Skip to main content

Water Stress Limitations to Tree Productivity

  • Chapter
Biomass Production by Fast-Growing Trees

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSE,volume 166))

Abstract

Statements to the effect that water stress is largely responsible for loss of forest tree productivity have been made repeatedly. The early literature was reviewed by Zahner (1968) and more recently by Kozlowski (1982). Jarvis (1985) made a critical evaluation of the existing data. A large amount of empirical evidence correlates soil water availability with wood production. In addition to data for whole stands and trees, a large amount of information has accumulated on the effects of water stress on leaf gas exchange and other physiological processes. Both types of experimental data are necessary to construct comprehensive mathematical models which integrate information across levels of biological organization (e.g., from leaves to canopies) and time scales (e.g., “instantaneous” carbon assimilation rates to annual biomass production).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abrams, M. D. 1988. Genetic variation in plant and tissue water relations during drought and leaf morphology in Cercis canadensis. Forest Sci. in press

    Google Scholar 

  2. Albertson, F. W., and J. E. Weaver. 1945. Injury and death or recovery of trees in prairie climate. Ecol. Monogr. 15: 393–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Axelsson, E. and B. Axelsson 1986. Changes in carbon allocation patterns in spruce and pine trees following irrigation and fertilization. Tree Physiology 2: 189–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bachelard, E. P. 1986. Effects of soil moisture stress on the growth of seedlings of three eucalypt species. II. Growth effects. Aust. For. Res. 16: 51–61.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bahari, Z. A., S. G. Pallardy and W. C. Parker. 1985 Photosynthesis, water relations and drought adaptation in six woody species of oak-hickory forests in central Missouri. Forest Sci. 31: 557–569.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Berkowitz, G. A., and M. Gibbs. 1983. Reduced osmotic potential inhibition of photosynthesis: site-specific effects of osmotically induced stromal acidification. Plant Physiol. 72: 1100–1109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bjorkman, O and C. Schafer. 1988. A gas exchange — fluorescence analysis of photosynthetic performance of a crop under high irradiance stress. Phil. Trans. R. Soc, London. in press

    Google Scholar 

  8. Blum, A., and A. Ebercon. 1981. Cell membrane stability as a measure of drought and heat tolerance in wheat. Crop Sci. 21: 43–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Blackman, P. G. and W. J. Davies. 1985. Root to shoot communication in maize plants of the effects of soil drying. J. Exptl. Bot. 36: 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Boojh, R. and P. S. Ramakrishnan. 1982a. Growth strategy of trees related to successional status. I Architectural and extension growth. Forest Ecol. Mgmt. 4: 359–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Boojh, R. and P. S. Ramakrishnan. 1982b. Growth strategy of trees related to successional status. II. Leaf dynamics. Forest Ecol. Mgmt. 4: 375–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bowen, G. D. 1985. Roots as a component of tree productivity. In: M. G. R. Cannell and J. E. Jackson (Editors). Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Abbots Ripton, U. K. pp. 303–315.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Boyer, J. S. 1985. Water transport. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36: 473–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Boyer, J. S. 1976. Water deficits and photosynthesis. In: T. T. Kozlowski, (Editor). Water Deficits and Plant Growth, Vol. 4. Academic Press, New York. pp. 154–190.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bradford, K. J. and T. C. Hsiao, 1982. Physiological responses to moderate water stress. In: O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond and H. Ziegler (Editores). Physiological Plant Ecology. II Water Relations and Carbon Assimilation. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, pp. 263–324.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Caldwell, M. M. 1987. Competition between root systems in natural communities. In: P.J. Gregory, J.V. Lake and D.A. Rose. (Editors). Root Development and Function. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 167–185.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cannell, M. G. R. 1985. Dry matter partitioning in tree crops. In: M. G. R. Cannell and J. E. Jackson (Editors). Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Edinburgh, pp. 160–193.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cannell, M. G. R., R. Milne, L. J. Sheppard and M. H. Unsworth. 1987. Radiation interception and productivity of willow. J. Appl. Ecol. 24: 261–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Carbon, B. A., G. A. Bartle, A. M. Murray, and MacPherson. 1980. The distribution of root length, and the limits to flow of soil water to roots in a dry sclerophyll forest. Forest Sci. 26: 656–664.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Cosgrove, D. J. 1987. Wall relaxation and the driving forces for cell expansive growth. Plant Physiol. 84: 561–564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Davies, W. J. and T. T. Kozlowski. 1974. Stomatal responses of five woody angiosperms to light intensity and humidity. Can. J. Bot. 52: 1525–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Davies, W. J., J. A. Wilson, R. E. Sharp, and O. Osonubi 1981. Control of stomatal behaviour in water stressed plants. In:P. G. Jarvis and T. A. Mansfield, (Editors), Stomatal Physiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (U. K.). pp. 163–185.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dexter, S. T., W. E. Tottingham, and E. L. Graber. 1932. Investigations of the hardiness of plants by measurement of electrical conductivity. Plant Physiol. 7: 63–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dickmann, D. I. 1985. The ideotype concept applied to forest trees. In: M. G. R. Cannell and J. E. Jackson (Editors) Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants Inst. Terrest. Ecol., Huntington, (U. K.)., 89–101.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Doley, D. 1970. Effects of simulated drought on shoot development in Liriodendron seedlings. New Phytol. 69: 655–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Farquhar, G.D., K.T. Hubick, I. Terashima, A.G. Condon and R.A. Richards. 1986. Genetic variation in the relationship between photosynthetic CO assimilation rate and stomatal conductance to water loss. In: J. Biggins (Editor) Progress in Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 4. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 209–212.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Fabio, A., M. Madeira and E. Steen. 1987. Root mass in plantations of Eucalyptus globulus in Portugal in relation to soil characteristics. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 1: 185–194.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Fisher, J. B. 1986. Branching patterns and angles in trees. In: T. J. Givnish (Editor) On the Economy of Plant Form and Function, Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge, pp. 493–523.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fischer, R. A., and N. C. Turner. 1978. Plant production in the arid and semiarid zones. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29: 277–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gardner, W. R. 1964. Relation of root distribution to water uptake and availability. Agron. J. 56: 41–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ginter-Whitehouse, D. L., T. M. Hinckley, and S. G. Pallardy. 1983. Spatial and temporal aspects of water relations of three tree species with different vascular anatomy. Forest Sci. 29: 317–329.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gollan, T., N.C. Turner, and E.D. Schulze. 1985. The responses of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content. III. In the sclerophyllous woody species Nerium oleander. Oecologia, 65: 356–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Gupta, A. S. and G. A. Berkowitz. 1987. Osmotic adjustment, symplast volume, and nonstomatally mediated water stress inhibition of photosynthesis in wheat. Plant Physiol. 85: 1040–1047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hansen, E. A. and H. M. Phipps. 1983. Effect of soil moisture tension and preplant treatments on early growth of hybrid Populus hardwood cuttings. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 458–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hinckley, T. M., R. O. Teskey, F. Duhme and H. Richter. 1981. Temperate Hardwood Forests. In: T. T. Kozlowski (Editor) Water Deficits and Plant growth. Vol. VI,, Academic Press, New York. pp. 153–208.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hsiao, T. C, J. C. O’Toole, E. B. Yambao and N. C. Turner. 1983. Influence of osmotic adjustment on leaf rolling and tissue death in rice. Plant, Cell Environ.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hursh, C. R., and F. W. Haasis. 1931. Effects of 1925 summer drought on southern Appalachian hardwoods. Ecology 12: 380–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Jarvis, P. G. 1975. Water transfer in plants. In: D.A. de Vries, and N. H. Afgan (Editors) Heat and Mass Transfer in the Biosphere in the Environment of Vegetation. Scripta Book, Washington, D. C., pp. 369–394.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jarvis, P. G. 1985. Increasing productivity and value of temperate coniferous forest by manipulating site water balance. In: Ballard, R., Farnum, P., Ritchie, G. A. and Winjum, J. K. (Editors) Forest Potentials-Productivity and Value. Proceedings Weyerhaeuser Sci. Symp. Tacoma (USA), pp. 39–74.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Jarvis, P. G. and J. W. Leverenz, 1983. Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests. In: O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond and H. Ziegler. (Editors) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology (new series), Vol. 12 D, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 233–280.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Jarvis, P. G. and K. G. McNaughton. 1986. Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region. In: A. MacFadyen and E. D. Ford, (Editors) Advances in Ecological Research. Vol. 15. Academic Press. New York. pp. 1–49.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  42. Jones, H. G. 1983. Plants and Microclimate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U. K.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Jones, H. G. 1985. Physiological mechanisms involved in the control of leaf water status: implications for the estimation of tree water status. Acta Hortic. 171: 291–296.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kaiser, W.M., 1987. Non-stomatal, primary dehydration effects on photosynthesis: possible mechanisms for reversible and irreversible damage. Current topics in Plant Bioderm and Physiol. Vol. 6 Interdiscip. Plant Group, Univ. Missouri Columbia, pp. 119–133.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kaiser, W.M., 1987. Non-stomatal, primary dehydration effects on photosynthesis: possible mechanisms for reversible and irreversible damage. In Current Topics in Plant Biochem and Physiol. Vol. 6 Interdiscip. Plant Group, Univ. Missouri-Columbia, pp. 119–133.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kaufmann, M. R. 1976. Stomatal response of Engelmann spruce to humidity, light and water stress. Plant Physiol. 57: 898–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kikuzawa, K. 1983. Leaf survival of woody plants in deciduous broad-leaved forests. 1. Tall trees. Can. J. Bot. 61: 2133–2139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Klepper, B. 1983. Managing root systems for efficient water use: axial resistances to flow in root systems — anatomical considerations. In: H. M. Taylor, W. R. Jordan, T. R. Sinclair, (Editors) Limitations to Efficient Water Use in Crop Production Amer. Soc. Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 115–125.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kolesnikov, V. A. 1968. Cyclic renewal of roots in fruit plants. In: M. S. Ghilarov, V. A. Kovda, L. N. Novichkova - Ivanova, L. E. Rodin and V. M. Sveshnikova (Editors) Methods of Productivity Studies in Root Systems and Rhizosphere Organisms. USSR Academy of Sciences Leningrad. pp. 102–106.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kozlowski, T. T. 1976. Water supply and leaf shedding. In: T. T. Kozlowski, (Editors). Water Deficits and Plant Growth. Vol IV., Academic Press. New York. pp. 191–231.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kozlowski, T. T. 1982. Water supply and tree growth. I. water deficits. For. Abstr. 43: 57–95.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kramer, P. J. 1983. Water Relations of Plants. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kramer, P. J. and T. T. Kozlowski. 1979. Physiology of Woody Plants. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kriedemann, P. E. 1986. Stomatal and photosynthetic limitations to leaf growth. Aust. J. Plant Phys. 13: 15–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Kummerow, J., D. Krause and W. Jow. 1978. Seasonal changes of fine root density in southern California chaparral. Oecologia (Berl.) 37: 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Ladiges, P. Y. 1975. Some aspects of tissue water relations in three populations of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. New Phytol. 75: 53–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Landsberg, J. J. 1986. Physiological Ecology of Forest Production. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Levitt, J. 1972. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Linder, S. and Axelsson, 1982. Changes in carbon uptake and allocation patterns as a result of irrigation and fertilization in a young Pinus sylvestris stand. In: R. H. Waring (Editors) Carbon Uptake and Allocation in Subalpine Ecosystems as a Key to Management. Forest Res. Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA. pp. 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Linder, S., M. L. Benson, B. J. Myers and R. J. Raison. 1987. Canopy dynamics and growth of Pinus radiata. I. Effects of irrigation and fertilization during a drought. Can. J. Forest Res. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Martin, U., S. G. Pallardy and Z. A. Bahari. 1987. Dehydration tolerance of leaf tissues of six woody angiosperm species. Physiol. Plant. 69: 182–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. McIntyre, G.I. 1977. The role of nutrition in apical dominance. In: D.H. Jennings (Editor). Integration of Activity in the Higher Plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (U.K.). pp. 251–273.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Michelena, V. A. and J. S. Boyer. 1982. Complete turgor maintenance at low water potentials in the elongationg region of maize leaves. Plant Physiol. 69: 1145–1149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Morgan, J. M. 1984. Osmoregulation and water stress in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35: 299–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Munns, R. and R. Weir, 1981. Contribution of sugars to osmotic adjustment in elongating and expanded zones of wheat leaves during moderate water deficits at two light levels. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 93–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Nelson, N. D., D. I. Dickmann and K. W. Gottschalk. 1982. Autumnal photosynthesis in short-rotation intensively cultured Populus clones. Photosynthetica 16: 321–333.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Nelson, N. D., J. G. Isebrands. 1983. Late-season photosynthesis and photosynthate distribution in an intensively-cultured Populus nigra x laurifolia clone. Photosynthetica 17: 537–549.

    Google Scholar 

  68. O’Toole, J. C, R. S. Aquino and K. Alluri. 1978. Seedling stage drought response in rice. Agron. J. 70: 1101–1103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Pallardy, S. G., and T. T. Kozlowski. 1979. Stomatal response of Populus clones to light intensity and vapor pressure deficit. Plant Physiol. 64: 112–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pallardy, S. G. and T. T Kozlowski. 1981. Water relations of Populus clones. Ecology 62: 159–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Pallardy, S., J. S. Pereira and W. C. Parker, 1987. The state of water in tree systems. In: J. Lassoie and T. Hinckley (Editors) Techniques and Approaches in Forest Tree Ecophysiology. CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Parker, W. C., S. G. Pallardy, T. M. Hinckley and R. O. Teskey. 1982. Seasonal changes in tissue water relations of three woody species of the Quercus-Carya forest type. Ecology 63: 1259–1267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Parker, W. C., and S. G. Pallardy. 1985a. Drought-induced leaf abscission and whole-plant drought tolerance of seedlings of seven black walnut families. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 818–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Parker, W. C. and S. G. Pallardy. 1985b. Genotypic variation in tissue water relations of leaves and roots of black walnut (Juglans nigra) seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 64: 105–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Pereira, J. S., M. C. C. Araújo, N. Borralho and L. Leal. 1987. The effects of water supply on primary productivity and biomass in three clones of Eucalyptus globulus in the juvenile phase. In: G. Grassi, B. Delmon, J. Molle and H. Zibetta (Editors), Biomass for Energy and Industry. Elsevier, London, pp. 531–535.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Pereira, J. S. and T. T. Kozlowski, 1976. Leaf anatomy and water relations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E globulus seedlings. Can. J. Bot. 54: 2868–2880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Pereira, J. S., Tenhunen, J. D., Lange, O. L., Beyschlag, W., Meyer, A., and David, M. M. 1986. Seasonal and diurnal patterns in leaf gas exchange of Eucalyptus globulus trees growing in Portugal, Can. J. Forest Res. 16: 177–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Pook, E. W. 1986. Canopy dynamics of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. IV. Contrasting responses to two severe droughts. Aust. J. Bot. 34: 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Pool, R. J. 1913. Some effects of drought on vegetation. Science 38: 822–825.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Quick, P., G. Siegl, E. Neuhaus, R. Feil and M. Stitt. 1988. Short term water stress leads to a stimulation of sucrose synthesis by activating wucrose phosphate synthase. Submitted to Planta.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Reynolds, E. R. C. 1974. The distribution pattern of fine roots of trees. In: G. Hoffmann (Editor). Ecology and Physiology of Root Growth,., Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 101–112.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Reynolds, J. F. and J. H. M. Thornley 1982. A shoot: root partitioning model. Ann. Bot. 49: 585–597.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Schulze, E.-D. 1986. Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in response to drought in the atmosphere and in the soil. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37: 247–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Schulze, E. D., O. L. Lange, U. Buschbom, L. Kappen and M. Evenari. 1972. Stomatal responses to changes in humidity in plants growing in the desert. Planta 108: 259–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Sharp, R. E. and W. J. Davies. 1979. Solute regulation and growth by roots and shoots of water-stressed maize plants. Planta 147: 43–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stitt, M., S. Huber and P. Kerr 1987 Control of photosynthetic sucrose formation. In: Biochemistry of Plants. Vol. 10. Academic Press, New York pp 327–409.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Taylor, H. 1980. Modifying root systems of cotton and soybeans to increase water absorption. In: N. C. Turner and P. J. Kramer (Editors) Adaptation of Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress.. John Wiley & Sons., New York. pp. 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Terashima, I., S.C. Wong, C. B. Osmond and G.D. Farquhar. 1988. Characterisation of non-uniform photosynthesis induced by abscisic acid the leaves having different mesophyll anatomies. Plant cell and Physiol. 29: 385–394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Turner, N. C. 1986. Adaptation to water deficits: a changing perspective. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13: 175–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Tyree, M. 1988. Cavitation in trees and the hidraulic sufficiency of woody stems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forest Tree Physiology. Sept. 25–30th, 1988. Nancy, France.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Westgate, M. E. and J. S. Boyer. 1985. Osmotic adjustment and the inhibition of leaf, root, stem and silk growth at low water potentials in maize. Planta 164: 540–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Wong, S. C, I. R. Cowan and G. D. Farquhar. 1985. Leaf conductance in relation to rate of CO assimilation. III. Influence of water stress and photoinhibition. Plant. Physiol. 78: 830–834.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Wright, L. N. and W. L. Jordan. 1970. Artificial selection for seedling drought tolerance in Boer lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula Nees) Crop Sci. 10: 99–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Zahner, R. 1968. Water deficits and growth of trees. In Water Deficits and Plant Growth. Vol. II. T. T. Kozlowski, Ed. Academic Press, New York. pp. 191–254.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Zhang, J. and W. J. Davies. 1987. Chemical and hydraulic influences on the stomata of flooded plants. J. Exptl. Bot. 37: 1479–1491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Zhang, J., U. Schurr and W. J. Davies. 1987. Control of stomatal behaviour by abscisic acid which apparently originates in the roots J. Exptl. Bot. 38: 1174–1181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pereira, J.S., Pallardy, S. (1989). Water Stress Limitations to Tree Productivity. In: Pereira, J.S., Landsberg, J.J. (eds) Biomass Production by Fast-Growing Trees. NATO ASI Series, vol 166. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2348-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2348-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7557-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2348-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics