), Management in Small Doses, New York: John Wiley.
Albin, P.S., and R.E. Alcaly (1979), “Stochastic Determinants of Interfirm Profitability Differences,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(4) (November), 651–658.
Aldrich, Howard (1979), Organizations and Environments, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice Hall.
Allen, Franklin (1993), “Strategic Management and Financial Markets,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(special issue) (Winter), 11–22.
Amit, Raphael, and Paul J.H. Schoemaker (1993), “Strategic Assets and Organizational Rest,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(1) (January), 33–46.
Anderberg, M.R. (1973), Cluster Analysis for Applications, New York: Academic Press.
Anderson, Carl R., and Frank T. Paine (1978), “PIMS: A Reexamination,” Academy of Management Review, 3(3) (July), 602–612.
Anderson, Carl R., and Carl P. Zeithaml (1984), “Stage of the Product Life Cycle, Business Strategy, and Business Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(1) (March), 5–24.
Andrews, K.R. (1971), The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Homewood, IL: Dow Jones.
Ansoff, Igor (1965), Corporate Strategy, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Argenti, John (1978), Corporate Collapse: The Causes and Symptoms, London: McGraw-Hill.
Arlow, Peter, and Martin J. Gannon (1982), “Social Responsiveness, Corporate Structure, and Economic Performance,” Academy of Management Review, 7(2) (April), 235–241.
Arrow, K.J., B.H. Chenery, B.S. Minhas and R.M. Solow (1961), “Capital-Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 43(3) (August), 225–250.
Ashforth, Blake E. (1985), “Climate Formation: Issues and Extensions,” Academy of Management Review, 10(4) (October), 837–847.
Assmus, Gert, John U. Farley and Donald R. Lehmann (1984), “How Advertising Affects Sales: Meta-Analysis of Econometric Results,” Journal of Marketing Research, 21(1) (February), 65–74.
Astley, W. Graham, and Charles J. Fombrun (1983), “Collective Strategy: Social Ecology of Organizational Environments,” Academy of Management Review, 8(4) (October), 576–587.
Astley, W. Graham, and Andrew H. Van de Ven (1983), “Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(2) (June), 245–273.
Bel B. (1989), “Organizational Theories: Some Criterion for Evaluation,” Academy of Management Review, 14(4) (October), 512.
Bain & Company/The Planning Forum (1994), Management Tools and Techniques(3rd ed.), Boston: Bain & Company/The Planning Forum.
Bain, J.S. (1968), Industrial Organization(2nd ed.), New York: John Wiley.
Balkin, D.B., and L.R. Gomez-Mejia (1990), “Matching Compensation and Organizational Strategies,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(2) (February), 153–169.
Barney, Jay B. (1990), “The Debate Between Traditional Management Theory and Organizational Economics: Substantive Differences or Intergroup Conflict? A Reply,” Academy of Management Review, 15(3) (July), 382–93.
— (1991), “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage,” Journal of Management, 17(1) (March), 99–120.
— and R.E. Hoskisson (1990), “Strategic Groups: Untested Assertions and Research Proposals,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 11(3) (July), 187–198.
—, and William C. Ouchi (1986), Organizational Economics, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bartlett, Christopher A., and Sumantra Ghoshal (1989), Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Bass, F.M., P. Cattin and D.R. Wittink (1978), “Firm Effects and Industry Effects in the Analysis of Market Structure and Profitability,” Journal of Marketing Research, 15(1) (February), 3–10
Baucus, David A., Joseph H. Golec and Juett R. Cooper (1993), “Estimating Risk-Return Relationships: An Analysis of Measures,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(5) (July), 387–396.
Baysinger, Barry D., and Robert E. Hoskisson (1989), “Diversification Strategy and R&D Intensity in Multiproduct Firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(2) (June), 310–332.
—(1990), “The Composition of Boards of Directors and Strategic Control: Effects on Corporate Strategy,” Academy of Management Review, 15(1) (January), 72–87.
Baysinger, Barry D., Rita D. Kosnik and Thomas A. Turk (1991), “Effects of Board and Ownership Structure on Corporate R&D Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(1) (March), 205–214.
Benson, J. Kenneth (1975), “The Interorganizational Network as Political Economy,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 20(2) (June), 229–250.
Berg, Norman A. (1965), “Strategic Planning in Conglomerate Companies,” Harvard Business Review, 43(3) (May-June), 79–92.
—(1969), “What’s Different About Conglomerate Management,” Harvard Business Review, 47(6) (November-December), 112–120.
—(1973), “Corporate Role in Diversified Companies,” in Bernhard Taylor and Keith MacMillan (eds.), Business Policy: Teaching and Research, New York: John Wiley, 296–347.
Berry, C.H. (1971), “Corporate Growth and Diversification,” Journal of Law and Economics, 14(2) (October), 371–383.
Betancourt, Roger R., and David A. Gautschi (1993), “The Outputs of Retail Activities: Concepts, Measurement and Evidence from U.S. Census Data,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(3) (May), 294–301.
Bethel, Jennifer E., and Julia Liebeskind (1993), “The Effects of Ownership Structure on Corporate Restructuring,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(51), 15–31.
Bettis, Richard A., and Lex Donaldson (1990), “Market Discipline and Discipline of Management,” Academy of Management Review, 15(3) (July), 367–368.
Bharadwaj, Sundar G., and Anil Menon (1993), “Determinants of Success in Service Industries: A PIMS-Based Empirical Investigation,” Journal of Services Marketing, 7(4), 19–40.
Bhide, Amarnath V. (1988), “The Causes and Consequences of Hostile Takeover,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard Business School.
Biggadike, E. Ralph (1979), “Corporate Diversification: Entry, Strategy, and Performance,” Division of Research, Harvard University Graduate School of Business.
—(1981), “The Contributions of Marketing to Strategic Management,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 621–632.
Birch, David L. (1987), Job Creation in America: How Our Smallest Companies Put the Most People to Work, New York: Free Press and London: Collier Macmillan.
Blau, Peter M. (1965), “The Comparative Study of Organizations,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 18(3) (April), 323–338.
Blau, Peter M., and Richard Scott (1962), Formal Organizations, San Francisco: Chandler.
Boeker, Warren (1991), “Organizational Strategy: An Ecological Perspective,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(4) (December), 805–826.
Boston Consulting Group (1972), Perspectives on Experience, Boston: Boston Consulting Group.
—(1974), Perspectives on Experience, Boston: Boston Consulting Group.
Boulton, William R., Stephen G. Franklin, William M. Lindsay and Leslie W. Rue (1982), “Strategic Planning: Determining the Impact of Environmental Characteristics and Uncertainty,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(3) (September), 500–509.
Bourgeois, L.J., III (1980a), “Performance and Consensus,” Strategic Management Journal, 1(3) (July-September), 227–248.
—(1980b), “Strategy and Environment: A Conceptual Integration,” Academy of Management Review, 5(1) (January), 25–39.
—(1985), “Strategic Goals, Perceived Uncertainty, and Economic Performance in Volatile Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(3) (September), 548–573.
Bower, Joseph L. (1970), Managing the Resource Allocation Process, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Bowman, Edward H. (1980), “A Risk/Return Paradox for Strategic Management,” Sloan Management Review, 21(3) (Spring), 17–31.
—(1982), “Risk Seeking by Troubled Firms,” Sloan Management Review, 23(4) (Summer), 33–42.
Boyd, Brian K. (1990), “Corporate Linkages and Organizational Environment: A Test of the Resource Dependence Model,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(6) (October), 419–430.
—(1991), “Strategic Planning and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Journal of Management Studies, 28(4) (July), 353–374.
Bradburd, Ralph, Thomas Pugel and Katrina Pugh (1991), “Internal Rent Capture and the Profit-Concentration Relation,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 73(3) (August), 432–440.
Braga, Helson, and Larry Willmore (1991), “Technological Imports and Technological Effort: An Analysis of Their Determinants in Brazilian Firms,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(4) (June), 421–432.
Bromiley, Philip (1991), “Testing a Causal Model of Corporate Risk Taking and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(1) (March), 37–59.
Brown, James R., Robert F. Lusch, Harold F. Koenig, Terrence T. Kroeten and Steven W. Pharr (1985), “Using Key Informants in Marketing Channels Research: A Critique and Some Preliminary Guidelines,” working paper, University of Nebraska-Linco
Buell, Barbara (1985), “Kodak is Trying to Break Out of Its Shell,” Business Week, June 10, 92.
Burgelman, Robert A. (1983), “A Model of the Interaction of Strategic Behavior, Corporate Context, and the Concept of Strategy,” Academy of Management Review, 8(1) (January), 61–70.
Burns, Tom, and G.M. Stalker (1961), The Management of Innovation, London: Tavistock.
Business Week(1984), “Oops! Who’s Excellent Now?” 2867 (November 5), 76–88.
Buzzell, Robert D. (1983), “Is Vertical Integration Profitable?” Harvard Business Review, 61(1) (January-February), 92–102.
— and Bradley T. Gale (1987), The PIMS Principles: Linking Strategy to Performance, New York: Free Press.
— Bradley T. Gale and R. G. Sultan (1975), “Market Share: A Key to Profitability,” Harvard Business Review, 53(1) (January-February), 97–106.
Calder, Bobby J., Lynn W. Phillips and Alice M. Tybout (1981), “Designing Research for Application,” Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2) (September), 197–207.
Calvo, Guillermo A., and Stanislaw Wellisz (1978), “Supervision, Loss of Control, and the Optimum Size of the Firm,” Journal of Political Economy, 86(5) (October), 943–952.
Campbell, John P., Marvin D. Dunnette, Edward E. Lawler III and Karl E. Weick, Jr. (1970), Managerial Behavior, Performance, and Effectiveness, New York: McGraw-
Capon, Noel (1981), “Marketing Strategy Differences between State and Privately Owned Corporations: An Exploratory Analysis,” Journal of Marketing, 45(2) (Spring), 11–18.
—(1992), The Marketing of Financial Services: A Book of Cases, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
—(1996), Planning the Development of Leaders, Builders and Managers for 21st Century Business, Curriculum Review at Columbia Business School, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
— and James M. Hulbert (1985), “The Integration of Forecasting and Strategic Planning,” International Journal of Forecasting, 1(2), 123–133.
—, and John U. Farley (1990), “Organizational Climates in Large Australian and U.S. Manufacturers,” working paper, Columbia University.
—, and Peter Palij (1994), “Strategic Marketing Forecasting, Market Segment Selection and Firm Performance,” International Journal of Forecasting, 10(2) (September), 339–352.
—, John U. Farley and Scott Hoenig (1990), “Determinants of Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis,” Management Science, 36(10) (October), 1143–1159.
—, John U. Farley and James M. Hulbert (1987), Corporate Strategic Planning, New York: Columbia University Press.
—, John U. Farley and James M. Hulbert (1988), “Corporate Financial Performance and the Role of Environment, Strategy, Planning and Organization,” working paper, Columbia University.
—, John U. Farley and James M. Hulbert (1994), “Strategic Planning and Financial Performance: More Evidence,” Journal of Management Studies, 31(1) (January), 105–110.
—, John U. Farley, James M. Hulbert and David Lei (1991), “In Search of Excellence Ten Years Later: Strategy and Organization Do Matter,” Management Decision, 29(4), 12–21.
—, John U. Farley, James M. Hulbert and L. Elizabeth Martin (1988), “Corporate Diversity and Economic Performance: The Impact of Market Specialization,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(1) (January/February), 61–74.
—, John U. Farley, Donald R. Lehmann and James M. Hulbert (1992), “Profiles of Product Innovators Among Large U.S. Manufacturers,” Management Science, 38(2) (February), 157–169.
Carpenter, Gregory S., and Kent Nakamoto (1989), “Consumer Preference Formation and Pioneering Advantage,” Journal of Marketing Research, 26(3) (August), 285–298.
Carroll, D.T. (1983), “A Disappointing Search for Excellence,” Harvard Business Review, 61(6) (November-December), 78–88.
Castanias R., and C. Helfat (1991), “Managerial Resources and Rents,” Journal of Management, 17(1) (March), 155–171.
Castrogiovanni, Gary J. (1991), “Environmental Munificence: A Theoretical Assessment,” Academy of Management Review, 16(3) (July), 542–565.
Caves, Richard E. (1960), Trade and Economic Structure: Models and Methods, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
—, (1971), Capital Transfers and Economic Policy: Canada, 1951–1962, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
— (1977), American Industry (4th ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
—, and P. Ghemawat (1992), “Identifying Mobility Barriers,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(1) (January), 1–12.
—, and Michael E. Porter (1977), “From Entry Barriers to Mobility Barriers: Conjectural Decisions and Contrived Deterrence to New Competition,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91(2) (May), 241–262.
—, and Michael E. Porter (1978), “Market Structure, Oligopoly, and Stability of Market Shares,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 26(4) (June), 289–313.
Cerf, Christopher, and Victor S. Navasky (1984), The Experts Speak, New York: Pantheon.
Chaffee, Ellen E. (1985), “Three Models of Strategy,” Academy of Management Review, 10(1) (January), 89–98.
Chakravarthy, Balaji S. (1986), “Measuring Strategic Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(5) (September/October), 437–458.
Chakravarty, Subrata N., and Amy Feldman (1993), “The Road Not Taken,” Forbes, (August 30), 40.
Chandler, Alfred (1962), Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
— (1977), The Visible Hand, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
— (1991), “History and Organizational Sociology,” Contemporary Sociology, 20(3) (May), 340–342.
Channon, Derek F. (1973), The Strategy and Structure of British Enterprise, London: Macmillan.
Chatterjee, Syan, and James D. Blocher, III (1992), “Measurement of Firm Diversification: Is It Robust?” Academy of Management Journal, 35(4) (October), 874–888
Child, John (1972), “Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice,” Sociology, 6 (January), 1–22.
— (1977), “Organizational Design and Performance: Contingency Theory and Beyond,” Organization and Administrative Sciences, 8(2,3) (Summer/Fall), 169–183.
Chrisman, James J., Charles W. Hofer and William R. Boulton (1988), “Toward a System for Classifying Business Strategies,” Academy of Management Review, 13(3) (July), 413–428.
Christensen, L.R., D.W. Jorgenson and L.J. Lau (1971), “Conjugate Duality and the Transcendental Logarithmic Functions,” Econometrica, 39(4), 255–256 (abstract).
Churchill, Gilbert A., Jr., Neil M. Ford, Steven W. Hartley, Orville C. Walker, Jr. (1985), “The Determinants of Salesperson Performance: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Marketing Research, 22(2) (May), 103–118.
Cohen, Michael D., James G. March and Johan P. Olsen (1972), “A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1) (March), 1–25.
Collins, James C, and Jerry I. Porras (1994), Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies, New York: Harper Business.
Comanor, W.S. (1965), “Research and Technical Change in The Pharmaceutical Industry,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 47(2) (May), 182–190.
Computer-world, Inc. (1990), “Exley to AT&T: Not at Any Price,” December 10, 125.
Conner, K. (1991), “A Historical Comparison of Resource-Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought Within Industrial Organization Economics: Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm?” Journal of Management, 17(1) (March), 121–154.
Connor, John M., and Everett B. Peterson (1992), “Market-Structure Determinants of National Brand-Private Label Price Differences of Manufactured Food Products,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(2) (June), 157–171.
Cook, Karen S. (1977), “Exchange and Power in Networks of Interorganizational Relations,” in J. Kenneth Benson (ed.), Organizational Analysis: Critique and Innovation, Beverly Hills: Sage, 64–84.
— (ed.) (1987), Social Exchange Theory, Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
Cool, Karel, Ingemar Dierickx and David Jemison (1989), “Business Strategy, Market Structure and Risk-Return Relationships: A Structural Approach,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(6) (November/December), 507–522.
Coulthurst, Nigel J. (1989), “Organising and Accounting for the New Factory,” Management Accounting, 67(5) (May), 38–41.
Craig, C. Samuel, and Susan P. Douglas (1982), “Strategic Factors Associated with Market and Financial Performance,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 22(2) (Summer), 101–112.
Cronbach, Lee J. (1951), “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests,” Psychometrika, 16(3) (September), 297–334.
Cyert, Richard M., and James G. March (1963), A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Daft, Richard L., and Norman B. Macintosh (1984), “The Nature and Use of Formal Control Systems for Management Control and Strategy Implementation,” Journal of Management, 10(1) (Fall), 43–46.
Dalton, Dan R., William D. Todor, Michael J. Spendolini, Gordon J. Fielding and Lyman W. Porter (1980), “Organization Structure and Performance: A Critical Review,” Academy of Management Review, 5(1) (January), 49–54.
Damanpour, Fariborz, Kathryn A. Szabat and William M. Evan (1989), “The Relationship Between Types of Innovation and Organizational Performance,” Journal of Management Studies, 26(6) (November), 587–601.
Davis, Gerald F., and Suzanne K. Stout (1992), “Organization Theory and the Market for Corporate Control: A Dynamic Analysis of the Characteristics of Large Takeover Targets, 1980-1990,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(4) (December), 605–633.
Davis, Martin S. (1985), “Two Plus Two Doesn’t Equal Five: Changes in the Global Economy Have Made the Conglomerate Theory Less Workable in the 1980s,” Fortune, 112(13) (December 9), 171–179.
Deal, Terrence E., and Allen A. Kennedy (1982), Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Deming, W. Edwards (1986), Out of the Crisis, Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Demsetz, H. (1973), “Industry Structure, Market Rivalry and Public Policy,” Journal of Law and Economics, 16(1) (April), 109.
Deneckere, Raymond, Dan Kovenock and Robert Lee (1992), “A Model of Price Leadership Based on Consumer Loyalty,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(2) (June), 147–156.
Dess, Gregory G., and Donald W. Beard (1984), “Dimensions of Organizational Task Environments,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(1) (March), 52–73.
Dierickx I., and K. Cool (1989), “Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage,” Management Science, 35(12) (December), 1504–1511.
Diewert, W.E. (1971), “An Application of the Shepherd Duality Theorem, a Generalized Leontief Production Function,” Journal of Political Economy, 79(3), 481–507.
— (1973), “Separability and a Generalization of the Cobb-Douglas Cost, Production, and Indirect Utility Functions,” Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences Technical Report No. 86, Stanford: Stanford University.
Dill, William R. (1958), “Environment as an Influence on Managerial Autonomy,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 2 (March), 409–443.
DiMaggio, P.J. (1988), “Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory,” in Lynne G. Zucker (ed.), Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Comapany, 3–21.
Donaldson, Lex (1990), “The Ethereal Hand: Organizational Economics and Management Theory; The Debate Between Traditional Management Theory and Organizational Economics: Substantive Differences or Intergroup Conflict?: A Reply,” Academy of Management Review, 15(3) (July), 369–381.
Douglas, P.C., and C.W. Cobb (1923), “A Theory of Production,” American Economic Review, 18(1) (March supplement), 139–165.
Draper, Norman R., and Harry Smith (1966), Applied Regression Analysis, New York: John Wiley.
Drazin, Robert, and Andrew H. Van de Ven (1985), “Alternative Forms of Fit in Contingency Theory,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 30(4) (December), 514–539.
Drucker, Peter (1973), Management: Tasks, Responsibilities and Practices, New York: Harper & Row.
Duncan, Robert B. (1972), “Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainties,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(3) (September), 313–327.
Easton, Peter D., Trevor S. Harris and James A. Ohlson (1992), “Aggregate Accounting Earnings Can Explain Most of Security Returns: The Case of Long Return Intervals,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 15(2,3) (June/September), 119–142.
Economist (1987), “IBM Humbled,” 302(7483) (January 31), 17.
Egelhoff, William G. (1982), “Strategy and Structure in Multinational Corporations: An Information-Processing Approach,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(3) (September), 435–458.
— (1988), “Strategy and Structure in Multinational Corporations: A Revision of the Stopford and Wells Model,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(1) (January/February), 1–14.
Ehrenberg, Andrew S.C. (1993), “Theory or Well-Based Results: Which Comes First,” in Gilles Laurent, Gary L. Lilien and Bernard Pras (eds.), Research Traditions in Marketing, 79–108.
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989a), “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review,” Academy of Management Review, 14(1) (January), 57–74.
— (1989b), “Making Fast Strategic Decisions in High-Velocity Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(3) (September), 543–576.
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M., and L.J. Bourgeois III (1988), “Politics of Strategic Decision Making in High-Velocity Environments: Toward a Midrange Theory,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(4) (December), 737–770.
Emerson, Richard M. (1962), “Power-Dependence Relations,” American Sociological Review, 27(1) (February), 31–41.
Emery, Fred E., and Eric L. Trist (1965), “The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments,” Human Relations, 18(1) (February), 21–32.
— (1973), Towards a Social Ecology: Contextual Appreciations of the Future in the Present, New York: Plenum.
Emery, J.C. (1969), Organizational Planning and Control Systems, Toronto: Macmillan.
Etzioni, Amitai (1961), Complex Organizations: A Sociological Reader, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Everitt, B.S. (1980), Cluster Analysis (2nd ed.), London: Heineman Educational Books Ltd.
Farley, John U., and Donald R. Lehmann (1986), Meta-Analysis in Marketing: Generalization of Response Models, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
— and Michael J. Ryan (1981), “Generalizing from Imperfect Replication,” Journal of Business, 54(4) (October), 597–610.
— (1982), “Patterns in Parameters of Buyer Behavior Models: Generalizing from Sparse Replication,” Marketing Science, 1(2) (Spring), 181–204.
Farley, John U. and Donald E. Sexton (1983), “A Process Model for Family Planning Decisions,” TIMS Studies in Management Science, 18(1), 209–239.
Fayol, Henri (1949), General and Industrial Management, London: Pitman
Fennell, Mary L., and Jeffrey A. Alexander (1987), “Organizational Boundary Spanning in Institutionalized Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(3) (September), 456–476.
Fiedler, Fred E. (1967), A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fiegenbaum, Avi, and Howard Thomas (1986), “Dynamic and Risk Measurement Perspectives on Bowman’s Risk-Return Paradox for Strategic Management: An Empirical Study,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(5) (September/October), 395–407.
— (1988), “Attitudes Toward Risk and the Risk-Return Paradox: Prospect Theory Explanations,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(1) (March), 85–106.
Finkelstein, Sydney F. (1992), “Power in Top Management Teams: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation,” Academy of Management Journal, 35(3) (August), 505.
—, and Donald C. Hambrick (1990), “Top-Management Team Tenure and Organizational Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3) (September), 484–503.
Fisher, Franklin M. (1984), “The Misuse of Accounting Rates of Return: Reply,” American Economic Review, 74(3) (June), 509–517.
—, and John J. McGowan (1983), “On the Misuse of Accounting Rates of Return to Infer Monopoly Profits,” American Economic Review, 73(1) (March), 82–97.
Fizel, John L., and Kenneth K.T. Louie (1990), “CEO Retention, Firm Performance and Corporate Governance,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 11(3) (July), 167–176.
Ford, Jeffrey D., and John W. Slocum (1977), “Size, Technology, Environment and the Structure of Organizations,” Academy of Management Review, 2(4) (October), 561–575.
Forehand, Gartie A., and B. von Haller Gilmer (1964), “Environmental Variation in Studies of Organizational Behavior,” Psychological Bulletin, 62(6) (December), 361–382.
Foster, Richard N. (1986), Innovation: The Attacker’s Advantage, New York: Summit Books.
Franko, Lawrence G. (1974), “A Move Toward a Multidivisional Structure in European Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(4) (December), 493–506.
— (1976), The European Multinationals, Stamford, CT: Greylock.
Fredrickson, James W. (1984), “The Comprehensiveness of Strategic Decision Processes: Extension, Observations, Future Directions,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(3) (September), 445–466.
—, and Anthony L. Iaquinto (1989), “Inertia and Creeping Rationality in Strategic Decision Processes,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(3) (September), 516–542.
—, and Terence R. Mitchell (1984), “Strategic Decision Processes: Comprehensiveness and Performance in an Industry with an Unstable Environment,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(2) (June), 399–423.
Freeman, Robert J., and Craig Douglas Shoulders (1982), “Defining the Governmental Reporting Entity,” Journal of Accountancy, 154(4) (October), 50–63.
Fry, L.W., and D. Schellenberg (1985), “Congruence Contingency and Theory Building: An Integrative Perspective,” unpublished manuscript, University of Washington, Seattle, 1984, quoted in Drazin and Van deVen (1985).
Fulmer, Robert M., and Leslie W. Rue (1974), “The Practice and Profitability of Long-Range Planning,” Managerial Planning, 22(6) (May-June), 1–7.
Fuss, Melvyn, Daniel McFadden and Yair Mundlak (1978), “A Survey of Functional Forms in the Economic Analysis of Production,” in Melvyn Fuss and Daniel McFadden (eds.), Production Economics: A Dual Approach to Theory and Applications, New York: North Holland, 219–268.
Gabszewicz, Jean, Lynne Pepall and Jacques-Francoise Thisse (1992), “Sequential Entry with Brand Loyalty Caused by Consumer Learning-by-Using,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(4) (December), 397–416.
Galbraith, Jay R. (1973), Designing Complex Organizations, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
— (1977), Designing Complex Organizations, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
—, and Daniel A. Nathanson (1978), Strategy Implementation: The Role of Structure and Process, St. Paul: West.
— (1979), “The Role of Organizational Structure and Process in Strategy Implementation,” in Dan E. Schendel and Charles W. Hofer (eds.), Strategic Management, Boston: Little, Brown, 249–284.
Gale, Bradley T. (1972), “Market Share and Rate of Return,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(4) (November), 412–423.
— (1980), “Can More Capital Buy Higher Productivity?” Harvard Business Review, 58(4) (July-August), 78–86.
—, and B. Branch (1981), “Cash Flow Analysis: More Important than Ever,” Harvard Business Review, 59(4) (July-August), 131–136.
Ghemawat, Pankaj (1986), “Sustainable Advantage,” Harvard Business Review, 64(5) (September-October), 53–58.
Ghoshal, Sumantra, and Christopher A. Bartlett (1990), “The Multinational Corporation as an Interorganizational Network,” Academy of Management Review, 15(4) (October), 603–625.
Gilbert, Richard J., and Carmen Matutes (1993), “Product Line Rivalry with Brand Differentiation,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 41(3) (September), 223–240.
Ginsberg, Ari (1990), “Connecting Diversification to Performance: A Sociocognitive Approach,” Academy of Management Review, 15(3) (July), 514–535.
—, and N. Venkatraman (1985), “Contingency Perspectives of Organizational Strategy: A Critical Review of the Empirical Research,” Academy of Management Review, 10(3) (July), 421–434.
Gioia, Dennis A., and Evelyn Pitre (1990), “Multiparadigm Perspectives on Theory Building,” Academy of Management Review, 15(4) (October), 584–602.
Glass, G.V. (1976), “Primary, Secondary and Meta-Analysis of Research,” Educational Researcher, 5(10), 3–8.
Glazer, Rashi, Joel H. Steckel, Russell S. Winer (1989), “The Formation of Key Marketing Variable Expectations and Their Impact on Firm Performance: Some Experimental Evidence,” Marketing Science, 8(1) (Winter), 18–34.
— (1990), “Judgmental Forecasts in a Competitive Environment: Rational vs. Adaptive Expectations,” International Journal of Forecasting, 6(2) (July), 149–162.
— (1992), “Locally Rational Decision Making: The Distracting Effect of Information on Managerial Performance,” Management Science, 39(2) (February), 212–226.
Golden, Brian R. (1992), “SBU Strategy and Performance: The Moderating Effects of the Corporate-SBU Relationship,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(2) (February), 145–158.
Gomez-Mejia, Luis R. (1992), “Structure and Process of Diversification, Compensation Strategy, and Firm Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(5) (June), 381–397.
Goodstein, Jerry, and Warren Boeker (1991), “Turbulence at the Top: A New Perspective on Governance Structure Changes and Strategic Change,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(2) (June), 306–330.
Gort, M. (1962), Diversification and Integration in American Industry, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Govindarajan, V. (1986), “Decentralization, Strategy, and Effectiveness of Strategic Business Units in Multibusiness Organizations,” Academy of Management Review, 11(4) (October), 844–856.
— (1988), “A Contingency Approach to Strategy Implementation at the Business-Unit Level: Integrating Administrative Mechanisms with Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(4) (December), 828–853.
—, and Joseph Fisher (1990), “Strategy, Control Systems, and Resource Sharing: Effects on Business-Unit Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 33(2) (June), 259–285.
Grant, Robert M. (1991), “The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation,” California Management Review, 33(3) (Spring), 114–135.
—, and Azar P. Jammine (1988), “Performance Differences Between the Wrigley/Rumelt Strategic Categories,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(4) (July/August), 333–346.
Green, Kenneth C. (1991), Who’s Going to Run General Motors? Princeton, NJ: Peterson’s Guides.
Gruber, Harald (1992), “Persistence of Leadership in Product Innovation,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(4) (December), 359–375.
Grunewald, Orlen, David J. Faulds and Mark S. McNulty (1993), “Evidence on Agglomeration in Quality Space: Revisited,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 41(2) (June), 205–214.
Gulai D., and R.W. Masulis (1976), “The Option Pricing Model and the Risk Factor of Stock,” Journal of Financial Economics, 3(1/2) (January/March) (Special issue on Option Pricing Models), 53–82.
Gulick, Luther, and L. Urwick (eds.) (1937), Papers on the Science of Administration, New York: Institute of Public Administration, Columbia University.
Gupta, Anil K. (1987), “SBU Strategies, Corporate-SBU Relations, and SBU Effectiveness in Strategy Implementation,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(3) (September), 477–500.
—, and Vijay Govindarajan (1986), “Resource Sharing Among SBUs: Strategic Antecedents and Administrative Implications,” Academy of Management Journal, 29(4) (December), 695–714.
Guth, William D. (1980), “Corporate Growth Strategies,” Journal of Business Strategy, 1(2) (Fall), 56–62.
Habib, Mohammed M., and Bart Victor (1991), “Strategy, Structure, and Performance of U.S. Manufacturing and Service MNCs: A Comparative Analysis,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(8) (November), 589–606.
Hackman, Richard J., and Greg R. Oldham (1980), Work Redesign, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hall, David J., and Maurice A. Saias (1980), “Strategy Follows Structure!” Strategic Management Journal, 1(2) (April/June), 149–163.
Hall, Marshall, and Leonard Weiss (1967), “Firm Size and Profitability,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 49(3) (August), 319–330.
Hall, R.N. (1982), Organizations: Structures and Process, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hall, W.K. (1980), “Survival Strategies in a Hostile Environment,” Harvard Business Review, 58(5) (September-October), 75–85.
Halpin A., and D. Croft (1963), The Organizational Climate of Schools, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hambrick, Donald C. (1981), “Environment, Strategy and Power Within Top Management Teams,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(2) (June), 253–275.
— (1983a), “An Empirical Typology of Mature Industrial-Product Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(2) (June), 213–230.
— (1983b), “Some Tests of the Effectiveness and Functional Attributes of Miles and Snow’s Strategic Types,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(1) (March), 5–26.
— (1983c), “High Profit Strategies in Mature Capital Goods Industries: A Contingency Approach,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(4) (December), 687–707.
— (1984), “Taxonomic Approaches to Studying Strategy: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues,” Journal of Management, 10(1) (Spring), 27–41.
— (1986), “Research in Strategic Management, 1980-1985: Critical Perceptions and Reality,” in James E. Frederickson, “Evaluating the Last Five Years of Strategic Management Research,” transcript of Academy of Management Symposium Meeting, August 1986.
— (1987), “The Top Management Team: Key to Strategic Success,” California Management Review, 30(1) (Fall), 88–108.
—, and David Lei (1985), “Toward an Empirical Prioritization of Contingency Variables for Business Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(4) (December), 763–788.
—, and Ian C. MacMillan (1985), “Efficiency of Product R&D in Business Units: The Role of Strategic Context,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(3) (September), 527–547.
—, and Phyllis A. Mason (1984), “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers,” Academy of Management Review, 9(2) (April), 193–206.
—, Ian C. MacMillan and Diana L. Day (1982), “Strategic Attributes and Performance in the BCG Matrix: A PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial Product Businesses,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(3) (September), 510–531.
Hamel, Gary, and C.K. Prahalad (1989), “Strategic Intent,” Harvard Business Review, 67(3) (May-June), 63–76.
— (1993), “Strategy as Stretch and Leverage,” Harvard Business Review, 71(2) (March-April), 75–84.
Hamermesh, Richard G., M.J. Anderson and J.E. Harris (1978), “Strategies for Low Market Share Business,” Harvard Business Review, 56(3) (May-June), 95–102.
Hammer, Michael (1990), “Reengineering Work: Don’t Automate, Obliterate,” Harvard Business Review, 68(4) (July-August), 104–112.
Hannan, Michael T., and Freeman, John H. (1977), “The Population Ecology of Organizations,” American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929–964.
Hansen, Gary S., and Birger Wernerfelt (1989), “Determinants of Firm Performance: The Relative Importance of Economic and Organizational Factors,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(5) (September/October), 399–411.
Harcourt, G.C. (1965), “The Accountant in a Golden Age,” Oxford Economic Papers, 17(1) (March), 66–80.
Harrigan, Kathryn R. (1983a), “Research Methodologies for Contingency Approaches to Business Strategy,” Academy of Management Review, 8(3) (July), 398–405.
&$x2014; (1983b), Strategies for Vertical Integration, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
&$x2014; (1985a), “Vertical Integration and Corporate Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(2) (June), 397–425.
&$x2014; (1985b), “An Application of Clustering for Strategic Group Analysis,” Strategic Management Journal, 6(1) (January/March), 55–73.
&$x2014; (1987), “Strategic Alliances: Their New Role in Global Competition,” Columbia Journal of World Business, 22(2) (Summer), 67–69.
Hart, P.E., and A. Shipman (1992), “The Variation of Productivity Within British and German Industries,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(4) (December), 417–425.
Harter, John F.R. (1993), “Differentiated Products with R&D,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 41(1) (March), 19–28.
Hartigan, J.A. (1975), Clustering Algorithms, New York: John Wiley.
Haspeslagh, Philippe (1982), “Portfolio Planning: Uses and Limits,” Harvard Business Review, 60(1) (January-February), 58–73.
Hatten, K.J., and M.L. Hatten (1987), “Strategic Groups, Asymmetrical Mobility Barriers and Contestability,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(4) (July/August), 329–342.
Hatten, K.J., and D.E. Schendel (1977), “Heterogeneity Within an Industry: Firm Conduct in the Brewing Industry,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 26(2) (December), 97–111
Hawley, Amos (1950), Human Ecology: A Theory of Community Structure, New York: Ronald Press.
— (1968), “Human Ecology,” in David L. Sills (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 4, New York: Crowell-Collier and MacMillan, 328–337.
Hayes, Robert H., and William J. Abernathy (1980), “Managing Our Way to Economic Decline,” Harvard Business Review, 58(4) (July-August), 67–77.
Hayes, Robert H., and Steven C. Wheelwright (1984), Restoring Our Competitive Edge: Competing Through Manufacturing, New York: John Wiley.
Hellriegel, Don, and John W. Slocum, Jr. (1974), “Organizational Climate: Measures, Research and Contingencies,” Academy of Management Journal, 17(2) (June), 255–280.
Henderson, Bruce D. (1979), Henderson on Corporate Strategy, Cambridge, MA: New York: New American Library.
Hill, Charles W., and Robert E. Hoskisson (1987), “Strategy and Structure in the Multiproduct Firm,” Academy of Management Review, 12(2) (April), 331–341.
Hoenig, Scott (1990), “On the Determinants of Financial Performance,” doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.
Hofer, Charles W. (1975), “Toward a Contingency Theory of Business Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 18(4), 784–810.
— (1976), “Research and Strategic Planning: A Survey of Past Studies and Suggestions for Future Efforts,” Journal of Economics and Business, 28(3) (Spring-Summer), 261–286.
—, and Dan E. Schendel (1978), Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts, St. Paul: West.
Hofstede, Geert, Bram Neuijen, D.D. Ohayv and Geert Sanders (1990), “Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study Across 20 Cases,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2) (June), 286–316.
Holiday, Harry Jr. (1980), Armco Annual Report.
Homans, George C. (1974), Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, (2nd Ed.) New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Hoskisson, Robert E. (1987), “Multidivisional Structure and Performance: The Contingency of Diversification Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(4) (December), 625–644.
—, and Michael A. Hitt (1988), “Strategic Control Systems and Relative R&D Investment in Large Multiproduct Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(6) (November/December), 605–621.
—, Michael A. Hitt, Richard A. Johnson and Douglas D. Moesel (1993), “Construct Validity of an Objective (Entropy) Categorical Measure of Diversification Strategy,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(3) (March), 215–235.
—, and Thomas A. Turk (1990), “Corporate Restructuring: Governance and Control Limits of the Internal Capital Market,” Academy of Management Review, 15(3) (July), 459–477.
Hrebiniak, Lawerence G., and William F. Joyce (1985), “Organizational Adaptation: Strategic Choice and Environmental Determinism,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 30(3) (September), 336–349.
Huber, George P. (1984), “The Nature and Design of Post-Industrial Organizations,” Management Science, 30(8) (August), 928–951.
Hulbert, James M., and William K. Brandt (1980), Managing the Multinational Subsidiary, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Hunt, M.S. (1972), “Competition in the Major Home Appliance Industry, 1960–1970,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
Hunter, John E., Frank L. Schmidt and Gregg B. Jackson (1982), Meta-Analysis: Cumulating Research Findings Across Studies, Beverly Hills: Sage.
Jacobson, Robert (1987), “The Validity of ROI as a Measure of Business Performance,” American Economic Review, 77(3) (June), 470–478.
—, and David A. Aaker (1987), “The Strategic Role of Product Quality,” Journal of Marketing, 51(4) (October), 31–44.
—, Robert D. Buzzell and William Boulding (1990), “Unobservable Effects and Business Performance; Comments; Reply,” Marketing Science, 9(1) (Winter), 74–95.
James, Lawrence R., and Allan P. Jones (1974), “Organizational Climate: A Review of Theory and Research,” Psychological Bulletin, 81(12) (December), 1096–1112.
Janis, Irving L. (1982), Victims of Groupthink, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Jegers, Marc (1991), “Prospect Theory and the Risk-Return Relation: Some Belgian Evidence,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(1) (March), 215–225.
Jemison, David B. (1981a), “The Importance of An Integrative Approach to Strategic Management Research,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 601–618.
— (1981b), “The Contributions of Administrative Behavior to Strategic Management,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 633–642.
—, and Sim B. Sitkin (1986), “Corporate Acquisitions: A Process Perspective,” Academy of Management Review, 11(1) (January), 145–163.
Jennings, P. Devereaux, and Paul A. Zandbergen (1995), “Ecologically Sustainable Organizations: An Institutional Approach,” Academy of Management Review, 20(4) (October), 1015–1052.
Jeong, Kap-Young, and Robert T. Masson (1990), “Market Structure, Entry, and Performance in Korea,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(3) (August), 455–462.
Johannesson, Russell E. (1973), “Some Problems in the Measurement of Organizational Climate,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 10(1) (August), 118–144.
Johnson, J. (1972), Econometric Methods, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jones, Gareth R., and John E. Butler (1988), “Costs, Revenue and Business-Level Strategy,” Academy of Management Review, 13(2) (April), 202–213.
Judge, William Q., Jr., and Carl P. Zeithaml (1992), “Institutional and Strategic Choice Perspectives on Board Involvement in the Strategic Decision Process,” Academy of Management Journal, 35(4) (October), 766–794.
Kalleberg, Arne L., and Kevin T. Leicht (1991), “Gender and Organizational Performance: Determinants of Small Business Survival and Success,” Academy of Management Review, 34(1), 136–161.
Kaluwa, Benson M., and Gavin C. Reid (1991), “Profitability and Price Flexibility in Manufacturing for a Developing Country,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(6) (December), 689–700.
Kamerschen, David R. (1968), “The Influence of Ownership and Control on Profit Rates,” American Economic Review, 58(3) (June), 432–447.
Kaplan, Robert S., and David P. Norton (1992), “The Balanced Scoreboard-Measures That Drive Performance,” Harvard Business Review, 70(1) (January-February), 62–66.
Karger, Delmar W., and Zafar A. Malik (1975), “Long Range Planning and Organizational Performance,” Long Range Planning, 8(6) (December), 60–64.
Kast, Fremont E., and James E. Rosenzweig (1973), Contingency Views of Organization and Management, Chicago: Science Research Associates, preface-19.
Katz D., and R. Kahn (1966), The Social Psychology of Organizations, New York: John Wiley.
Kay, Neil M. (1979), The Innovating Firm: A Behavioral Theory of Corporate R&D, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Keats, Barbara W., and Michael A. Hitt (1988), “A Causal Model of Linkages Among Environmental Dimensions, Macro Organizational Characteristics, and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(3) (September), 570–598.
Keren, Michael, and David Levhari (1983), “The Internal Organization of the Firm and the Shape of Average Costs,” Bell Journal of Economics, 14(2) (Autumn), 474–486.
Kerkvliet, Joe (1991), “Efficiency and Vertical Integration: The Case of Mine-Mouth Electric Generating Plants,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(5) (September), 467–482.
Khandwalla, Pradip N. (1973), “Effect of Competition on the Structure of Top Management Control,” Academy of Management Journal, 16(2) (June), 285–295.
Khemani, R.S., and D.M. Shapiro (1993), “An Empirical Analysis of Canadian Merger Policy,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 41(2) (June), 161–177.
Kindleberger, Charles P. (1984), “The Clash of Economics and Sociology and Politics in the Internationalization of Business,” in Charles P. Kindleberger (ed.), Multinational Excursions, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 35–50.
Kotabe, Masaaki, Dale F. Duhan, David K. Smith, Jr. and R. Dale Wilson (1991), “The Perceived Veracity of PIMS Strategy Principles in Japan: An Empirical Inquiry,” Journal of Marketing, 55(1) (January), 26–41.
Kotter, John P., and James L. Heskett (1992), Corporate Culture and Performance, New York: Free Press.
Kravis, Irving B., and Robert E. Lipsey (1992), “Sources of Competitiveness of the United States and of Its Multinational Firms,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(2) (May), 193–201.
Kudla, Ronald J. (1980), “The Effects of Strategic Planning on Common Stock Returns,” Academy of Management Journal, 23(1) (March), 5–20.
Kwoka, John E., Jr. (1992), “The Output and Profit Effects of Horizontal Joint Ventures,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(3) (September), 325–338.
Larson, Carl E., and Frank M.J. LaFasto (1990), Team Work: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Lau, L.J. (1974), “Comments on Applications of Duality Theory,” in M.D. Intriligator and D.A. Kandrick (eds.), Frontiers of Quantitative Economics, Vol. II, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 176–199.
Lawler, Edward E., III, Alan H. Mohrman and Susan M. Resnick (1984), “Performance Appraisal Revisted,” Organizational Dynamics, 13(1) (Summer), 20–35.
Lawler, Edward E., III, and Susan A. Mohrman (1985), “Quality Circles After the Fad,” Harvard Business Review, 63(1) (January-February), 65–71.
Lawless, M.W., and L.K. Finch (1989), “Choice and Determinism: A Test of Hrebiniak and Joyce’s Framework on Strategy-Environment Fit,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(4) (July/August), 351–365.
Lawrence, Paul R., and Jay Lorsch (1967), Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ledford, Gerald E., Jr., Edward E. Lawler III and Susan A. Mohrman (1988), “The Quality Circle and Its Variations,” in Productivity in Organizations, ed. John R. Campbell, Richard J. Campbell and Associates, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, ch. 10.
Lee, John Y. (1992), “How to Make Nonfinancial Data Add Up,” Journal of Accountancy, 174(3) (September), 62–66.
Lenz, R. T. (1981), “Determinants of Organizational Performance: An Interdisciplinary Review,” Strategic Management Journal, 2(2) (April-June), 131–154.
Leonard-Barton, Dorothy, and John J. Sviokla (1988), “Putting Expert Systems to Work,” Harvard Business Review, 66(2) (March-April), 91–98.
Levin, Dick (1981), The Executive’s Illustrated Primer of Long Range Planning, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Levine S., and P.E. White (1961), “Exchange as a Conceptual Framework for the Study of Interorganizational Relationships,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 5, 583–601.
Lieberman, Marvin B. (1991), “Determinants of Vertical Integration: An Empirical Test,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(5) (September), 451–466.
—, and David B. Montgomery (1988), “First-Mover Advantages,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(5) (Summer), 41–58.
Lieberson, Stanley, and James F. O’Connor (1972), “Leadership and Organizational Performance: A Study of Large Corporations,” American Sociological Review, 37(2) (April), 117–130.
Likert, Rensis (1967), The Human Organization: Its Management and Value, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lilien, Gary L., and Eunsang Yoon (1990), “The Timing of Competitive Market Entry: An Exploratory Study of New Industrial Products,” Management Science, 36(5) (May), 568–585.
Lin, Y. Joseph (1990), “The Dampening-of-Competition Effect of Exclusive Dealing,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(2) (December), 209–223.
Lippman, S.A., and R.P. Rumelt (1982), “Uncertain Instability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency Under Competition,” Bell Journal of Economics, 13(2) (Autumn), 418–438.
Little, John D.C. (1970), “Models and Managers: The Concept of a Decision Calculus,” Management Science, 16(8) (April), B-466–485.
— (1979), “Decision Support Systems for Marketing Managers,” Journal of Marketing, 43(3) (Summer), 9–26.
Long, William F., and David J. Ravenscraft (1984), “The Misuse of Accounting Rates of Return: Comment,” American Economic Review, 74(3) (June), 494–500.
Longenecker, Justin G., and Charles D. Pringle (1978), “The Illusion of Contingency Theory as a General Theory,” Academy of Management Review, 3(3) (July), 679–683.
Lorange, Peter (1980), Corporate Planning: An Executive Viewpoint, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lorsch, Jay W. (1987), Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
—, and Stephen A. Allen (1973), Managing Diversity and Interdependence: An Organizational Study of Multidivisional Firms, [plCambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
MacMillan, Ian C. (1991), “The Emerging Forum for Business Policy Scholars,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(2) (February), 161–165.
Mahoney J., and J.R. Pandian (1992), “The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(5) (June), 363–380.
Mancke, Richard B. (1974), “Causes of Interfirm Profitability Differences: A New Interpretation of the Evidence,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88(2) (May), 181–193.
Mansfield, Edwin, John Rappoport, Jerome Schnee, Samuel Wagner and Michael Hamberger (1971), Research and Innovation in the Modern Corporation, New York: W.W. Norton.
March, James G., and Johan P. Olsen (1976), Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations, Bergen, Norway: Universitetsforlaget.
Marcus, Alfred A. (1988), “Responses to Externally Induced Innovation: Their Effects on Organizational Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(4) (July/August), 387–402.
Markham, J.W. (1973), Conglomerate Enterprise and Economic Performance, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Markides, Constantinos C. (1992), “Consequences of Corporate Refocusing: Ex Ante Evidence,” Academy of Management Journal, 35(2) (June), 398–412.
Marlin, Dan, Bruce T. Lamont and James J. Hoffman (1994), “Choice Situation, Strategy, and Performance: A Reexamination,” Strategic Management Journal, 15(3) (March), 229–239.
Marshall, Alfred (1900), Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume, (8th ed.), London: Macmillan, (1949 reprint).
Marshall, Cheri T. (1987), “PIMS and the FTC Line-Of-Business Data: A Comparison,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard Business School.
Martin, Joanne (1992), Cultures in Organizations: Three Perspectives, New York: Oxford University Press.
Marx, Karl (1936), Capital, A Critique of Political Economy, New York: Modern Library.
Mascarenhas, Briance (1989), “Strategic Group Dynamics,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(2) (June), 333–352.
Mason, E.S. (1939), “Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise,” American Economic Review, (March).
Matsusaka, John G. (1993), “Target Profits and Managerial Discipline During the Conglomerate Merger Wave,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 41(2) (June), 179–189.
McAfee, R. Preston, Joseph J. Simons and Michael A. Williams (1992), “Horizontal Mergers in Spatially Differentiated Noncooperative Markets,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(4) (December), 349–358.
McCrory, Francis V., and Peter G. Gerstberger (1992), “The New Math of Performance Measurement,” Journal of Business Strategy, 13(2) (March/April), 33–38.
McFadden, Daniel (1978), “The General Linear Profit Function,” in Melvyn Fuss and Daniel McFadden (eds.), Production Economics: A Dual Approach to Theory and Applications, New York: North-Holland, 269–286.
McGee, John, and Howard Thomas (1986), “Strategic Groups: Theory, Research and Taxonomy,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(2) (March/April), 141–160.
McKinley, William (1987), “Complexity and Administrative Intensity: The Case of Declining Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(1) (March), 87–105.
Meltzer, Allan H., Alex Cukierman and Scott F. Richard (1991), Political Economy, New York: Oxford University Press.
Merton, Robert K. (1940), “Bureaucratic Structure and Personality,” Social Forces, 18, 560–568.
Michael, Donald (1973), On Learning to Plan: Planning to Learn, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Miles, Grant, Charles C. Snow and Mark P. Sharfman (1993), “Industry Variety and Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(3) (March), 163–177.
Miles, R.E., and C.C. Snow (1978), Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process, New York: McGraw-Hill.
—, and J. Pfeffer (1974), “Organization-Environment: Concepts and Issues,” Industrial Relations, 13(3) (October), 244–264.
Miller, Danny (1981), “Toward a New Contingency Approach: The Search for Organizational Gestalts,” Journal of Management Studies, 18(1) (January), 1–26.
— (1987), “Strategy Making and Structure: Analysis and Implications for Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(1) (March), 7–32.
— (1988), “Relating Porter’s Business Strategies to Environment and Structure: Analysis and Performance Implications,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(2) (June), 280–308.
— (1990), The Icarus Paradox: How Exceptional Companies Bring About Their Own Downfall, New York: Harper Business.
— (1993), “The Architecture of Simplicity,” Academy of Management Review, 18(1) (January), 116–138.
Miller, Danny, and Peter H. Friesen (1983), “Strategy-Making and Environment: The Third Link,” Strategic Management Journal, 4(3) (July/September), 221–235.
— (in collaboration with Henry Mintzberg) (1984), Organizations: A Quantum View, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
— (1986a), “Porter’s (1980) Generic Strategies and Performance: An Empirical Examination with American Data-Part I: Testing Porter,” Organization Studies, 7(1) (January), 37–55.
— (1986b), “Porter’s (1980) Generic Strategies and Performance: An Empirical Examination with American Data-Part II: Performance Implications,” Organization Studies, 7(3) (March), 255–261.
Miller, Kent D., and Philip Bromiley (1990), “Strategic Risk and Corporate Performance: An Analysis of Alternative Risk Measures,” Academy of Management Journal, 33(4) (December), 756–779.
Milliken, Frances J. (1987), “Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty About the Environment: State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty,” Academy of Management Review, 12(1) (January), 133–143.
Mintzberg, Henry (1973), “Strategy-Making in Three Modes,” California Management Review, 16(2) (Winter), 44–53.
— (1978), “Patterns in Strategy Formulation,” Management Science, 24(9) (May), 934–948.
— (1979), The Structuring of Organizations: A Synthesis of the Research, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
— (1987), “The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps for Strategy,” California Management Review, 30(1) (Fall), 11–24.
— (1990), “The Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises of Strategic Management,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(3) (March/April), 171–195.
Mohr, Lawrence B. (1971), “Organizational Technology and Organizational Structure,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(4) (December), 444–459.
— (1982), Explaining Organization Behavior, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Montgomery
Cynthia A., and Birger Wernerfelt (1988), “Diversification, Ricardian Rents, and Tobin’s q,” Rand Journal of Economics, 19(4) (Winter), 623–632.
Motta, Massimo (1993), “Endogenous Quality Choice: Price vs. Quantity Competition,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 41(2) (June), 113–131.
Murray, Alan I. (1988), “A Contingency View of Porter’s’ Generic Strategies’,” Academy of Management Review, 13(3) (July), 390–400.
Nayyar, Praveen R. (1992), “On the Measurement of Corporate Diversification Strategy: Evidence from Large U.S. Service Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(3) (March), 219–235.
Nelson, Richard R., and Sidney G. Winter (1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, MA: Belknop Press of Harvard University Press.
Newall, Allen, and Herbert A. Simon (1972), Human Problem Solving, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Newman, Howard H. (1973), “Strategic Groups and the Structure/Performance Relationship: A Study with Respect to the Chemical Process Industries,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
— (1978), “Strategic Groups and the Structure-Performance Relationship,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(3) (August), 417–427.
Noland, Marcus (1993), “The Impact of Industrial Policy on Japan’s Trade Specialization,”Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(3) (May), 241–248.
Oliver, Christine (1990), “Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions,” Academy of Management Review, 15(2) (April), 241–265.
Orphen, Christopher (1985), “The Effects of Long-Range Planning on Small Business Performance: A Further Examination,” Journal of Small Business Management, 23(1) (January), 16–23.
Orsbrun, Jack, Linda Moran, Ed Musslewhite, John H. Zenger, and Craig Perrin (1990), Self Directed Work Teams: The American Challenge, Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin.
Ouchi, William G. (1981), Theory Z, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Palia, Kyamas A., Michael A. Hitt, R. Duane Ireland, and Yezdi H. Godiwalla, (1982), Grand Corporate Strategy and Critical Functions: Interactive Effects of Organizational Dimensions, New York: Praeger Scientific.
Parsons, T. (1956), “Suggestions for a Sociological Approach to the Theory of Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 1, 65–85 and 225-239.
— (1960), Structure and Process in Modern Societies, New York: Free Press.
Pascale, Richard T., and Anthony G. Athos (1981), The Art of Japanese Management, New York: Simon and Schuster.
Patterson, William C. (1993), “First-Mover Advantage: The Opportunity Curve,” Journal of Management Studies, 30(5) (September), 759–777.
Pavan, Robert (1972), “Strategy and Structure in Italian Enterprise,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
Payne, R.L., and D.C. Pheysey (1971), “G.G. Stern’s Organizational Climate Index: A Reconceptualization and Application to Business Organizations,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6(1) (January), 77–98.
Payne, R.L., and D.S. Pugh (1976), “Organizational Structure and Climate,” in M.D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1125–1173.
Penman, Stephen H. (1991), “An Evaluation of Accounting Rate-of-Return,” Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 6(2) (Spring), 233–255.
Pennings, J.M. (1975), “The Relevance of the Structural Contingency Model for Organizational Effectiveness,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 20(3) (September), 393–410.
Penrod, Steven (1986), Social Psychology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Penrose, E.T. (1959), The Theory of Growth of the Firm, London: Basil Blackwell.
Perrow, C. (1981), “Markets, Hierarchies and Hegemony: A Critique of Chandler and Williamson,” in Andrew H. Van de Ven and William F. Joyce (eds.), Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior, New York: John Wiley, 371–386, 403-404.
Perry, Martin K., and David Besanko (1991), “Resale Price Maintenance and Manufacturer Competition for Exclusive Dealerships,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(5) (September), 517–544.
Peteraf, Margaret A. (1993), “The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(3) (March), 179–191.
Peters, Thomas J., and Robert H. Waterman (1982), In Search of Excellence: Lessons form America’s Best-Run Companies, New York: Warner Books.
Pettigrew, Andrew M. (1979), “On Studying Organizational Cultures,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4) (December), 570–581.
— (1990), “Organizational Climate and Culture: Two Constructs in Search of a Role,” in Benjamin Schneider (ed.), Organizational Climate and Culture, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pfeffer, Jeffrey (1972), “Size and Composition of Corporate Boards of Directors: The Organization and Its Environment,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(2) (June), 218–228.
— (1982), Organizations and Organization Theory, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing.
—, and Gerald R. Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, New York: Harper & Row.
Phillips, Lynn W. (1981), “Assessing Measurement Error in Key Informant Reports: A Methodological Note on Organizational Analysis in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing Research, 18(4) (November), 395–415.
—, D. Chang and R.D. Buzzell (1983), “Product Quality, Cost Position, and Business Performance: A Test of Some Key Hypotheses,” Journal of Marketing, 47(2) (Spring), 26–43.
Pitts, Robert A. (1976), “Diversification Strategies and Organizational Policies of Large Diversified Firms,” Journal of Economics and Business, 28(3) (Spring-Summer), 181–188.
— (1980), “Toward a Contingency Theory of Multibusiness Organization Design,” Academy of Management Review, 5(2) (April), 203–210.
Pooley-Dyas, Gareth (1972), “Strategy and Structure of French Enterprise,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
Porter, Michael E. (1973), “Consumer Behavior, Retailer Power and Manufacturer Strategy in Consumer Goods Industries,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
— (1979), “The Structure Within Industries and Companies’ Performance,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(2) (May), 214–227.
— (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York: Free Press.
— (1981), “The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4), 609–620.
— (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Performance, New York: Free Press and London: Collier Macmillan.
— (1986), “The Changing Patterns of International Competition,” California Management Review, 28(2) (Winter), 9–40.
— (1987), “From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy,” Harvard Business Review, 65(3) (May-June), 43–59.
— (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York: Free Press.
— (1991), “Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(5) (Winter), 95–117.
— (1992), “Capital Disadvantage: America’s Failing Capital Investment System,” Harvard Business Review, 70(5) (September-October), 65–82.
Powell, Thomas C. (1992), “Organizational Alignment as Competitive Advantage,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(2) (February), 119–134.
Prahalad, C.K., and Richard A. Bettis (1986), “The Dominant Logic: A New Linkage Between Diversity and Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(6) (November/December), 485–501.
Prahalad, C.K., and Gary Hamel (1990), “The Core Competence of the Corporation,” Harvard Business Review, 68(3) (May-June), 79–91.
Prescott, John E., Ajay K. Kohli and N. Venkatraman (1986), “The Market Share-Profitability Relationship: An Empirical Assessment of Major Assertions and Contradictions,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(4) (July/August), 377–394.
Pugh, D.S., D.J. Hickson and C. Turner (1968), “Dimensions of Organization Structure,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 13(1) (June), 65–105.
Pusic, Eugene (1987), “Social Planning, Social Policy and Political Charge,” in Fred M. Cox, John L. Ehrlich, Jack Rothman and John E. Tropman (eds.), Strategies of Community Organization: Macro Practice, 4th ed., Itasca, IL: F.R. Peacock Publishers, pp. 273–278.
Ramanujam, Vasudevan, and P. Varadarajan (1989), “Research on Corporate Diversification: A Synthesis,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(6) (November/December), 523–551.
Ramanujam, Vasudevan, and N. Venkatraman (1984), “An Inventory and Critique of Strategy Research Using the PIMS Database,” Academy of Management Review, 9(1) (January), 138–151.
Ramaswamy, Venkatram, Wayne S. DeSarbo, David J. Reibstein and William T. Robinson (1993), “An Empirical Pooling Approach for Estimating Marketing Mix Elasticities with PIMS Data,” Marketing Science, 12(1) (Winter), 103–124.
Randolph, W. Alan, and Gregory G. Dess (1984), “The Congruence Perspective of Organization Design: A Conceptual Model and Multivariate Research Approach,” Academy of Management Review, 9(1) (January), 114–127.
Ravenscraft, David J. (1983), “Structure-Profit Relationships at the Line of Business and Industry Level,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(1) (February), 22–31.
Reger, Rhonda K., and Anne Sigismund Huff (1993), “Strategic Groups: A Cognitive Perspective,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(2) (February), 103–124.
Reger, Rhonda K., Irene M. Duhaime and J.L. Stimpert (1992), “Deregulation, Strategic Choice, Risk and Financial Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(3) (March), 189–204.
Reichers, A.E., and Benjamin Schneider (1990), “Climate and Culture: An Evolution of Constructs,” in Benjamin Schneider (ed.), Organizational Climate and Culture, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Reitman, David (1991), “Endogenous Quality Differentiation in Congested Markets,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(6) (December), 621–647.
Rhoades, Stephen A. (1973), “The Effect of Diversification on Industry Profit Performance in 241 Manufacturing Industries:1963,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 55(2) (May), 146–155.
Ricardo, David (1817), Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, London: J. Murray.
Ronen, Simcha, and Sophia B. Primps (1981), “The Compressed Work Week as Organizational Change: Behavioral and Attitudinal Outcomes,” Academy of Management Review, 6(1) (January), 61–74.
Rosenman, Robert E., and Wesley W. Wilson (1991), “Quality Differentials and Prices: Are Cherries Lemons?” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(6) (December), 649–658.
Rosenzweig, Phillip M., and Jitendra V. Singh (1991), “Organizational Environments and the Multinational Enterprise,” Academy of Management Review, 16(2) (April), 340–361.
Rubin, Paul H. (1973), “The Expansion of Firms,” Journal of Political Economy, 81(4) (July/August), 936–949.
Ruefli, Timothy W. (1990), “Mean-Variance Approaches to Risk-Return Relationships in Strategy: Paradox Lost,” Management Science, 36(3) (March), 368–380.
Rumelt, Richard P. (1972), Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
— (1974) Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance, Cambridge, MA: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
— (1982), “Diversification Strategy and Profitability,” Strategic Management Journal, 3(4) (October-December), 359–369.
— (1984), “Toward a Strategic Theory of the Firm,” in R. Lamb (ed.), Competitive Strategic Management, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 556–570.
— (1987), “Theory, Strategy, and Entrepreneurship,” in D. Teece (ed.), The Competitive Challenge, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 137–158.
— (1988), “The Evaluation of Business Strategy,” in James B. Quinn, Henry Mintzberg and Robert M. James (eds.), The Strategy Process, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
— (1991), “How Much Does Industry Matter?” Strategic Management Journal, 12(3) (March), 167–185.
— (1992), “Competitive Marketing Strategy,” Panel discussion, CRSA/TIMS Marketing Science Conference, Seattle, WA.
—, Dan Schendel and David J. Teece (1991), “Strategic Management and Economics,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(special issue) (Winter), 5–29.
—, and Robin Wensley (1981), “In Search of the Market Share Effect,” Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 2–6.
Russo, Michael V. (1991), “The Multidivisional Structure as an Enabling Device: A Longitudinal Study of Discretionary Cash as a Strategic Resource,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(3) (September), 718–733.
Rust, Roland T., Donald R. Lehmann and John U. Farley (1990), “Estimating Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis, ” Journal of Marketing Research, 27(2) (May), 220–226.
Salter, Malcom S., and Wolf A. Weinhold (1979), Diversification Through Acquisition: Strategies for Creating Economic Value, New York: Free Press.
Schendel, Dan E., G.R. Patton, and James Riggs (1976), “Corporate Turnaround Strategies: A Study of Profit Decline and Recovery,” Journal of General Management, 3(3) (Spring), 3–11.
Scherer, F. M. (1980), Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance(2nd ed.), Chicago: Rand McNally.
Schermerhorn, John R., Jr. (1993), Management for Productivity, New York: John Wiley.
—, James G. Hunt, and Richard N. Osborn (1982), Managing Organizational Behavior, New York: John Wiley.
Schlesinger, Leonard A., and Janice A. Klein (1987), “The First Line Supervisor: Past, Present, and Future,” in Jay W. Lorsch, Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 358–369.
Schmalensee, Richard (1985), “Do Markets Differ Much?” American Economic Review, 75(3) (June), 341–351.
Schmookler, J. (1966), Invention and Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schneider, Benjamin, ed. (1990), Organizational Climate and Culture, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schneider, Benjamin and C.J. Bartlett (1968), “Individual Differences and Organizational Climate I: The Research Plan and Questionnaire Development,” Personnel Psychology, 21(3) (Autumn), 323–333.
— (1970), “Individual Differences and Organizational Climate II: Measurement of Organizational Climate by the Multi-Trait, Multi-Rater Matrix,” Personnel Psychology, 23(4) (Winter), 493–512.
Schoeffler, Sidney (1977), “Cross-Sectional Study of Strategy, Structure, and Performance: Aspects of the PIMS Program,” in Hans B. Thorelli (ed.), Strategy+ Structure = Performance, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 108–121.
—, Robert D. Buzzell and Donald F. Heany (1974), “Impact of Strategic Planning on Profit Performance,” Harvard Business Review, 52(2) (March-April), 137–146.
Schon, Donald (1971), Beyond the Stable State, New York: Basic Books.
Schoonhoven, Claudia B. (1981), “Problems with Contingency Theory: Testing Assumptions Hidden within the Language of Contingency Theory,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(3) (September), 349–377.
Schumacher, Ute (1991), “Buyer Structure and Seller Performance in U.S. Manufacturing Industries,” Review of Economics, 73(2) (May), 277–284.
Schwalbach, Joachim (1991), “Profitability and Market Share: A Reflection on the Functional Relationship,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(4) (May), 299–306.
Schwartz, Peter (1991), The Art of the Long View, New York: Doubleday.
Scott, W.R. (1983), “The Organization of Environments; Network, Cultural and Historical Events,” in John W. Meyer and W.R. Scott (eds.), Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality, Beverly Hills: Sage, 155–175.
Segev, Eli (1989), “A Systematic Comparative Analysis and Synthesis of Two Business-Level Strategic Typologies,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(5) (September/October), 487–505.
Sekaran, Uma (1986), Dual-Career Families, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Shaffer, Greg (1991), “Capturing Strategic Rent: Full-Line Forcing, Brand Discounts, Aggregate Rebates, and Maximum Resale Price Maintenance,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(5) (September), 557–575.
Shepherd, William G. (1972), “The Elements of Market Structure,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(1) (February), 25–35.
Shortell, Stephen M., and Edward J. Zajac (1990), “Perceptual and Archival Measures of Miles and Snow’s Strategic Types: A Comprehensive Assessment of Reliability and Validity,” Academy of Management Journal, 33(4) (December), 817–832.
Siehl, Caren, and Joanne Martin (1990), “Organizational Culture: A Key to Financial Performance?” in Benjamin Schneider (ed.), Organizational Climate and Culture, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Simon, Herbert Alexander (1991), Models of My Life, New York: Basic Books.
Simonetti, J.L., and F.G. Boseman (1975), “The Impact of Market Competition on Organization Structure and Effectiveness: A Cross-Cultural Study,” Academy of Management Journal, 18(3) (September), 631–638.
Singh, Harbir, and Cynthia A. Montgomery (1987), “Corporate Acquisition Strategies and Economic Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(4) (July/August), 377–386.
Slocum, John W., Jr., William L. Cron, Richard W. Hansen and Sallie Rawlings (1985), “Business Strategy and the Management of Plateaued Employees,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(1) (March), 133–154.
Slusky, Alexander R., and Richard E. Caves (1991), “Synergy, Agency, and the Determinants of Premia Paid in Mergers,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(3) (March), 277–296.
Smircich, Linda, and Charles Stubbart (1985), “Strategic Management in an Enacted World,” Academy of Management Review, 10(4) (October), 724–736.
Smith, Adam (1776), Wealth of Nations, London: J.M. Dent; New York: E.P. Dutton, (1910 reprint).
Smith, Ken G., and Curtis M. Grimm (1987), “Environmental Variation, Strategic Change and Firm Performance: A Study of Railroad Deregulation,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(4) (July/August), 363–376.
Smith, Ken G., Curtis M. Grimm, Martin J. Gannon and Ming-Jer Chen (1991), “Organizational Information Processing, Competitive Responses, and Performance in the U.S. Domestic Airline Industry,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(1) (March), 60–85.
Smith, Ken G., J.P. Guthrie and M.J. Chen (1986), “Miles and Snow’s Topology of Strategy, Organizational Size and Organizational Performance,” Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 45–49.
Sneath, P.H.A., and R.R. Sokal (1973), Numerical Taxonomy, San Francisco: Freeman.
Snow, Charles C, and Lawrence G. Hrebiniak (1980), “Strategy, Distinctive Competence, and Organizational Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2) (June), 317–336.
Snyder, Neil H., and William F. Glueck (1982), “Can Environmental Volatility be Measured Objectively?” Academy of Management Journal, 25(1) (March), 185–192.
Solomon, Charlene Manner (1990), “Careers Under Glass,” Personnel Journal, 69(4) (April), 96–105.
Solomon, Ezra (1970), “Alternative Rate of Return Concepts and Their Implications for Utility Regulation,” Bell Journal of Economics, 1(1) (Spring), 65–81.
Solomon, Lanny (1987), “Automation and Cost Accounting: An Overview of Manufacturers’ Experiences,” Journal of Accounting and EDP, 3(3) (Fall), 25–30.
Sorgard, Lars (1993), “A Consumer as an Entrant in the Norwegian Cement Market,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 41(2) (June), 191–204.
Spath, H. (1980), Cluster Analysis Algorithms, Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood.
Stalk, George, Jr. (1988), “Time: The Next Source of Competitive Advantage,” Harvard Business Review, 66(4) (July-August), 41–51.
—, Philip Evans and Lawrence E. Shulman (1992), “Competing on Capabilities: The New Rules of Corporate Strategy,” Harvard Business Review, 70(2), (March-April), 57–69.
Starbuck, W. (1976), “Organizations and Their Environments,” in Marvin D. Duanette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago, IL: Rand McNally College Pub. Co., 1069–1124.
Staw, Barry M., and Eugene Szwajkowski (1975), “The Scarcity-Munificence Component of Organizational Environments and the Commission of Illegal Acts,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 20(3) (September), 345–354.
Stopford, John M., and Louis T. Wells, Jr. (1972), Managing the Multinational Enterprise, New York: Basic Books.
Sundaram, Anant K., and J. Stewart Black (1992), “The Environment and Internal Organization of Multinational Enterprises,” Academy of Management Review, 17(4) (October), 729–757.
Susman, Gerald I., and Roger D. Evered (1978), “An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(4) (December), 582–603.
Swingewood, Alan (1984), A Short History of Sociological Thought, London: Macmillan.
Tagiuri, Renato, and George H. Litwin (eds.) (1968), Organization Climate: Explorations of a Concept, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Teece, D.J. (1980), “Economies of Scope and the Scope of the Enterprise,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1(3) (September), 223–247.
— (1982), “Toward an Economic Theory of the Multiproduct Firm,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3(1) (March), 39–63.
Tellis, Gerard J. (1988), “The Price Elasticity of Selective Demand: A Meta-Analysis of Econometric Models of Sales,” Journal of Marketing Research, 25(4) (November), 331–341.
Terreberry, Shirley (1968), “The Evolution of Organizational Environments,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(4) (March), 590–613.
Thanheiser, Heinz (1972), “Strategy and Structure of German Firms,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
Thomas, Alan B. (1988), “Does Leadership Make a Difference to Organizational Performance?” Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(3) (September), 388–400.
Thomas, James B., and Reuben R. McDaniel, Jr. (1990), “Interpreting Strategic Issues: Effects of Strategy and the Information-Processing Structure of Top Management Teams,” Academy of Management Journal, 33(2) (June), 286–306.
Thomas, Kenneth W., and Walter G. Tymon, Jr. (1982), “Necessary Properties of Relevant Research: Lessons from Recent Criticisms of the Organizational Sciences,” Academy of Management Review, 7(3) (July), 345–352.
Thompson, James D. (1967), Organizations in Action, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Thorelli, H.B., and S.C. Burnett (1981), “The Nature of Product Life Cycles for Industrial Goods Businesses,” Journal of Marketing, 45(4) (Fall), 97–108.
Thorndike, R.L. (1933), “The Effect of the Interval Between Test and Retest on the Constancy of the IQ,” Journal of Educational Psychology, 25, 543–549.
Tichy, Noel M., and Mary Anne Devanna (1986), The Transformational Leader, New York: John Wiley.
Tosi, Henry L., Jr., Ramon Aldag and Ronald Storey (1973), “On the Measurement of Environment: An Assessment of the Lawrence and Lorsch Environmental Uncertainty Subscale,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 18(1) (March), 27–36.
Tosi, Henry L., Jr., and John W. Slocum, Jr. (1984), “Contingency Theory: Some Suggested Directions,” Journal of Management, 10(1) (Spring), 9–26.
Tushman, Michael L., and Phillip Anderson (1986), “Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(3) (September), 439–465.
Tushman, Michael L., and David A. Nadler (1978), “Information Processing as an Integrating Concept in Organizational Design,” Academy of Management Review, 3(3) (July), 613–624.
Tushman, Michael L., and Richard R. Nelson (1990), “Introduction: Technology, Organizations, and Innovations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1) (March), 1–8.
Tushman, Michael L., William H. Newman and Elaine Romanelli (1986), “Convergence and Upheaval: Managing the Unsteady Pace of Organizational Evolution,” California Management Review, 29(1) (Fall), 29–44.
Tushman, Michael L., and Elaine Romanelli (1985), “Organizational Evolution: A Model of Convergence and Reorientation Research,” in Larry L. Cummings and Barry Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 7, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Tushman, Michael L., B. Virany and E. Romanelli (1989), “A Longitudinal Study on the Determinants of Executive Succession,” working paper, Columbia University Graduate School of Business.
Urwick, Lyndall Fownes (1944), The Elements of Administration, New York: Harper and Brothers.
Van de Ven, Andrew H. (1983), “Review of In Search of Excellence” Administrative Science Review, 28, 621–624.
— (1989), “Nothing Is Quite So Practical as a Good Theory,” Academy of Management Review, 14(4) (October), 488.
—, A. Delbecq and R. Koenig (1976), “Determinants of Coordination Modes Within Organizations,” American Sociological Review, 41(2) (April), 322–338.
—, and Gordon Walker (1984), “The Dynamics of Interorganizational Coordination,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4) (December), 598–621.
Vancil, Richard F. (1979), Decentralization: Managerial Ambiguity by Design, Homewood, IL: Dow Jones Irwin.
Varadarajan, P. Rajan, and Vasudevan Ramanujam (1987), “Diversification and Performance: A Reexamination Using a New Two-Dimensional Conceptualization of Diversity in Firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(2) (June), 380–393.
Venkatraman N., and John C. Camillus (1984), “Explaining the Concept of’ Fit’ in Strategic Management,” Academy of Management Review, 9(3) (July), 513–525.
Venkatraman N., and John H. Grant (1986), “Construct Measurement in Organizational Strategy Research: A Critique and Proposal,” Academy of Management Review, 11(1) (January), 71–87.
Venkatraman N., and John E. Prescott (1990), “Environment-Strategy Coalignment: An Empirical Test of Its Performance Implications,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(1) (January), 1–23.
Vernon, John M. (1972), Market Structure and Industrial Performance: A Review of Statistical Findings, Marketing Science Institute Series, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Vernon, Raymond (1966), “International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80 (May), 190–207.
Vickers, Sir Geoffrey (1965), The Art of Judgment, New York: Basic Books.
Walsh, James P., and James K. Seward (1990), “On the Efficiency of Internal and External Corporate Control Mechanisms,” Academy of Management Review, 15(3) (July), 421–458.
Wansell, Geoffrey (1987), Tycoon: The Life of James Goldsmith, New York: Atheneum Press.
Warren, Roland, Stephen Rose and Ann Bergunder (1974), The Structure of Urban Reform, Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Waterson, Michael (1990), “Product Differentiation and Profitability: An Asymmetric Model,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(2) (December), 113–130.
Weber, Max (1946), in A.M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons (Eds. and translators) (1947), Max Weber: The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, New York: Free Press.
Weick, Karl E. (1969), The Social Psychology of Organizing(2nd ed.), Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Weiner, Nan, and Thomas A. Mahoney (1981), “A Model of Corporate Performance as a Function of Environmental, Organizational, and Leadership Influences,” Academy of Management Journal, 24(3) (September), 453–470.
Welch, John (1984), General Electric Annual Report.
Wells, Louis T., Jr. (1968), “A Product Life Cycle for International Trade,” Journal of Marketing, 32(3) (July), 1–6.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984), “A Resource Based View of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 5(2) (April/June), 171–180.
West, Douglas S. (1992), “An Empirical Analysis of Retail Chains and Shopping Center Similarity,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 40(2) (June), 201–221.
White, Roderick E., and Richard G. Hamermesh (1981), “Toward a Model of Business Unit Performance: An Integrative Approach,” Academy of Management Review, 6(2) (April), 213–223.
Wilkins, Alan L., and W. Gibb Dyer, Jr. (1988), “Toward Culturally Sensitive Theories of Culture Change,” Academy of Management Review, 13(4) (October), 522–533.
Williamson, Oliver E. (1967), The Economics of Discretionary Behavior, Managerial Objectives in a Theory of the Firm, Chicago: Markham.
— (1975), Markets and Hierarchies, Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York: Free Press.
— (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York: Free Press.
— (1991), “Strategizing, Economizing and Economic Organization,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(5) (Winter), 75–94.
—, and William C. Ouchi (1981), “The Markets and Hierarchies Program of Research: Origins, Implications, Prospects,” in Andrew H. Van de Ven and William F. Joyce (eds.), Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior, New York: John Wiley, 387–390.
Wiseman, Robert M., and Philip Bromiley (1991), “Risk-Return Associations: Paradox or Artifact? An Empirically Tested Explanation,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(3) (March), 231–241.
Woo, Carolyn Y. (1984), “An Empirical Test of Value Based Planning Models and Implications,” Management Science, 30(9) (September), 1031–1050.
Woo, Carolyn Y., and A.C. Cooper (1981), “Strategies of Effective Low Share Businesses,” Strategic Management Journal, 2(3) (July/September), 301–318.
— (1982), “The Surprising Case for Low Market Share,” Harvard Business Review, 60(6) (November-December), 106–113.
— (1984), “Market Share Leadership: Not Always So Good,” Harvard Business Review, 62(1) (January-February), 50–54.
Woodman, Richard W., and Donald C. King (1978), “Organizational Climate: Science or Folklore,” Academy of Management Review, 3(4) (October), 816–826.
Woodward, Joan (1965), Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice, London: Oxford University Press.
Wooldridge, Bill, and Steven W. Floyd (1990), “The Strategy Process, Middle Management Involvement, and Organizational Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(3) (March/April), 231–241.
Wrigley, Leonard (1970), “Divisional Autonomy and Diversification,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
Yasai-Ardekani, Masoud (1986), “Structural Adaptations to Environments,” Academy of Management Review, 11(1) (January), 9–21.
— (1989), “Effects of Environmental Scarcity and Munificence on the Relationship of Context to Organizational Structure,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(1) (March), 131–156.
Zajac, Edward J., and Stephen M. Shortell (1989), “Changing Generic Strategies: Likelihood, Direction and Performance Implications,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(5) (September/October), 413–430.
Zeitz, Gerald (1980), “Interorganizational Dialectics,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1) (March), 72–88.
2 References for Hambrick’s 1980-1985 “Top 50” Strategy Studies: (see Section II.4.1 in Chapter II)
Abell, Derek F. (1980), Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Anderson, Carl A., and Carl P. Zeithaml (1984), Stage of the Product Life Cycle, Business Strategy, and Business Performance,“ Academy of Management Journal, 27(1) (March), 5–24.
Astley, W. Graham, and Andrew H. Van de Ven (1983), “Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(2) (June), 245–273.
Bourgeois L. J., III (1980a), “Performance and Consensus,” Strategic Management Journal, 1(2) (July-September), 227–248.
— (1980b), “Strategy and Environment: A Conceptual Integration,” Academy of Management Review, 5(1) (January), 25–39.
—(1981), “On the Measurement of Organizational Slack,” Academy of Management Review, 6(1) (January), 29–39.
Burgelman, Robert A. (1983), “A Process Model of Internal Corporate Venturing in the Diversified Major Firm,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(2) (June), 223–244.
Cosier, Richard A. (1981), “Dialectical Inquiry in Strategic Planning: A Case of Premature Acceptance?,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 643–648.
Deal, Terrence E., and Allen A. Kennedy (1982), Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Fredrickson, James W. (1984), “The Comprehensiveness of Strategic Decision Processes: Extension, Observations, Future Directions,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(30) (September), 445–466.
Freeman, R. Edward (1984), Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Boston: Pitman.
Grant, John H., and W.R. King (1982), The Logic of Strategic Planning, Boston: Little, Brown.
Gupta, Anil K., and V. Govindarajan (1984), “Business Unit Strategy, Managerial Characteristics and Business Unit Effectiveness at Strategy Implementation,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(1) (March), 25–41.
Hall, William K. (1980), “Survival Strategies in a Hostile Environment,” Harvard Business Review, 58(5) (September-October), 78–85.
Hambrick, Donald C. (1980), “Operationalizing the Concept of Business-Level Strategy in Research,” Academy of Management Review, 5(4) (October), 567–575.
— (1981), “Environment, Strategy and Power Within Top Management Teams,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(2) (June), 253–276.
— (1983a), “An Empirical Typology of Mature Industrial-Product Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(2) (June), 213–230.
— (1983b), “Some Tests of the Effectiveness and Functional Attributes of Miles and Snow’s Strategic Types,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(1) (March), 5–26.
— (1986), “Research in Strategic Management, 1980-1985: Critical Perceptions and Reality,” paper presented at Academy of Management Symposium meeting, August 1986.
—, Ian C. MacMillan and Diana L. Day (1982), “Strategic Attributes and Performance in the BCG Matrix: A PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial Product Businesses,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(2) (September), 510–531.
—, and Phyllis A. Mason (1984), “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers,” Academy of Management Review, 9(2) (April), 193–206.
Harrigan, Kathryn. R. (1980), Strategies for Declining Businesses, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Haspeslagh, Philippe (1982), “Portfolio Planning: Uses and Limits,” Harvard Business Review, 60(1) (January-February), 58–73.
Hayes, Robert H., and William J. Abernathy (1980), “Managing our Way to Economic Decline,” Harvard Business Review, 58(4) (July-August), 67–77.
Hitt, Michael A., R. Duane Ireland and K. A. Palia (1982), “Industrial Firms’ Grand Strategy and Functional Importance: Moderating Effects of Technology and Uncertainty,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(2) (June), 265–298.
Jemison, David B. (1981a), “The Importance of an Integrative Approach to Strategic Management Research,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 601–608.
— (1981b), “The Contributions of Administrative Behavior to Strategic Management,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 633–642.
Kudla, Ronald. J. (1980), “The Effects of Strategic Planning on Common Stock Returns,” Academy of Management Journal, 23(1) (March), 5–20.
Lindsay, William L., and Leslie W. Rue (1980), “Impact of the Organization Environment on the Long-Range Planning Process: A Contingency View,” Academy of Management Journal, 23(3) (September), 385–404.
MacMillan, Ian C, Donald C. Hambrick, and Diana L. Day (1982), “The Product Portfolio and Profitability: A PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial-Product Businesses,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(4) (December), 733–755.
Mason, Richard O., and Ian I. Mitroff (1981), Challenging Strategic Planning Assumptions, New York: Wiley.
Miller, Danny (1981), “Toward a New Contingency Approach: The Search for Organizational Gestalts,” Journal of Management Studies, 18(1) (January), 1–26.
—, and Peter H. Friesen (1980a), “Achetypes of Organizational Transition,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2) (June), 268–299.
—, and Peter H. Friesen (1980b), “Momentum and Revolution in Organizational Adaptation,” Academy of Management Journal, 23(4) (December), 591–614.
—, Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries and Jean-Marie Toulouse (1982), “Top Executive Locus of Control and Its Relationship to Strategy-Making, Structure, and Environment,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(2) (June), 237–253.
Mintzberg, Henry (1983), Power in and Around Organizations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Mitroff, Ian I., and Richard O. Mason (1981), “The Metaphysics of Policy and Planning: A Reply to Cosier,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 649–651.
Narayanan V. K., and Liam Fahey (1982), “The Micro-Politics of Strategy Formulation,” Academy of Management Review, 7(1) (January), 25–34.
Peters, Thomas J., and Robert H. Waterman (1984), In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies, New York: Warner Books.
Pfeffer, Jeffrey (1981a), Power in Organization, Marshfield, MA: Pitman.
— (1981b), “Management as Symbolic Action: The Creation and Maintenance of Organizational Paradigms.” In L.L. Cummings and B.M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 2, 1–52, JAI Press, Inc.
Porter, Michael E. (1980), Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York: Free Press.
— (1981), “The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management,” Academy of Management Review, 6(4) (October), 609–620.
Quinn, James B. (1980), Strategies for Change: Logical Incrementalism, Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
Ramanujam, Vasudevan, and N. Venkatraman (1984), “An Inventory and Critique of Strategy Research Using the PIMS Database,” Academy of Management Review, 9(1) (January), 138–151.
Scherer, Fredrick M. (1980), Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Chicago: Rand McNally College Pub. Co.
Snow, Charles C, and Donald C. Hambrick (1980), “Measuring Organizational Strategies: Some Theoretical and Methodological Problems,” Academy of Management Review, 5(4) (October), 527–538.
Snow, Charles C, and Lawrence G. Hrebiniak (1980), “Strategy, Distinctive Competence, and Organizational Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2) (June), 317–336.
White, Roderick E., and Richard G. Hamermesh (1981), “Toward a Model of Business Unit Performance: An Integrative Approach,” Academy of Management Review, 6(2) (April), 213–223.
Wissema J. G., H.W. Van Der Pol and H.M. Messer (1980), “Strategic Management Archetypes,” Strategic Management Journal, 1(1) (January-March), 37–47.
Woo, Carolyn Y., and Arnold C. Cooper (1981), “Strategies of Effective Low Share Businesses,” Strategic Management Journal, 2(3) (July-September), 301–318.
3 References for our 1984-1993 “Top 50 Plus” Strategy Studies:(see Section II.4.2 in Chapter II)
Amit, Raphael, and Paul J.H. Schoemaker (1993), “Strategic Assets and Organizational Rent,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(1) (January), 33–46.
Axelrod, Robert M. (1984), The Evolution of Cooperation, New York: Basic Books.
Barney, Jay (1991), “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage,” Journal of Management, 17(1) (March), 99–120.
Bartlett, Christopher A., and Sumanatra Ghoshal (1989), Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, Boston: Harvard Business School.
Boeker, W. (1989), “Strategic Change: The Effects of Founding and History,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(3) (September), 489–515.
Caves, Richard E., and Pankaj Ghemawat (1992), “Identifying Mobility Barriers,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(1) (January), 1–12.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr (1990), Scale and Scope: the Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Cambridge: Belknap Press.
—(1991), “The Functions of the HQ Unit in the Multibusiness Firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter), 31–50.
Deming, W. Edwards (1986), Out of the Crisis, Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989a), “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review,” Academy of Management Review, 14(1) (January), 57–74.
—(1989b), “Making Fast Strategic Decisions in High-Velocity Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(3) (September), 543–576.
—, and L.J. Bourgeois III (1988), “Politics of Strategic Decision Making in High-Velocity Environments: Toward a Midrange Theory,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(4) (December), 737–770.
Fredrickson, James W. (1984), “The Comprehensiveness of Strategic Decision Processes: Extension, Observations, Future Directions,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(3) (September), 445–466.
—(1986), “The Strategic Decision Process and Organizational Structure,” Academy of Management Review, 11(2) (April), 280–297.
—, and Anthony L. Iaquinto (1989), “Inertia and Creeping Rationality in Strategic Decision Processes,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(3) (September), 516–542.
Gersick, Connie J.G. (1991), “Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm,” Academy of Management Review, 16(1) (January), 10–36.
Ghemawat, Pankaj (1986), “Sustainable Advantage,” Harvard Business Review, 64(5) (September-October), 53–58.
Govindarajan, Vijay (1988), “A Contingency Approach to Strategy Implementation at the Business-Unit Level: Integrating Administrative Mechanisms with Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(4) (December), 828–853.
Grant, Robert M. (1991), “The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation,” California Management Review, 33(3) (Spring), 114–135.
Gupta, Anil K., and Vijay Govindarajan (1991), “Knowledge Flows and the Structure of Control within Multinational Corporations,” Academy of Management Review, 16(4) (October), 768–792.
Hambrick, Donald C. (1987), “The Top Management Team: Key to Strategic Success,” California Management Review, 30(1) (Fall), 88–108.
—, and Phyllis A. Mason (1984), “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers,” Academy of Management Review, 9(2) (April), 193–206.
Hamel, Gary, and C.K. Prahalad (1989), “Strategic Intent,” Harvard Business Review, 67(3) (May-June), 63–76.
—,(1993), “Strategy as Stretch and Leverage,” Harvard Business Review, 71(2) (March-April), 75–84.
Hammer, Michael (1990), “Reengineering Work: Don’t Automate, Obliterate,” Harvard Business Review, 68(4) (July-August), 104–112.
Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie (1985), “Vertical Integration and Corporate Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(2) (June), 397–425.
—(1988), “Joint Ventures and Competitive Strategy,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(2) (March/April), 141–158.
Hayes, Robert H., and Steven C. Wheelwright (1984), Restoring Our Competitive Edge: Competing Through Manufacturing, New York: John Wiley.
Hrebiniak, Lawrence G., and William F. Joyce (1985), “Organizational Adaptation: Strategic Choice and Environmental Determinism,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 30(3) (September), 336–349.
Itami, Hiroyuki, and Tsuyoshi Numagami (1992), “Dynamic Interaction between Strategy and Technology,” Strategic Management Journal, 13 (Winter), 119–135.
Lieberman, Marvin B., and David B. Montgomery (1988), “First-Mover Advantages,” Strategic Management Journal, 9 (Summer), 41–58.
McGee, John, and Howard Thomas (1986), “Strategic Groups: Theory, Research and Taxonomy,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(2) (March/April), 141–160.
Miller, Danny (1987a), “Strategy Making and Structure: Analysis and Implications for Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(1) (March), 7–32.
—(1987b), “The Genesis of Configuration,” Academy of Management Review, 12(4) (October), 686–701.
—(1993), “The Architecture of Simplicity,” Academy of Management Review, 18(1) (January), 116–138.
—, and Peter H. Friesen (in collaboration with Henry Mintzberg) (1984), Organizations: A Quantum View, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Mintzberg, Henry (1990), “The Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises of Strategic Management,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(3) (March/April), 171–195.
—, and James A. Waters (1985), “Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent,” Strategic Management Journal, 6(3) (July/September), 257–272.
Morgan, Gareth (1986), Images of Organization, Beverly Hills: Sage.
Peteraf, Margaret A. (1993), “The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(3) (March), 179–191.
Porter, Michael E. (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: Free Press.
—(1987), “From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy,” Harvard Business Review, 65(3) (May-June), 43–59.
—(1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York: Free Press.
—(1991), “Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy,” Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter), 95–117.
Prahalad, C.K., and Richard A. Bettis (1986), “The Dominant Logic: a New Linkage Between Diversity and Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(6) (November/December), 485–501.
Prahalad, C.K., and Gary Hamel (1990), “The Core Competence of the Corporation,” Harvard Business Review, 68(3) (May-June), 79–91.
Rumelt, Richard P. (1991). “How Much Does Industry Matter?” Strategic Management Journal, 12(3) (March), 167–185.
—, Dan Schendel and David J. Teece (1991), “Strategic Management and Economics,” Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter), 5–29.
Singh, Harbir, and Cynthia A. Montgomery (1987), “Corporate Acquisition Strategies and Economic Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(4) (July/August), 377–386.
Stalk, George, Jr. (1988), “Time: The Next Source of Competitive Advantage,” Harvard Business Review, 66(4) (July-August), 41–51.
—, Jr., Philip Evans and Lawrence E. Shulman (1992), “Competing on Capabilities: The New Rules of Corporate Strategy,” Harvard Business Review, 70(2), (March-April), 57–69.
Tichy, Noel M., and Mary Anne Devanna (1986), The Transformational Leader, New York: John Wiley.
Venkatraman, N. (1989), “The Concept of Fit in Strategy Research: Toward Verbal and Statistical Correspondence,” Academy of Management Journal, 14(3) (July), 423–444.
Wernerfelt, Birger (1984), “A Resource-Based View of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 5(2) (April/June), 171–180.
Williamson, Oliver E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York: Free Press.
—. (1991), “Strategizing, Economizing and Economic Organization,” Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter), 75–94.
—., and Sidney G. Winter (eds.) (1991), The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution and Development, New York: Oxford University Press.
4 References for the Meta-Analysis of Financial Performance Literature (see Section II.3 in Chapter II)
Aaker, David A., and Robert Jacobson (1987), “The Role of Risk in Explaining Differences in Profitability,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(2) (June), 277–296.
Abbott, Walter F., and R. Joseph Monsen (1979), “On the Measurement of Corporate Social Responsibility: Self-Reported Disclosures as a Method of Measuring Corporate Social Involvement,” Academy of ManagementJournal, 22(3) (September), 501–515.
Adams, William James (1976), “International Differences in Corporate Profitability,” Economica, 43(172) (November), 367–379.
Alexander, Gordon J., and Rogene A. Buchholz (1978), “Corporate Social Responsibility and Stock Market Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 21(3) (September), 479–486.
Alexander, Sidney S. (1949), “The Effect of Size of Manufacturing Corporation on the Distribution of theRate of Return,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 31(3) (August), 229–235.
Allen, Michael Patrick, and Sharon K. Panian (1982), “Power, Performance, and Succession in the Large Corporation,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(4) (December), 538–547.
Allen, Robert F. (1983), “Efficiency, Market Power, and Profitability in American Manufacturing,” Southern Economic Journal, 49(4) (April), 933–940.
Amato, Louis, and Ronald P. Wilder (1985), “The Effects of Firm Size on Profit Rates in U.S. Manufacturing,” Southern Economic Journal, 52(1) (July), 181–190.
Amit, Raphael, and Joshua Livnat (1989), “Efficient Corporate Diversification: Methods and Implications,” Management Science, 35(7) (July), 879–897.
Anderson, Carl R., and Carl P. Zeithaml (1984), “Stage of the Product Life Cycle, Business Strategy, and Business Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(1) (March), 5–24.
Anderson, John C, and Alan W. Frankle (1980), “Voluntary Social Reporting: An Iso-Beta Portfolio Analysis,” Accounting Review, 55(3) (July), 467–479.
Ansoff, H. Igor, Jay Avner, Richard G. Brandenburg, Fred E. Portner and Raymond Radosevich (1979), “Does Planning Pay? The Effect of Planning on Success of Acquisitions in American Firms,” Long Range Planning, 3(2) (December), 2–7.
Anterasian, Cathy, and John L. Graham (1989), “When It’s Good Management to Sacrifice Market Share,” Journal of Business Research, 19(3) (November), 187–213.
Arditti, Fred D. (1967), “Risk and the Required Return on Equity,” Journal of Finance, 22(1) (March), 19–36.
Armandi, Barry R., and Edgar W. Mills, Jr. (1982), “Organizational Size, Structure, and Efficiency: A Test of a Blau-Hage Model,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 41(1) (January), 43–60.
Armour H., and D. Teece (1978), “Organizational Structure and Economic Performance: a Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis,” Bell Journal of Economics, 9(1) (Spring), 106–122.
Arndt, Johan (1977), “Exploring Relationships Between Market Structure and Performance in Retailing,” in Strategy + Structure = Performance, ed. Hans B. Thorelli, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 237–246.
Aupperle, Kenneth E., Archie B. Carroll and John D. Hatfield (1985), “An Empirical Examination of the Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(2) (June), 446–463.
Ayanian, Robert (1975), “Advertising and Rate of Return,” Journal of Law and Economics, 18(2) (October), 479–506.
Bain, Joe S. (1951), “Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration: American Manufacturing, 1936-1940,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 65(3) (August), 293–324.
Baker, Robert Henry,.Jr. (1981), “The Impact of Performance-Based Incentive Compensation on the Profitability and Growth of Commercial Banks,” doctoral dissertation, The Stonier Graduate School of Banking.
Baker, Samuel H. (1973), “Risk, Leverage and Profitability: An Industry Analysis,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 55(4) (November) 503–507.
Balasubramanian, Siva K., and V. Kumar (1990), “Analyzing Variations in Advertising and Promotional Expenditures: Key Correlates in Consumer, Industrial, and Service Markets,” Journal of Marketing, 54(2) (April), 57–68
Bass, Frank M. (1974), “Profit and the A/S Ratio,” Journal of Advertising Research, 14(6) (December), 9–19.
—, Philippe Cattin and Dick R. Wittink (1978), “Firm Effects and Industry Effects in the Analysis of Market Structure and Profitability,” Journal of Marketing Research, 15(1) (February), 3–10.
Beard, Donald W., and Gregory G. Dess (1981), “Corporate-Level Strategy, Business-Level Strategy, and Firm Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 24(4) (December), 663–688.
Beattie, D.L. (1980), “Conglomerate Diversification and Performance: A Survey and Time Series Analysis,” Applied Economics12(3) (September), 251–273.
Belkaoui, Ahmed (1976), “The Impact of the Disclosure of the Environmental Effects of Organizational Behavior on the Market,” Financial Management, 5(4) (Winter), 26–31.
Beng, Gan Wae (1978), “The Relationship Between Market Concentration and Profitability in Malaysian Manunfacturing Industries,” Malayan Economic Review, 23(1) (April), 1–13.
Benjamin, Gary Martin (1983), “A Study of the Relationship Between Organization Climate Measures and Organization Performance Measures,” doctoral dissertation, The University of Toledo.
Bettis, Richard A. (1981), “Performance Differences in Related and Unrelated Diversified Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 2(4) (October-December), 379–393.
—, and William K. Hall (1982), “Diversification Strategy, Accounting Determined Risk, and Accounting Determined Return,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(2) (June), 254–564.
—, and Vijay Mahajan (1985), “Risk/Return, Performance of Diversified Firms,” Management Science, 31(7) (July), 785–799.
Biggadike, Ralph (1979), “The Risky Business of Diversification,” Harvard Business Review, 57(3) (May-June), 103–111.
Birley, Sue, and Paul Westhead (1990), “Growth and Performance Contrasts Between’ Types’ of Small Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(7) (November/December), 535–557.
Bloch, Harry (1974a), “Advertising and Profitability: A Reappraisal,” Journal of Political Economy, 82(2, Part I) (March-April), 267–286.
—(1974b), “Prices, Costs, and Profits in Canadian Manufacturing: the Influence of Tariffs and Concentration,” Canadian Journal of Economics, 7(4) (November), 594–610.
—(1981), “Concentration and Profitability in Canadian Manufacturing: An Indirect Test of The Effect of Aggregation,” Canadian Journal of Economics, 14(1) (February), 130–135.
Boag, David A., and Ali Dastmalchian (1988), “Growth Strategies and Performance in Electronics Companies,” Industrial Marketing Management, 17(4) (November), 329–336.
Boeker, Warren, and Jerry Goodstein (1991), “Organizational Performance and Adaptation: Effects of Environment and Performance on Changes in Board Composition,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(4) (December), 805–826.
Bothwell, James L., Thomas F. Cooley and Thomas E. Hall (1984), “A New View of the Market Structure-Performance Debate,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 32(4) (June), 397–417.
Boulding, William, and Richard Staelin (1990), “Environment, Market Share and Market Power,” Management Science, 36(10) (October), 1160–1177.
Bourgeois, L.J., III (1980), “Performance and Consensus,” Strategic Management Journal, 1(3) (July-September), 227–248.
—(1985), “Strategic Goals, Perceived Uncertainty, and Economic Performance in Volatile Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(3) (September), 548–573.
Bowman, Edward H. (1980), “A Risk/Return Paradox for Strategic Management,” Sloan Management Review, 21(3) (Spring), 17–31.
—, and Mason Haire (1975), “A Strategic Posture Toward Corporate Social Responsibility,” California Management Review, 18(2) (Winter), 49–58.
Bracker, Jeffrey S., Barbara W. Keats and John N. Pearson (1988), “Planning and Financial Performance Among Small Firms in a Growth Industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(6) (November/ December), 591–603.
Bradburd, Ralph M. (1982), “Price-Cost Margins in Producer Goods Industries and’ The Importance of Being Unimportant’,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 64(3) (August), 405–412.
—, and Richard E. Caves (1982), “A Closer Look at the Effect of Market Growth on Industries’ Profits,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 64(4) (November), 635–645.
—, Thomas Pugel and Katrina Pugh (1991), “Internal Rent Capture and the Profit-Concentration Relation,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 73(3) (August), 432–440.
Bragdon, Joseph H., Jr., and John A. T. Marlin (1972), “Is Pollution Profitable?” Risk Management, 19(4) (April), 9–18.
Branch, Ben (1973), “Research and Development and Its Relation to Sales Growth,” Journal of Economics and Business, 25(2) (Winter), 107–111
—(1974), “Research and Development Activity and Profitability: A Distributed Lag Analysis,” Journal of Political Economy, 82(5) (September-October), 999–1011.
—, and Bradley Gale (1983), “Linking Corporate Stock Price Performance to Strategy Formulation,” Journal of Business Strategy, 4(1) (Summer), 40–50.
Brawley, Dorothy Elizabeth (1982), “Strategy, Structure, and Performance Among the’ Stars’,” doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University.
Buzzell, Robert D. (1983), “Is Vertical Integration Profitable?” Harvard Business Review, 61(1) (January-February), 92–102.
— and P.W. Farris (1977), “Marketing Costs in Consumer Goods Industries,” in Strategy + Structure = Performance, H. B. Thorelli (ed.), Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 122–145.
—, Bradley T. Gale and R.G. Sultan (1975), “Market Share: A Key to Profitability,” Harvard Business Review, 53(1) (January-February), 97–106.
Cable, John (1985), “Capital Market Information and Industrial Performance: The Role of West German Banks,” Economic Journal, 95(377) (March), 118–132.
Capon, Noel, James M. Hulbert, John U. Farley and L. Elizabeth Martin (1988), “Corporate Diversity and Economic Performance: The Impact of Market Specialization,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(1) January/February), 61–74.
Carpenter, Gregory S. (1987), “Modeling Competitive Marketing Strategies: The Impact of Marketing-Mix Relationships and Industry Structure,” Marketing Science, 6(2) (Spring), 208–221.
Carroll, Carolyn, and K.C. John Wei (1988), “Risk, Return and Equilibrium: An Extension,” Journal of Business, 61(4) (October), 485–499.
Chaganti, Rajeswararao, and Fariborz Damanpour (1991), “Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure, and Firm Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(7) (October), 479–491.
Chakravarthy, Balaji S. (1986), “Measuring Strategic Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(5) (September-October), 437–458.
Chandrasekaran, G. (1982), “Strategy, Structure, Market Concentration and Organization Performance,” doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Chang, Sea Jin, and Unghwan Choi (1988), “Strategy, Structure and Performance of Korean Business Groups: A Transactions Cost Approach,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 37(2) (December), 141–158.
Chappell, Henry W., Jr., William H. Marks and Imkoo Park (1983), “Measuring Entry Barriers Using a Switching Regression Model of Industry Profitability,” Southern Economic Journal, 49(4) (April), 991–1001.
Chatterjee, Sayan, and Birger Wernerfelt (1991), “The Link Between Resources and Type of Diversification: Theory and Evidence,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(1) (January), 33–48.
Chevalier, Michel (1972), “The Strategy Spectre Behind Your Market Share,” European Business, 34 (Summer), 63–72.
Child, John (1974), “Managerial and Organizational Factors Associated with Company Performance: Part I,” Journal of Management Studies, 11(3) (October), 175–189.
—(1975), “Managerial and Organizational Factors Associated with Company Performance: Part II. A Contingency Analysis,” Journal of Management Studies, 12(1) (February), 12–27.
Chou, Tein-Chen (1986), “Concentration, Profitability and Trade in a Simultaneous Equation Analysis: The Case of Taiwan,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 34(4) (June), 429–443.
Christensen, H. Kurt, and Cynthia A. Montgomery (1981), “Corporate Economic Performance: Diversification Strategy Versus Market Structure,” Strategic Management Journal, 2(4) (October-December), 327–343.
Clark, Jeffrey A. (1986), “Market Structure, Risk, and Profitability: The Quiet Life Hypothesis Revisited,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 26(1) (Spring), 45–56.
Clark, Kim B. (1984), “Unionization and Firm Performance: The Impact on Profits, Growth, and Productivity,” American Economic Review, 74(5) (December), 893–919.
Clarke, R. (1984), “Profit Margins and Market Concentration in U.K. Manufacturing Industry: 1970-1976,” Applied Economics, 16(1) (February), 57–71.
Clarke, Roger, Stephen Davies and Michael Waterson (1984), “The Profitability-Concentration Relation: Market Power or Efficiency?” Journal of Industrial Economics, 32(4) (June), 435–450.
Cochran, Philip L., and {Robert A. Wood (1984), “Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(1) (March), 42–56.
Cochran, Philip L., Steven L. Wartick and Robert A. Wood (1984), “The Average Age of Boards and Financial Performance, Revisited,” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 23(4) (Autumn), 57–63.
Collins, Norman R., and Lee E. Preston (1966), “Concentration and Price-Cost Margins in Food Manufacturing Industries,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 14(3) (July), 226–242.
—(1968), Concentration and PriceCost Margins in Manufacturing Industries, rkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
—(1969), “Price-Cost Margins and Industry Structure,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 51(3) (August), 271–286.
Comanor, William S., and Thomas A. Wilson (1967), “Advertising Market Structure and Performance,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 49(4) (November), 423–440.
—(1974), Advertising and Market Power, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityPress.
Conant, Jeffrey S., Michael P. Mokwa and P. Rajan Varadarajan (1990), “Strategic Types, Distinctive Marketing Competencies and Organizational Performance: A Multiple Measures-Based Study,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(5) (September), 365–383.
Conrad, Gordon R., and Irving H. Plotkin (1968), “Risk/Return: U.S. Industry Pattern,” Harvard Business Review, 46(2) (March-April), 90–99.
Cootner, Paul H., and Daniel M. Holland (1970), “Rate of Return and Business Risk,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 1(2) (Autumn), 211–226.
Covin, Jeffrey G., and Dennis P. Slevin (1988), “The Influence of Organization Structure on the Utility of an Entrepreneurial Top Management Style,” Journal of Management Studies, 25(3) (May), 217–234.
Cowling, Keith, and Michael Waterson (1976), “Price-Cost Margins and Market Structure,” Economica, 43(171) (August), 267–274.
Craig, C. Samuel, and Susan P. Douglas (1982), “Strategic Factors Associated with Market and Financial Performance,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 22(2) (Summer), 101–112.
Cron, William Leo (1981), “Market Strategy: An Empirical Examination of its Impact on the Financial Performance of Wholesalers,” doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
Crum, William Leonard (1929), Corporate Earning Power, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 145–153
—(1939), Corporate Size and Earning Power, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Dalton, Dan R., and Idalene F. Kesner (1985), “Organizational Performance as an Antecedent of Inside/Outside Chief Executive Succession: An Empirical Assessment,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(4) (December), 749–762.
Damanpour, Fariborz, Kathryn A. Szabat and William M. Evan (1989), “The Relationship Between Types of Innovation and Organizational Performance,” Journal of Management Studies, 26(6) (November), 587–601.
Daskin, Alan J., and John D. Wolken (1989), “An Empirical Investigation of the Critical Herfmdahl Index in Banking,” Journal of Economics and Business, 41(2) (May), 95–105.
Datta, Deepak K. (1991), “Organizational Fit and Acquisition Performance: Effects of Post-Acquisition Integration,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(4) (May), 281–297.
—, George E. Pinches and V.K. Narayanan (1992), “Factors Influencing Wealth Creation from Mergers and Acquisitions: A Meta-Analysis,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(1) (January), 67–84.
Datta, Y. (1979), “Competitive Strategy and Performance of Firms in the U.S. TV Set Industry: 1950-1960,” in Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1979, 113–117.
Davidson, William H. (1984), “Administrative Orientation and International Performance,” Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2) (Fall), 11–23.
Dess, Gregory G., and Peter S. Davis (1984), “Porter’s (1980) Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(3) (September), 467–488.
Dewing, Arthur Stone (1921), “A Statistical Test of the Success of Consolidations,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 36(1) (November), 84–101.
Dixon, Bruce L., Philip Garcia and Margot Anderson (1987), “Usefulness of Pretests for Estimating Underlying Technologies Using Dual Profit Functions,” International Economic Review, 28(3) (October), 623–633.
Dollinger, Marc J. (1984), “Environmental Boundary Spanning and Information Processing Effects on Organizational Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(2) (June), 351–368.
Donaldson, Lex (1987), “Strategy and Structural Adjustment to Regain Fit and Performance: In Defence of Contingency Theory,” Journal of Management Studies, 24(1) (January), 1–24.
Douglas, Susan P., and C. Samuel Craig (1983), “Examining Performance of U.S. Multinationals in Foreign Markets,” Journal of International Business Studies, 14(3) (Winter), 51–62.
Dubofsky, Paulette, and P. “Rajan” Varadarajan (1987), “Diversification and Measures of Performance: Additional Empirical Evidence,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(3) (September), 597–608.
Duetsch, Larry L. (1982), “Advertising and Profitability Among Large Industrial Corporatipns,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 22(4) (Winter), 81–88.
Edwards, Franklin R., and Arnold A. Heggestad (1973), “Uncertainty, Market Structure, and Performance: The Galbraith-Caves Hypothesis and Managerial Motives in Banking,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3) (August), 455–473.
Elgers, Peter T., and John J. Clark (1980), “Merger Types and Shareholder Returns: Additional Evidence,” Financial Management, 9(2) (Summer), 66–72.
Elliott, J.W. (1972), “Control, Size, Growth and Financial Performance in the Firm,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 7(1) (January), 1309–1320.
Epstein, Ralph Cecil (1931), “Profits and the Size of Firm in the Automobile Industry, 1919-1927,” American Economic Review, 21(4) (December), 636–647.
—(1934), Industrial Profits in the U.S., New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Errunza, Vihang R., and Lemma W. Senbet (1981), “The Effects of International Operations on the Market Value of the Firm: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Finance, 36(2) (May), 401–417.
Esposito, Frances Ferguson, and Louis Esposito (1977), “Aggregation and the Concentration-Profitability Relationship,” Southern Economic Journal, 44(2) (October), 323–332.
Esposito, Louis, and Frances Ferguson Esposito (1971), “Foreign Competition and Domestic Industry Profitability,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 53(4) (November), 343–353.
Evans, David S. (1987a), “The Relationship Between Firm Growth, Size, and Age: Estimates for 100 Manufacturing Industries,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4) (June), 567–581.
—(1987b), “Tests of Alternative Theories of Firm Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 95(4) (August), 657–674.
Eyssell, Thomas H. (1989), “Partial Acquisitions and Firm Performance,” Journal of Economics and Business, 41(1) (February), 69–88.
Farris, Paul W., and David J. Reibstein (1979), “How Prices, Ad Expenditures and Profits are Linked,” Harvard Business Review, 57(6) (November-December), 173–184.
Federal Trade Commission (1928), “Competition and Profits in Bread and Flour,” Senate Document #98, 70th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, Govt. Printing Offices).
—(1969), “Economic Report on the Influence of Market Structure on the Profit Performance of Food Manufacturing Companies.”
Feeser, Henry R., and Gary E. Willard (1990), “Founding Strategy and Performance: A Comparison of High and Low Growth High Tech Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(2) (February), 87–98.
Ferdows, Kasra, and Arnoud De Meyer (1988), “European Manufacturers: The Dangers of Complacency,” Columbia Journal of World Business, 23(3) (Fall), 15–23.
Ferguson, C. E. (1960), “The Relationship of Business Size to Stability: An Empirical Approach,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 9(1) (November), 43–62.
Fiegenbaum, Avi, and Howard Thomas (1990), “Strategic Groups and Performance: The U.S. Insurance Industry, 1970–1984,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(3) (March/April), 197-215.
Fisher I. N., and G. R. Hall (1969), “Risk and Corporate Rates of Return,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83(1) (February), 79–92.
Fizel, John L., and Kenneth K.T. Louie (1990), “CEO Retention, Firm Performance and Corporate Governance,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 11(3) (July), 167–176.
Fogler, H. Russell, and Fred Nutt (1975), “A Note on Social Responsibility and Stock Valuation,” Academy of Management Journal, 18(1) (March), 155–159.
Fowler, Karen L., and Dennis R. Schmidt (1989), “Determinants of Tender Offer Post-Acquisition Financial Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(4) (July/August), 339–350.
Franko, Lawrence G. (1989), “Global Corporate Competition: Who’s Winning, Who’s Losing, and the R&D Factor as One Reason Why,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(5) (Sept/Oct.), 449–474.
Fraser, Cynthia, and Robert E. Hite (1990), “Impact of International Marketing Strategies on Performance in Diverse Global Markets,” Journal of Business Research, 20(3) (May), 249–262.
Frazier, Gary L., and Roy D. Howell (1982), “Intraindustry Marketing Strategy Effects on the Analysis of Firm Performance,” Journal of Business Research, 10(4) (December), 431–443.
—(1983), “Business Definition and Performance,” Journal of Marketing, 47(2) (Spring), 59–67.
Fredrickson, James Warren (1984), “The Comprehensiveness of Strategic Decision Processes: Extension, Observations, Future Directions,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(3) (September), 445–466.
—, and [auTerence R. Mitchell (1984), “Strategic Decision Processes: Comprehensiveness and Performance in an Industry with an Unstable Environment,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(2) (June), 399–423.
Fruhan, William E., Jr. (1979), Financial Strategy: Studies in the Creation, Transfer, and Destruction of Shareholder Value, Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
Fuchs, Victor R. (1961), “Integration, Concentration, and Profits in Manufacturing Industries,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75(2) (May), 278–291.
Fulmer, Robert M., and Leslie W. Rue (1974), “The Practice and Profitability of Long-Range Planning,” Managerial Planning, 22(6) (MayJune), 1–7.
Galbraith, Craig S., and Curt H. Stiles (1983), “Firm Profitability and Relative Firm Power,” Strategic Management Journal, 4(3) (JulySeptember), 237–249.
Gale, Bradley T. (1972), “Market Share and Rate of Return,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(4) (November), 412–423.
—(1980), “Can More Capital Buy Higher Productivity,” Harvard Business Review, 58(4) (July-August), 78–86.
—, and B. Branch (1981), “Cash Flow Analysis: More Important than Ever,” Harvard Business Review, 59(4) (July-August), 131–136.
Gardner, Mona Jean (1980), “Determinants of Profitability in MinorityOwned Commercial Banks, 1976-1978,” doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.
George, K.D. (1968), “Concentration, Barriers to Entry and Rates of Return,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 50(2) (May), 273–275.
Geringer, J. Michael, Paul W. Beamish and Richard C. deCosta (1989), “Diversification Strategy and Internationalization: Implications for MNE Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(2) (March/April), 109–119.
Geroski, Paul A., and Alexis Jacquemin (1988), “The Persistence of Profits: A European Comparison,” Economic Journal, 98(391) (June), 375–389.
Ghemawat, Pankaj, and Richard E. Caves (1985), “Capital Commitment and Profitability: An Empirical Investigation,” Harvard Institute for Economic Research discussion paper: 1152; Cambridge, MA (May).
Ghorab, Kamel El-Sayed (1982), “Strategy, Environment and Risk/Return Performance: The Case of the American Integrated Steel Industry,” doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.
Glazer, Rashi, Joel H. Steckel and Russell S. Winer (1989), “The Formation of Key Marketing Variable Expectations and Their Impact on Firm Performance: Some Experimental Evidence,” Marketing Science, 8(1) (Winter), 18–34.
Gort, Michael (1962), Diversification and Integration in American Industry, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
—, and Rao Singamsetti (1976), “Concentration and Profit Rates: New Evidence on an Old Issue,” Explorations in Economic Research, 3(1) (Winter), 1–20.
Govindarajan V., and Joseph Fisher (1990), “Strategy, Control Systems, and Resource Sharing: Effects on Business-Unit Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 33(2) (June), 259–285.
Grabowski, Henry G., and Dennis C. Mueller (1978), “Industrial Research and Development, Intangible Capital Stocks, and Firm Profit Rates,” Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2) (Autumn), 328–343.
Grant, Robert M., and Azar P. Jammine (1988), “Performance Differences Between the Wrigley/Rumelt Strategic Categories,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(4) (July/August), 333–346.
—, and Howard Thomas (1988), “Diversity, Diversification and Profitability Among British Manufacturing Companies, 1972-84,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(4) (December), 771–801.
Green, Donna H., and Adrian B. Ryans (1990), “Entry Strategies and Market Performance: Causal Modeling of a Business Simulation,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 7(1) (March), 45–58.
Grinyer, Peter H., and D. Norborn (1975), “Planning for Existing Markets: Perceptions of Chief Executives and Financial Performance,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 138(1), Series A, 70–97.
Grinyer, Peter H., Masoud Yasai-Ardekani and Shawki Al-Bazzaz (1980), “Strategy, Structure, the Environment, and Financial Performance in 48 United Kingdom Companies,” Academy of Management Journal, 23(2) (June), 193–220.
Guerard, John B., Jr., Alden S. Bean and Bernell K. Stone (1990), “Goal Setting for Effective Corporate Planning,” Management Science, 36(3) (March), 359–367.
Gurdon, Michael A., and Anoop Rai (1990), “Codetermination and Enterprise Performance: Empirical Evidence from West Germany,” Journal of Economics and Business, 42(4) (November), 289–302.
Haka, Susan F., Lawrence A. Gordon and George E. Pinches (1985), “Sophisticated Capital Budgeting Selection Techniques and Firm Performance,” Accounting Review, 60(4) (October), 651–669.
Hall, Bronwyn H. (1987), “The Relationship Between Firm Size and Firm Growth in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4) (June), 583–606.
Hall, Marshall, and Leonard Weiss (1967), “Firm Size and Profitability,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 49(3) (August), 319–330.
Hall, William K. (1980), “Survival Strategies in a Hostile Environment,” Harvard Business Review, 58(5) (September-October), 75–85.
Hambrick, Donald C. (1983a), “An Empirical Typology of Mature IndustrialProduct Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(2) (June), 213–230.
—(1983b), “High Profit Strategies in Mature Capital Goods Industries: A Contingency Approach,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(4) (December), 687–707.
—(1983c), “Some Tests of the Effectiveness and Functional Attributes of Miles and Snow’s Strategic Types,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(1) (March), 5–26.
—, and David Lei (1985), “Toward an Empirical Prioritization of Contingency Variables for Business Strategy,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(4) (December), 763–788.
—, and Steven M. Schecter (1983), “Turnaround Strategies for Mature Industrial-Product Business Units,” Academy of Management Journal, 26(2) (June), 231–248.
—, Ian C. MacMillan and Diana L. Day (1982), “Strategic Attributes and Performance in the BCG Matrix: A PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial Product Businesses,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(3) (September), 510–531.
Hansen, Gary S., and Birger Wernerfelt (1989), “Determinants of Firm Performance: The Relative Importance of Economic and Organizational Factors,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(5) (September/ October), 399–411.
Hart, P.E., and Eleanor Morgan (1977), “Market Structure and Economic Performance in the United Kingdom,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 25(3) (March), 177–193.
Hatten, Kenneth J., and Dan E. Schendel (1977), “Heterogeneity Within an Industry: Firm Conduct in the U.S. Brewing Industry, 1952-1971,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 26(2) (December), 97–113.
—, and Arnold C. Cooper (1978), “A Strategic Model of the U.S. Brewing Industry: 1952-1971,” Academy of Management Journal, 21(4) (December), 592–610.
Havrilesky, Thomas, and Richard Barth (1969), “Tests of Market Share Stability in the Cigarette Industry 1950-66,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 17(2) (April), 145–150.
Heinze, David C. (1976), “Financial Correlates of a Social Involvement Measure,” Akron Business and Economic Review, 7(1) (Spring), 48–51.
Hemmasi, Masoud (1983), “Competitive Environment, Business Strategy, and Organization Structure: An Analysis of Firm Performance,” doctoral dissertation, The Louisiana State University.
Hill, Charles W.L. (1988), “Corporate Control Type, Strategy, Size and Financial Performance,” Journal of Management Studies, 25(5) (September), 403–417.
—, and J.F. Pickering (1986), “Divisionalization, Decentralization and Performance of Large United Kingdom Companies,” Journal of Management Studies, 23(1) (January), 26–50.
—, and Scott A. Snell (1988), “External Control, Corporate Strategy, and Firm Performance in Research-Intensive Industries,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(6) (November/ December), 577–590.
Hirschey, Mark (1985), “Market Structure and Market Value,” Journal of Business, 58(1) (January), 89–98.
Hitiris, Theodore (1978), “Effective Protection and Economic Performance in U.K. Manufacturing Industry, 1963 and 1968,” Economic Journal, 88(349) (March), 107–120.
Hitt, Michael A., and R. Duane Ireland (1984), “Corporate Distinctive Competence and Performance: Effects of Perceived Environmental Uncertainty (PEU), Size, and Technology,” Decision Sciences, 15(3) (Summer), 324–349.
—(1985), “Corporate Distinctive Competence, Strategy, Industry and Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 6(3) (July-September), 273–293.
—, and Gregory Stadter (1982), “Functional Importance and Company Performance: Moderating Effects of Grand Strategy and Industry Type,” Strategic Management Journal, 3(4) (October-December), 315–330.
Holl, Peter (1975), “Effect of Control Type on the Performance of the Firm in the U.K.,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 23(4) (June), 257–271.
Holtermann, Sally E. (1973), “Market Structure and Economic Performance in U.K. Manufacturing Industry,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 22(2) (December), 119–139.
Holzmann, Oscar J., Ronald M. Copeland and Jack Hayya (1975), “Income Measures of Conglomerate Performance,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 15(3) (Autumn), 67–78.
Hong, Hai (1977), “Inflation and the Market Value of the Firm: Theory and Tests,” Journal of Finance, 32(4) (September), 1031–1048.
Horwitch, Mel, and Raymond A. Thietart (1987), “The Effect of Business Interdependencies on Product R&D-Intensive Business Performance,” Management Science, 33(2) (February), 178–197.
House, William J. (1973), “Market Structure and Industry Performance: The Case of Kenya,” Oxford Economic Papers, 25(3) (November), 405–419.
Hughes, John S., Dennis E. Logue and Richard James Sweeney (1975), “Corporate International Diversification and Market Assigned Measures of Risk and Diversification,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 10(4) (November), 627–637.
Hurdle, Gloria J. (1974), “Leverage, Risk, Market Structure and Profitability,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 56(4) (November), 478–485.
Hymer, Stephen, and Peter Pashigian (1962), “Firm Size and Rate of Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 70(6) (December), 556–569.
Ikeda, Katsuhiko, and Noriyuki Doi (1983), “The Performance of Merging Firms in Japanese Manufacturing Industry: 1964-1975,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 31(3) (March), 257–266.
Imel, Blake, and Peter Helmberger (1971), “Estimation of Structure-Profit Relationships with Application to the Food Processing Sector,” American Economic Review, 61(4) (September), 614–627.
Jacobson, Robert, and David A. Aaker (1985), “Is Market Share All That It’s Cracked Up to Be?” Journal of Marketing, 49(4) (Fall), 11–
—,(1987), “The Strategic Role of Product Quality,” Journal of Marketing, 51(4) (October), 31–44.
Jacquemin, Alex P., and Michel Cardon de Lichtbuer (1973), “Size, Structure, Stability, and Performance of the Largest British and EEC Firms,” European Economic Review, 4(4) (December), 393–408.
Jahera, Jr., John S., William P. Lloyd and Daniel E. Page (1987), “Firm Diversification and Financial Performance,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 27(1) (Spring), 51–62.
Jemison, David B. (1987), “Risk and Relationship Among Strategy, Organizational Processes, and Performance,” Management Science, 33(9) (September), 1087–1101.
Jenny, Frederic, and Andre Paul Weber (1976), “Profit Rates and Structural Variables in French Manufacturing Industries,” European Economic Review, 7(2) (February), 187–206.
Jeong, Kap-Young, and Robert T. Masson (1990), “Market Structure, Entry, and Performance in Korea,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(3) (August), 455–462.
Johnson, Gerry, and Howard Thomas (1987), “The Industry Context of Strategy, Structure and Performance: The UK Brewing Industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(4) (July/August), 343–361.
Johnson, W. Bruce, Ashok Natarajan and Alfred Rappaport (1985), “Shareholder Returns and Corporate Excellence,” Journal of Business Strategy, 6(2) (Fall), 52–62.
Jones, J.C.H., Leonard Laudadio and Michael Percy (1973), “Market Structure and Profitability in Canadian Manufacturing Industry: Some Cross-Section Results,” Canadian Journal of Economics, 6(3) (August), 356–368.
—(1977), “Profitability and Market Structure: A Cross-Section Comparison of Canadian and American Manufacturing Industry,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 25(3) (March), 195–211.
Kalleberg, Arne L., and Kevin T. Leicht (1991), “Gender and Organizational Performance: Determinants of Small Business Survival and Success,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(1) (March), 136–161.
Kamerschen, David R. (1968), “The Influence of Ownership and Control on Profit Rates,” American Economic Review, 58(3) (June), 432–447.
—(1969), “The Determination of Profit Rates in’ Oligopolistic Industries’,” Journal of Business, 42(3) (July), 293–301.
Kaplan, Steven (1989), “The Effects of Management Buyouts on Operating Performance and Value,” Journal of Financial Economics, 24(2) (October), 217–254.
Kardasz, Stanley W., and Kenneth R. Stollery (1982), “Profits and Advertising in Canadian Manufacturing: A Simultaneous Model,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 22(4) (Winter), 105–115.
—(1984), “Simultaneous Equation Models of Profitability, Advertising and Concentration for Canadian Manufacturing Industries,” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 23(1) (Winter), 51–64.
Karger, Delmar W., and Zafar A. Malik (1975), “Long Range Planning and Organizational Performance,” Long Range Planning, 8(6) (December), 60–64.
Keats, Barbara W., and Michael A. Hitt (1988), “A Causal Model of Linkages Among Environmental Dimensions, Macro Organizational Characteristics, and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(3) (September), 570–598.
Keeley, Robert H., and Juan B. Roure (1990), “Management, Strategy, and Industry Structure as Influences on the Success of New Firms: A Structural Model,” Management Science, 36(10) (October), 1256–1267.
Kesner, Idalene F., and Dan R. Dalton (1985), “The Effect of Board Composition on CEO Succession and Organizational Performance,” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 24(2) (Spring), 3–20.
Kessides, Ioannis N. (1990), “Internal versus External Market Conditions and Firm Profitability: An Exploratory Model,” Economic Journal, 100(402) (September), 773–792.
Khalilzadeh-Shirazi, Javad (1974), “Market Structure and Price-Cost Margins in United Kingdom Manufacturing Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 56(1) (February), 67–76.
Khandwalla, Pradip N. (1973), “Viable and Effective Organizational Designs of Firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 16(3) (September) 481–495.
Kilpatrick, Robert W. (1968), “Stigler on the Relationship Between Industry Profit Rates and Market Concentration,” Journal of Political Economy, 76(3) (May-June), 479–488.
Kim, Suk H. (1982), “An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Capital Budgeting Practices and Earnings Performance,” Engineering Economist, 27(3) (Spring), 185–196.
Kim, W. Chan, Peter Hwang and William P. Burgers (1989), “Global Diversification Strategy and Corporate Profit Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(1) (January/February), 45–57.
Kim, Wi Saeng, and Esmeralda O. Lyn (1985), “Excess Market Value, the Multinational Corporation, and Tobin’s q-Ratio,” Journal of International Business Studies, 17(1) (Spring), 119–125.
—,(1990), “FDI Theories and the Performance of Foreign Multinationals Operating in the U.S.,” Journal of International Business Studies, 21(1) (First Quarter 1990), 41–54.
Klammer, Thomas (1973), “The Association of Capital Budgeting Techniques with Firm Performance,” Accounting Review, 48(2) (April), 353–364.
Kohers, Theodor, and W. Gary Simpson (1984), “Ownership Form, Regulatory Status, and Performance in the Savings and Loan Industry,” Review of Business and Economic Research, 20(1) (Fall), 63–75.
Kudla, Ronald J. (1980), “The Effects of Strategic Planning on Common Stock Returns,” Academy of Management Journal, 23(1) (March), 5–20.
Kumar, Nagesh (1990), “Mobility Barriers and Profitability of Multinational and Local Enterprises in Indian Manufacturing,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 38(4) (June), 449–463.
Kusewitt, John B., Jr. (1985), “An Exploratory Study of Strategic Acquisition Factors Relating to Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 6(2) (April-June), 151–169.
Kwoka, John E., Jr. (1977), “Large Firm Dominance and Price-Cost Margins in Manufacturing Industries,” Southern Economic Journal, 44(1) (July), 183–189.
—(1979), “The Effect of Market Share Distribution on Industry Performance,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(1) (February), 101–109.
—(1984) (see Mueller, Greer, and Kwoka [1984]).
Lambin, Jean-Jacques (1969), “Measuring the Profitability of Advertising: An Empirical Study,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 17(2) (April) 86–103.
Lambkin, Mary (1988), “Order of Entry and Performance in New Markets,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(special) (Summer), 127–140.
Lamont, Bruce T., and Carl R. Anderson (1985), “Mode of Corporate Diversification and Economic Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(4) (December), 926–934.
Lant, Theresa K., and David B. Montgomery (1987), “Learning from Strategic Success and Failure,” Journal of Business Research, 15(6) (December), 503–517.
Lecraw, Donald J. (1983), “Performance of Transnational Corporations in Less Developed Countries,” Journal of International Business Studies, 14(1) (Spring-Summer), 15–33.
—(1984), “Diversification Strategy and Performance,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 33(2) (December), 179–198.
Lenz, R.T. (1980), “Environment, Strategy, Organization Structure, and Performance: Patterns in One Industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 1(3) (July-September), 209–226.
Leonard, William N. (1971), “Research and Development in Industrial Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 79(2) (March-April), 232–256
Leontiades, Milton, and Ahmet Tezel (1980), “Planning Perceptions and Planning Results,” Strategic Management Journal, 1(1) (JanuaryMarch), 65–76.
Levy, David T. (1984), “Variation in the Concentration-Profit Relationship Across Industries,” Southern Economic Journal, 51(1) (July), 267–273.
Lewellen, Wilbur G., and Blaire Huntsman (1970), “Managerial and Corporate Performance,” American Economic Review, 60(4) (September), 710–720.
Lewis, Pam, and Howard Thomas (1990), “The Linkage Between Strategy, Strategic Groups, and Performance in the U.K. Retail Grocery Industry,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(5) (September), 385–397.
Lieberson, Stanley, and James F. O’Connor(1972), “Leadership and Organizational Performance: A Study of Large Corporations,” American Sociological Review, 37(2) (April), 117–130.
Lindenberg, Eric B., and Stephen A. Ross (1981), “Tobin’s q Ratio and Industrial Organization,” Journal of Business, 54(1) (January), 1–32.
Lippitt, Jeffrey W., Bruce L. Oliver and Sudro Brown (1985), “Replacement Cost Estimates of Return in Investigating the Concentration-Profits Relationship,” Northeast Journal of Business and Economics, 11(2) (Spring/Summer), 50–65.
Lubatkin, Michael, and Ronald C. Rogers (1989), “Diversification, Systematic Risk, and Shareholder Return: A Capital Market Extension of Rumelt’s 1974 Study,” Academy of Management Journal, 32(2) (June), 454–465.
Lustgarten, Steven H. (1975), “The Impact of Buyer Concentration in Manufacturing Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 57(2) (May), 125–132.
Lyons, B.R., P.D. Kitchin and Theodore Hitiris (1979), “Effective Protection and Economic Performance in U.K. Manufacturing Industry, 1963 and 1968: A Comment/Reply,” Economic Journal, 89(356) (December), 926–941.
MacMillan, Ian C, Donald C. Hambrick and Diana L. Day (1982), “The Product Portfolio and Profitability: A PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial-Product Businesses,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(4 (December), 733–755.
Main, Brian G.M. (1991), “Top Executive Pay and Performance,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 12(3) (June), 219–229.
Malik, Zafar A., and Delmar W. Karger (1975), “Does Long-Range Planning Improve Company Performance?” Management Review, 64(9) (September), 27–
Mandelker, Gershon (1974), “Risk and Return: The Case of Merging Firms,” Journal of Financial Economics, 1(4) (December), 303–335.
Mann, H. Michael (1966), “Seller Concentration, Barriers to Entry, and Rates of Return in Thirty Industries, 1950–1960,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 48(3) (August), 296-307.
—(1969), “A Note on Barriers to Entry and Long Run Profitability,” Antitrust Bulletin, 14(4) (Winter), 845–849.
—(1970), “Asymmetry, Barriers to Entry and Rates of Return in Twenty-Six Concentrated Industries, 1948-1957,” Western Economic Journal, 8(1) (March), 86–89.
Marcus, Alfred A. (1988), “Responses to Externally Induced Innovation: Their Effects on Organizational Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(4) (July/August), 387–402.
Marcus, Matityahu (1969), “Profitability and Size of Firm: Some Further Evidence,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 51(1) (February), 104–107.
Markell, Stephen J., Thomas H. Strickland and Sue E. Neeley (1988), “Explaining Profitability: Dispelling the Market Share Fog,” Journal of Business Research, 16(3) (May), 189–196.
Markham, Jesse William (1973), Conglomerate Enterprise and Public Policy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Marlow, Michael L., and George E. Wright (1987), “Measuring Market Power as Competition Over Time,” Journal of Economics and Business, 39(2) (May), 171–183.
Martin, Kenneth J., and John J. McConnell (1991), “Corporate Performance, Corporate Takeovers, and Management Turnover,” Journal of Finance, 46(2) (June), 671–687.
Martin, Stephen (1979a), “Advertising, Concentration, and Profitability: The Simultaneity Problem,” Bell Journal of Economics, 10(2) (Autumn), 639–647.
—(1979b), “Entry Barriers, Concentration and Profits,” Southern Economic Journal, 46(2) (October), 471–488.
—(1982), “Industry Demand Characteristics and the Structure-Performance Relationship,” Journal of Economics and Business, 34(1) (January), 59–65.
—(1983), “Vertical Relationships and Industrial Performance,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 23(1) (Spring), 6–18.
Mascarenhas, Briance, and David A. Aaker (1989), “Strategy Over the Business Cycle,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(3) (May/June), 199–210.
Mason, R. Hal, and Maurice B. Goudzwaard (1976), “Performance of Conglomerate Firms: A Portfolio Approach,” Journal of Finance, 31(1) (March), 39–48.
Masson, Robert Tempest (1971), “Executive Motivations, Earnings, and Consequent Equity Performance,” Journal of Political Economy, 79(6) (November-December), 1278–1292.
McConnell, Joseph L. (1945), “Corporate Earnings by Size of Firm,” Survey of Current Business, 25(5) (May), 6–12.
—(1946), “1942 Corporate Profits by Size of Firm,” Survey of Current Business, 26(1) (January), 10–16, 20.
McDougall, Fred M., and David K. Round (1984), “A Comparison of Diversifying and Nondiversifying Australian Industrial Firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(2) (June), 384–398.
McFetridge, Donald G. (1973), “Market Structure and Price-Cost Margins: An Analysis of the Canadian Manufacturing Sector,” Canadian Journal of Economics, 6(3) (August), 344–355.
McGuire, Joseph W., John S.Y. Chiu and Alvar O. Elbing (1962), “Executive Incomes, Sales and Profits,” American Economic Review, 52(4) (September), 753–761.
McKee, Daryl O., P. Rajan Varadarajan and William M. Pride (1989), “Strategic Adaptability and Firm Performance: A Market-Contingent Perspective,” Journal of Marketing, 53(3) (July), 21–35.
Miedich, Stanley J. (1980), “An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship Between Corporate Sales Growth Rates and Stockholder Returns in a Risk-Return Market Framework,” doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado.
—, and Ronald W. Melicher (1985), “Corporate Sales Growth Rates and Stockholder Returns: A Risk-Return Market Analysis,” Review of Business and Economic Research, 20(2) (Spring), 34–44.
Miller, Alex (1988), “A Taxonomy of Technological Settings, with Related Strategies and Performance Levels,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(3) (May/June), 239–254.
Miller, Danny (1988), “Relating Porter’s Business Strategies to Environment and Structure: Analysis and Performance Implications,” Academy of Management Journal, 31(2) (June), 280–308.
—, and Peter H. Friesen (1982), “Structural Change and Performance: Quantum Versus Piecemeal-Incremental Approaches,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(4) (December), 867–892
Miller, George Alexander, III (1983), “Technology’s Impact on Strategy, Performance, and Strategy-Performance Relationships: An Investigation Employing a Taxonomic Approach to Model-Building,” doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.
Miller, Richard A. (1967), “Marginal Concentration Ratios and Industrial Profit Rates: Some Empirical Results of Oligopoly Behavior,” Southern Economic Journal, 34(2) (October), 259–267.
—(1969), “Market Structure and Industrial Performance: Relation of Profit Rates to Concentration, Advertising Intensity, and Diversity,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 18(2) (April), 104–118.
Mitchell, Will (1991), “Dual Clocks: Entry Order Influences on Incumbent and Newcomer Market Share and Survival When Specialized Assets Retain Their Value,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(2) (February), 85–100.
Molz, Rick (1988), “Managerial Domination of Boards of Directors and Financial Performance,” Journal of Business Research, 16(3) (May), 235–249.
Monsen, R. Joseph, John S. Chiu and David E. Cooley (1968), “The Effect of Separation of Ownership and Control on the Performance of the Large Firm,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82(3) (August), 435–451.
Montgomery, Cynthia A. (1985), “Product-Market Diversification and Market Power,” Academy of Management Journal, 28(4) (December), 789–798.
—, and Ann R. Thomas (1988), “Research Notes and Communications-Divestment: Motives and Gains,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(1) (January/February), 93–97.
Morbey, Graham K. (1988), “R&D: Its Relationship to Company Performance,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 5(3) (September), 191–200.
Mosakowski, Elaine (1991), “Organizational Boundaries and Economic Performance: An Empirical Study of Entrepreneurial Computer Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(2) (February), 115–133.
Mueller, Willard F., Douglas F. Greer and John E. Kwoka, Jr. (1984), “The Effect of Market Share Distribution on Industry Performance Reexamined/Reply,” in the notes of Review of Economics and Statistics, 66(2) (May), 353–361.
Murray, Alan I. (1989), “Top Management Group Heterogeneity and Firm Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 10 (Summer), 125–141.
Nakamura, Masao (1991), “Modeling the Performance of US Direct Investment in Japan: Some Empirical Estimates,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 12(2) (April), 103–121.
Narver, John C, and Stanley F. Slater (1990), “The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability,” Journal of Marketing, 54(4) (October), 20–35.
Nathanson, Daniel Arthur (1980), “The Relationship Between Situational Factors, Organizational Characteristics and Financial Performance,” doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Negandhi, Anant R., and Bernard C. Reimann (1972), “A Contingency Theory of Organization Re-Examined in the Context of a Developing Country,” Academy of Management Journal, 15(2) (June), 137–146.
Nelson, Ralph Lowell (1959), Merger Movements in American Industry, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Nerlove, Marc (1968), “Factors Affecting Differences Among Rates of Return on Investments in Individual Common Stocks,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 50(3) (August), 312–331.
Neumann, Manfred, Ingo Bobel and Alfred Haid (1979), “Profitability, Risk, and Market Structure in West German Industries,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 27(3) (March), 227–241.
Newfarmer, Richard S., and Lawrence C. Marsh (1981), “Foreign Ownership, Market Structure and Industrial Performance,” Journal of Development Economics, 8(1) (February), 47–75.
Newhouse, Benjamin (1982), “Cash Recovery Rate, Corporate Control and Corporate Performance,” doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan.
Newman, Howard H. (1978), “Strategic Groups and the Structure-Performance Relationship,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(3) (August), 417–427.
Nguyen, The-Hiep (1985), “Firm Size, Profitability, and Savings in Canada,” Journal of Economics and Business, 37(2) (May), 113–121.
—, Ann Seror and Timothy M. Devinney (1990), “Diversification Strategy and Performance in Canadian Manufacturing Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(5) (September), 411–418.
Nohria, Nitin, and Carlos Garcia-Pont (1991), “Global Strategic Linkages and Industry Structure,” Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Summer), 105–124.
Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1983), “R & D Expenditures, Royalty Payments, and Sales Growth in Japanese Manufacturing Corporations,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 32(1) (September), 61–71.
Ornstein, Stanley I. (1972), “Concentration and Profits,” Journal of Business, 45(4) (October), 519–541.
Osborn, Richard C. (1970), “Concentration and the Profitability of Small Manufacturing Corporations,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 10(2) (Summer), 15–26.
Osborn, Richard N., Lawrence R. Jauch, Thomas N. Martin and William F. Glueck (1981), “The Event of CEO Succession, Performance, and Environmental Conditions,” Academy of Management Journal, 24(1) (March), 183–191.
Pagoulatos, Emilio, and auRobert Sorensen (1976a), “International Trade, International Investment and Industrial Profitability of U.S. Manufacturing,” Southern Economic Journal, 42(3) (January), 425–434.
— (1976b), “Foreign Trade, Concentration and Profitability in Open Economics,” European Economic Review, 8(3) (October), 255–267.
—(1981), “A Simultaneous Equation Analysis of Advertising, Concentration and Profitability,” Southern Economic Journal, 47(3) (January), 728–741.
Palepu, Krishna (1985), “Diversification Strategy, Profit Performance and the Entropy Measure,” Strategic Management Journal, 6(3) (July-September), 239–255.
Palmer, John (1973a), “The Profit Variability Effects of the Managerial Enterprise,” Western Economic Journal, 11(2) (June), 228–231.
—(1973b), “The Profit-Performance Effects of the Separation of Ownership from Control in Large U.S. Industrial Corporations,” Bell Journal of Economics, 4(1) (Spring), 293–303.
Parasuraman A., and P. Rajan Varadarajan (1988), “Robustness of Ordinal Measures of Competitive Strategy Variables Employed in Business Research: A PIMS Data-based Analysis,” Journal of Business Research, 17(1) (August), 101–113.
Parker, David, and Keith Hartley (1991), “Do Changes in Organizational Status Affect Financial Performance?” Strategic Management Journal, 12(8) (November), 631–6
Paton, William A. (1935), Corporate Profits as Shown by Audit Reports, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Pearce, John A., II, and Shaker A. Zahra (1991), “The Relative Power of CEOs and Boards of Directors: Associations with Corporate Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(2) (February), 135–153.
Pearce, John A., II, D. Keith Robbins and Richard B. Robinson, Jr. (1987), “The Impact of Grand Strategy and Planning Formality on Financial Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(2) (March/April), 125–134.
Phillips, Lynn W., Dae R. Chang and Robert D. Buzzell (1983), “Product Quality, Cost Position and Business Performance: A Test of Some Key Hypotheses,” Journal of Marketing, 47(2) (Spring), 26–43.
Pomfret, Richard, and Daniel Shapiro (1980), “Firm Size, Diversification and Profitability of Large Corporations in Canada,” Journal of Economic Studies, 7(3) (no month), 140–150.
Porter, Michael E. (1974), “Consumer Behavior, Retailer Power and Market Performance in Consumer Goods Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 56(4) (November), 419–436.
—(1976), Interbrand Choice, Strategy, and Bilateral Market Power, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
—(1979), “The Structure Within Industries and Companies’ Performance,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(2) (May), 214–227.
Prescott, John E. (1983), “Competitive Environments, Strategic Types, and Business Performance: An Empirical Analysis,” doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.
— (1986), “Environments as Moderators of the Relationship Between Strategy and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 29(2) (June), 329–346.
— Ajay Kohli and N. Venkatraman (1984), “Is the Relationship Between Market Share and Business Profitability Spurious?: An Empirical Assessment,” in Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1984, 32–36.
Price, Donald I., and C. Larry Allen (1986), “Concentration and Price-Cost Margins in Horizontal Cost Industries: An Empirical Analysis,” Akron Business and Economic Review, 17(1) (Spring), 44–46.
Puffer, Sheila M., and Joseph B. Weintrop (1991), “Corporate Performance and CEO Turnover: The Role of Performance Expectations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(1) (March), 1–19.
Pugel, Thomas A. (1980), “Foreign Trade and U.S. Market Performance,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 29(2) (December), 119–129.
Radice, H.K. (1971), “Control Type, Profitability and Growth in Large Firms: An Empirical Study,” Economic Journal, 81(323) (September), 547–562.
Ramanujam, Vasudevan, N. Venkatraman and John C. Camillus (1986), “Multi-Objective Assessment of Effectiveness of Strategic Planning: A Discriminant Analysis Approach,” Academy of Management Journal, 29(2) (June), 347–372.
Ravenscraft, David J. (1983), “Structure-Profit Relationships at the Line of Business and Industry Level,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(1) (February), 22–31.
Ravenscraft, David J. — and F.M. Scherer (1982), “The Lag Structure of Returns to R&D,” Applied Economics, 14(6) (December), 603–620.
Reed, Richard, and Margaret Reed (1989), “CEO Experience and Diversification Strategy Fit,” Journal of Management Studies, 26(3) (May), 251–270.
Reimann, Bernard C. (1975), “Organizational Effectiveness and Management’s Public Values: A Canonical Analysis,” Academy of Management Journal, 18(2) (June), 224–241.
Reinganum, Marc R. (1985), “The Effect of Executive Succession on Stockholder Wealth,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 30(1) (March), 46–60.
Rhoades, Stephen A. (1973), “The Effect of Diversification on Industry Profit Performance in 241 Manufacturing Industries: 1963,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 55(2) (May), 146–155.
—(1974), “A Further Evaluation of the Effect of Diversification on Industry Profit Performance,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 56(4) (November), 557–559.
Rhyne, Lawrence C. (1986), “The Relationship of Strategic Planning to Financial Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 7(5) (September-October), 423–436.
—(1987), “Contrasting Planning Systems in High, Medium and Low Performance Companies,” Journal of Management Studies, 24(4) (July), 363–385.
Richardson, R. Jack (1987), “Directorship Interlocks and Corporate Profitability,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(3) (September), 367–386.
Robinson, Richard B., Jr., and John A. Pearce, II (1983), “The Impact of Formalized Strategic Planning on Financial Performance in Small Organizations,” Strategic Management Journal, 4(3) (July-September) 197–207.
— (1988), “Planned Patterns of Strategic Behavior and Their Relationship to Business-Unit Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(1) (January/February), 43–60.
Ruback, Richard S., and Martin B. Zimmerman (1984), “Unionization and Profitability: Evidence from the Capital Market,” Journal of Political Economy, 92(6) (December), 1134–1157.
Rumelt, Richard P. (1974), Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance, Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
—(1982), “Diversification Strategy and Profitability,” Strategic Management Journal, 3(4) (October-December), 359–369.
— and Robin Wensley (1981), “In Search of the Market Share Effect,” in Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1981, 2–6
Salamon, Gerald L. (1985), “Accounting Rates of Return,” American Economic Review, 75(3) (June), 495–504.
Salinger, Michael A. (1984), “Tobin’s q, Unionization, and the Concentration-Profits Relationship,” Rand Journal of Economics, 15(2) (Summer), 159–170.
Samuels, J.M., and D.J. Smyth (1968), “Profits, Variability of Profits and Firm Size,” Economica, 35(138) (May), 127–139.
Schendel, Dan G., and G. Richard Patton (1978), “A Simultaneous Equation Model of Corporate Strategy,” Management Science, 24(15) (November) 1611–1621.
Scherer, F.M. (1965), “Corporate Inventive Output, Profits, and Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 73(3) (June), 290–297.
Schmidt, Dennis R., and Karen L. Fowler (1990), “Post-Acquisition Financial Performance and Executive Compensation,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(7) (November/December), 559–569.
Schoeffler, Sidney (1977), “Cross-Sectional Study of Strategy, Structure, and Performance: Aspects of the PIMS Program,” in Hans B. Thorelli (ed.), Strategy + Structure = Performance, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press (1977), 108–121.
—, Robert D. Buzzell and Donald F. Heany (1974), “Impact of Strategic Planning on Profit Performance,” Harvard Business Review, 52(2) (March-April), 137–146.
Schumacher, Ute (1991), “Buyer Structure and Seller Performance in U.S. Manufacturing Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 73(2) (May), 277–284.
Scott, John T., and George Pascoe (1986), “Beyond Firm and Industry Effects on Profitability in Imperfect Markets,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 68(2) (May), 284–292.
Segev, Eli (1987), “Strategy, Strategy Making, and Performance-An Empirical Investigation,” Management Science, 33(2) (February), 258–269.
Seth, Anju (1990), “Value Creation in Acquisitions: A Re-Examination of Performance Issues,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(2) (February), 99–115.
Shapiro, Daniel M. (1983), “The Comparative Profitability of Canadian and Foreign Controlled Firms,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 4(2) (June), 97–106.
Shepherd, William G. (1972), “The Elements of Market Structure,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(1) (February), 25–35.
Sherman, Howard J. (1968), Profits in the United States: An Introduction to a Study of Economic Concentration and Business Cycles, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Sherman, Roger, and Robert Tollison (1971), “Advertising and Profitability,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 53(4) (November), 397–410.
— (1972), “Technology, Profit Risk, and Assessments of Market Performance,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 86(3) (August), 448–462.
Simmonds, Paul G. (1990), “The Combined Diversification Breadth and Mode Dimensions and the Performance of Large Diversified Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(5) (September), 399–410.
Simonetti, Jack L., and F. Glenn Boseman (1975), “The Impact of Market Competition on Organization Structure and Effectiveness: A Cross-Cultural Study,” Academy of Management Journal, 18(3) (September), 631–638.
Simpson, W. Gary, and Theodor Kohers (1979), “The Effect of Organizational Form on Performance in the Savings and Loan Industry,” Financial Review, 14(3) (Fall), 1–14.
Singh A., and G. Whittington (1968), Growth, Profitability, and Valuation, Cambridge, London: Cambridge University Press.
Singh, Harbir, and Cynthia A. Montgomery (1987), “Corporate Acquisition Strategies and Economic Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(4) (July/August), 377–386.
Singh, Jitendra Vir (1983), “Performance, Slack, and Risk Taking in Strategic Decisions: Test of a Structural Equation Model,” doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.
Smirlock, Michael, Thomas Gilligan and William Marshall (1984), “Tobin’s q and the Structure-Performance Relationship,” American Economic Review, 74(5) (December), 1051–1060.
Smith, Ken G., and Curtis M. Grimm (1987), “Environmental Variation, Strategic Change and Firm Performance: A Study of Railroad Deregulation,” Strategic Management Journal, 8(4) (July/August), 363–376.
—, Martin J. Gannon and Ming-Jer Chen (1991), “Organizational Information Processing, Competitive Responses, and Performance in the U.S. Domestic Airline Industry,” Academy of Management Journal, 34(1) (March), 60–85.
Snow, Charles C, and Lawrence G. Hrebiniak (1980), “Strategy, Distinctive Competence, and Organizational Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2) (June), 317–336.
Sobol, Marion G., and Gail Farrelly (1988), “Corporate Reputation: A Function of Relative Size or Financial Performance?” Review of Business and Economic Research, 24(1) (Fall), 45–59.
Sorenson, R. (1974), “The Separation of Ownership and Control and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis,” Southern Economic Journal, 41(1) (July), 145–148.
Spicer, Barry H. (1978), “Investors, Corporate Social Performance and Information Disclosure: An Empirical Study,” Accounting Review, 53(1) (January), 94–111.
Stano, Miron (1976), “Monopoly Power, Ownership Control, and Corporate Performance,” Bell Journal of Economics, 7(2) (Autumn), 672–679.
Steer, Peter, and John Cable (1978), “Internal Organization and Profit: An Empirical Analysis of Large U.K. Companies,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 27(1) (September), 13–30.
Stekler, H.O. (1963), Profitability and Size of Firm, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
— (1964), “The Variability of Profitability with Size of Firm, 1947-1958,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 59(308) (December), 1183–1193.
Stigler, George J. (1963), Capital and Rates of Return in Manufacturing Industries, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Stonebraker, Robert J. (1976), “Corporate Profits and the Risk of Entry,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 58(1) (February), 33–39.
Strickland, Allyn D., and Leonard W. Weiss (1976), “Advertising, Concentration, and Price-Cost Margins,” Journal of Political Economy, 84(5) (October), 1109–1121.
Sturdivant, Frederick D., and James L. Ginter (1977), “Corporate Social Responsiveness: Management Attitudes and Economic Performance,” California Management Review, 19(3) (Spring), 30–39.
—, James L. Ginter and Alan G. Sawyer (1985), “Managers’ Conservativism and Corporate Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 6(1) (January-March), 17–38.
Summers, H.B. (1932), “A Comparison of the Rates of Earning of LargeScale and Small-Scale Industries,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 46(3) (May), 465–479.
Swamidass, Paul M., and William T. Newell (1987), “Manufacturing Strategy, Environmental Uncertainty and Performance: A Path Analytic Model,” Management Science, 33(4) (April), 509–524.
Tallman, Stephen B. (1991), “Strategic Management Models and ResourceBased Strategies Among MNEs in a Host Market,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(Summer), 69–82.
Tassey, Gregory (1983), “Competitive Strategies and Performance in Technology-Based Industries,” Journal of Economics and Business, 35(1), 21–40.
Teece, David J. (1981), “Internal Organization and Economic Performance, an Empirical Analysis of the Profitability of Principal Firms,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 30(2) (December), 173–199.
Tehranian, Hassan, Nickolaos G. Travlos and James F. Waegelein (1987), “The Effect of Long-Term Performance Plans on Corporate-Sell-Off Induced Abnormal Returns,” Journal of Finance, 42(4) (September), 933–942.
Thietart, R.A., and R. Vivas (1984), “An Empirical Investigation of Success Strategies for Businesses Along the Product Life Cycle,” Management Science, 30(12) (December), 1405–1423.
Thomas, Anisya S., Robert J. Litschert and Kannan Ramaswamy (1991), “The Performance Impact of Strategy-Manager Coalignment: An Empirical Examination,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(7) (October), 509–522.
Thompson, R.S. (1981), “Internal Organization and Profit: A Note,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 30(2) (December), 201–211.
Thune, Stanley S., and Robert J. House (1970), “Where Long-Range Planning Pays Off,” Business Horizons, 13(4) (August), 81–87.
Tschoegl, Adrian E. (1983), “Size, Growth, and Transnationality Among the World’s Largest Banks,” Journal of Business, 56(2) (April), 187–201.
Utsey, Marjorie Fox (1987), “Profit Potential as a Martingale Process,” Journal of Business Research, 15(6) (December), 531–544.
Vance, Stanley C. (1975), “Are Socially Responsible Corporations Good Investment Risks?” Management Review, 64(8) (August), 18–24.
Varadarajan, P. Rajan, and Vasudevan Ramanujam (1987), “Diversification and Performance: A Reexamination Using a New Two-Dimensional Conceptualization of Diversity in Firms,” Academy of Management Journal, 30(2) (June), 380–393.
— (1990), “The Corporate Performance Conundrum: A Synthesis of Contemporary Views and an Extension,” Journal of Management Studies, 27(5) (September), 463–483.
Venkatraman, N. (1990), “Performance Implications of Strategic Coalignment: A Methodological Perspective,” Journal of Management Studies, 27(1) (January), 19–41.
—, and John E. Prescott (1990), “Environment-Strategy Coalignment: An Empirical Test of Its Performance Implications,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(1) (January), 1–23.
Verbrugge, James A., and Steven J. Goldstein (1978), “High Performers vs. Low Performers: What Makes the Difference?” Savings and Loan News, 99(11) (November), 64–69.
— (1981), “Risk, Return, and Managerial Objectives: Some Evidence from the Savings and Loan Industry,” Journal of Financial Research, 4(1) (Spring), 45–58.
Verbrugge, James A. and Richard A. Shick (1976), “Market Structure and Savings and Loan Profitability,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 16(2) (Summer), 79–90.
Vernon, John M., and Robert E.M. Nourse (1973), “Profit Rates and Market Structure of Advertising Intensive Firms,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 22(1) (September), 1–20.
Walker, Jr., Orville C, and Robert W. Ruekert (1987), “Marketing’s Role in the Implementation of Business Strategies: A Critical Review and Conceptual Framework,” Journal of Marketing, 51(3) (July), 15–33.
Weiner, Nan, and Thomas Mahoney (1981), “A Model of Corporate Performance as a Function of Environmental, Organizational, and Leadership Influences,” Academy of Management Journal, 24(3) (September), 453–470.
Weiss, Leonard W. (1963), “Average Concentration Ratios and Industrial Performance,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 11(3) (July), 237–257.
— (1969), “Advertising, Profits, and Corporate Taxes,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 51(4) (November), 421–430.
Welch, Jonathan B. (1984), “Strategic Planning Could Improve Your Share Price,” Long RangePlanning, 17(2) (April), 144–147.
—, and Coleen Pantalone (1985), “Changing Goals to Increase Stock Price,” Journal of Business Strategy, 6(2) (Fall), 74–77.
Weston, J. Fred, and Surendra K. Mansinghka (1971), “Test of the Efficiency Performance of Conglomerate Firms,” Journal of Finance, 26(4) (September), 919–936.
White, Alice P. (1984), “‘Firm’ or ‘Market’ Data: The Proper Test of the Structure-Performance Relationship,” Journal of Economics and Business, 36(1) (February), 151–160.
White, Roderick Edward (1981), “Structural Context, Strategy and Performance,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
Winn, Daryl N. (1975), Industrial Market Structure and Performance 1960-1968, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan.
Woo, Carolyn Y. (1983), “Evaluation of the Strategies and Performance of Low ROI Market Share Leaders,” Strategic Management Journal, 4(2) (April-June), 123–135.
—, and Arnold C. Cooper (1981), “Strategies of Effective Low Share Business,” Strategic Management Journal, 2(3) (April-June), 301–318.
—, and Arnold C. Cooper (1982), “The Surprising Case for Low Market Share,” Harvard Business Review, 60(6) (November-December), 106–113.
Wood, D. Robley, and R. Lawrence LaForge (1979), “The Impact of Comprehensive Planning on Financial Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 22(3) (September), 516–526.
Wooldridge, Bill, and Steven W. Floyd (1990), “The Strategy Process, Middle Management Involvement, and Organizational Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(3) (March/April), 231–241.
Yahagi, Tsuneo (1981), “Business Diversification Strategy: Measurement and Effects on Corporate Performance,” doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.
Zajac, Edward J. (1990), “CEO Selection, Succession, Compensation, and Firm Performance: A Theoretical Integration and Empirical Analysis,” Strategic Management Journal, 11(3) (March/April), 217–230.
—, and Stephen M. Shortell (1989), “Changing Generic Strategies: Likelihood, Direction, and Performance Implications,” Strategic Management Journal, 10(5) (September/October), 413–430.
Zayas Castro, Jose Luis (1983), “Research and Development, Strategic Factors, and Profitability,” doctoral dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Zeithaml, Carl Paul (1980), “An Examination of the Contingency Relationship Between Environmental Uncertainty, Business Strategy, and Performance,” doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland.
Zeithaml, Carl Paul and Louis W. Fry (1981), “The Impact of Real Market Growth and Technology on Strategy-Performance Relationships,” in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Institute for Decision Sciences, 13(1), 27–29.
Zeithaml, Carl Paul — (1984), “Contextual and Strategic Differences Among Mature Businesses in Four Dynamic Performance Situations,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(4) (December), 841–860.
Zeithaml, Carl P., Carl R. Anderson and Frank T. Paine (1981), “An Empirical Reexamination of Selected PIMS Findings,” in Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1981, 12–16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Capon, N., Farley, J.U., Hoenig, S. (1996). Improving Financial Performance: Summary and Research Agenda. In: Toward an Integrative Explanation of Corporate Financial Performance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5380-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5380-5_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6262-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5380-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive