Skip to main content

Functional Imaging of HIV/AIDS

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Radiology of HIV/AIDS
  • 1687 Accesses

Abstract

Functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a valuable technique for the analysis and assessment of metabolism and water diffusion from the perspectives of histology, cytology and even molecular biology based on conventional MR technology. It has exhibited a promising application in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of HIV/AIDS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Extended Reading

  1. Alice B, James G, Elisabeth J, et al. Central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2008;28(7):2033–58.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anders KH, Guerra WF, Tomiyasu U, et al. The neuropathology of AIDS UCLA experience and review. Am J Pathol. 1986;24:537–58.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anno I, Itai Y. Evaluation of brain perfusion using dynamic functional MRI. Nihon Rinsho. 1997;55 Suppl 1:348–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aylward EH, Brettschneider PD, McArthur JC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of gray matter volume reductions in HIV dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(7):987–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Aylward EH, Henderer JD, McArthur JC, et al. Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1-associated dementia: results from quantitative neuroimaging. Neurology. 1993;43(10):99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bammer R. Basic principles of diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2003;45(3):169–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baraldi P, Porro CA, Serafini M. Bilateral representation of sequential finger movements in cortical area. Neurosci Lett. 1999;269:95–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Barbaro G. Vascular injury, hypertension and coronary artery disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Ter. 2008;159(1):51–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Berger JT, Juengst S, Aizenstein HJ, et al. fMRI evidence of synergistic effects of AIDS and age on brain function. Neurology – AAN 57th Annual Meeting Programme. 2005; 64:A245.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bernasconi E, et al. Abnormalities of body fat distribution in HIV-infected persons treated with antiretroviral drugs: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;31(1):50–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bonnet E, Delpierre C, Sommet A, et al. Total body composition by DXA of 241 HIV-negative men and 162 HIV-infected men: proposal of reference values for defining lipodystrophy. J Clin Densitom. 2005;8(3):287–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bonnet E, et al. Total body composition by DXA of 241 HIV-negative men and 162 HIV-infected men: proposal of reference values for defining lipodystrophy. J Clin Densitom. 2005;8(3):287–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brightbill TC, Ihmeidan IH, Post MJD, et al. Neurosyphilis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients neuroimaging findings. Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:703–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Buchel C, Raedler T, Sommer M, et al. White matter asymmetry in human brain: a diffusion tensor MRI study. Cereb Cortex. 2004;14(9):945–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Buck AK, Halter G, Schirrmeisler H, et al. Imaging proliferation in lung tumors with PET; 18F-FLT versus 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(9):1426–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Carpenter CCJ, Fishl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in adults updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2000;283:381–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Carr A, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS. 1998;12(7):F51–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Carr A, et al. An objective case definition of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults: a case–control study. Lancet. 2003;361(9359):726–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cavalcanti RB, et al. Reproducibility of DXA estimations of body fat in HIV lipodystrophy: implications for clinical research. J Clin Densitom. 2005;8(3):293–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chanc KH, Kim JM, Song YG, et al. Dose race protect an oriental population from developing lipodystrophy in HIV-infected individuals on HAART? J Infect. 2002;44:33–8.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Chang L, Ernst T, Leonido-Yee M, Speck O. Perfusion MRI detects rCBF abnormalities in early stages of HIV-cognitive motor complex. Neurology. 2000;54(2):389–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chang L, Speck O, Miller E, et al. Neural correlates of attention and working memory deficits in HIV patients. Neurology. 2001;57:1001–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chang L, Tomasi D, Yakupov R, et al. Adaptation of the attention network in human immunodeficiency virus brain injury. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:259–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen Y, An H, Zhu H, et al. White matter abnormalities revealed by diffusion tensor imaging in non-demented and demented HIV + patients. Neuroimage. 2009;47(4):1154–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen W, Ding Z, Tate DF, et al. A novel interface for interactive exploration of DTI fibers. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2009;15(6):1433–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Choi SJ, Lim KO, Monteiro I, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of frontal white matter microstructure in early Alzheimer’s disease: a preliminary study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2005;18(1):12–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1009–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Courtney SM, Ungerleider LG. Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature. 1997;386:608–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. D’Esposito M, Deouell LY, et al. Alterations in the BOLD fMRI signal with ageing and disease: a challenge for neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4:863–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. David E. HAART attack: metabolic disorders during long-term antiretroviral therapy. BETA. 1999;12(2):10–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Davis L, Hjelle B, Miller V, et al. Early viral brain invasion in iatrogenic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology. 1992;42:1736–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Delbeke D, Meyerowitz C, Lapidus RL, et al. Optimal cutoff levels of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the differentiation of low-grade from high-grade brain tumors with PET. Radiology. 1995;195(1):47–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Dioum A, et al. Body composition predicted from skinfolds in African women: a cross-validation study using air-displacement plethysmography and a black-specific equation. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(6):973–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Drake AK, Loy CT, Brew BJ, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: epidemiology and predictive factors for prolonged survival. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(4):418–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Englund E, Sjöbeck M, Brockstedt S, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI post mortem demonstrated cerebral white matter pathology. Neurol. 2004;251(3):350–2.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ernst T, Chang L, Arnold S. Increased glial markers predict increased working memory network activation in HIV patients. Neuroimage. 2003;19:1686–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ernst T, Chang L, Itti L, Speck O. Correlation of regional cerebral blood flow from perfusion MRI and SPECT in normal subjects. Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;17(3):349–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ernst T, Chang L, Jovicich J, et al. Abnormal brain activation on functional MRI in cognitively asymptomatic HIV patients. Neurology. 2002;59:1343–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Filippi M, Cercignani M, Inglese M, et al. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2001;56(3):304–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Freitas P, Santos AC, Carvalho D, et al. Fat mass ratio: an objective tool to define lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Densitom. 2010;13(2):197–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Freitas P, et al. Fat mass ratio: an objective tool to define lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Densitom. 2010;13(2):197–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fuster-Garcia E, Navarro C, Vicente J, et al. Compatibility between 3T 1H sv-MRS data and automatic brain tumour diagnosis support systems based on databases of 1.5T 1H SV-MRS spectra. Magn Reson Mater Phys. 2011;24:35–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gendelman HE, Lipton SA, Tardieu M, et al. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol. 1994;56:389–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gillams AR, Allen E, Hrieb K, et al. Cerebral infarction in patients with AIDS. Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1581–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Goletti D, Weissman D, Jackson RW, et al. Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on HIV replication: role of immune activation. J Immunol. 1996;157(3):1271–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Goo JM, Im JG, Do KH, et al. Pulmonary tuberculoma evaluated by means of FDG PET: findings in 10 cases. Radiology. 2000;216(1):117–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A. The spectrum of neuro-AIDS disorders: pathophysiology diagnosis and treatment. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2009. p. 281–9; 247–267.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hara T, Kosaka N, Suzuki T, et al. Uptake rates of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-choline in lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis: a positron emission tomography study. Chest. 2003;124(3):893–901.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Harris GJ, Pearlson GD, McArthur JC, Zeger S, LaFrance ND. Altered cortical blood flow in HIV-seropositive individuals with and without dementia: a single photon emission computed tomography study. AIDS. 1994;8(4):495–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hartmann M, Heiland S, Sartor K. Functional MRI procedures in the diagnosis of brain tumors: perfusion- and diffusion-weighted imaging. Rofo. 2002;174(8):955–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hatano H, et al. Metabolic and anthropometric consequences of interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2000;14(13):1935–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jinpeng Yao WY, Li T, et al. The pilot study of DXA assessment in Chinese HIV-infected men with clinical lipodystrophy. J Clin Densitom. 2011;14(1):58–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jinpeng Y, Wei Y, Ping TJ, et al. Bone mineral content analysis of male patients with HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. Chin J Osteoporos Bone Min Res. 2010;3(3):164–7.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Jovicich J, Peters RJ, Koch C, et al. Brain areas specific for attentional load in a motion tracking task. J Cogn Neurosci. 2001;13:1048–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kaufmann SH, Ladel CH. Role of T cell subsets in immunity against intracellular bacteria: experimental infections of knockout mice with Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Immunobiology. 1994;191:509–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kaul M, Garden GA, Lipton SA. Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia. Nature. 2001;410(6831):988–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kim IJ, Lee JS, Kim SJ, et al. Double-phase 18F-FDG PET-CT for determination of pulmonary tuberculoma activity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(4):808–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kotler DP, et al. Studies of body composition and fat distribution in HIV-infected and control subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999;20(3):228–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lentz MR, Kim WK, Lee V, et al. Changes in MRS neuronal markers and T cell phenotypes observed during early HIV infection. Neurology. 2009;72:1465–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Everall I, et al. Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment. Top HIV Med. 2009;17:47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Li HJ, Gao YQ, Cheng JL, et al. Diagnostic imaging, preautopsy imaging and autopsy findings of 8 AIDS cases. Chin Med J. 2009;122(18):2142–21482.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lichtenstein KA, et al. Clinical assessment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy in an ambulatory population. AIDS. 2001;15(11):1389–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lichtenstein KA, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for lipoatrophy (abnormal fat loss) in ambulatory HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32(1):48–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Liow JS, Rehm K, Stgother SC, et al. Comparison of voxel-and volume-of-interest-based analyses in FDG PET scans of HIV positive and healthy individuals. J Nucl Med. 2000;41(4):612–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lohman T, Martorelli R, Roche AF. Anthropometric standardization reference manual: the Airlie consensus report. Chicago: Human Kinetics; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Major EO, Rausch D, Marra C, Clifford D. HIV-associated dementia. Science. 2000;288:440–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Martinez E, et al. Risk of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2001;357(9256):592–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Martinez E, et al. Sonographic assessment of regional fat in HIV-1-infected people. Lancet. 2000;356(9239):1412–3. Padilla S, et al. Ultrasonography and anthropometry for measuring regional body fat in HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV Res. 2007;5(5):459–66.

    Google Scholar 

  69. McArthur JC, Haughey N, Gartner S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus- associated-dementia: an evolving disease. J Neurovirol. 2003;9(2):205–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Miller J, et al. HIV lipodystrophy: prevalence, severity and correlates of risk in Australia. HIV Med. 2003;4(3):293–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Mohamed MA, Berker PB, Skolasky RL, et al. Brain metabolism and cognitive impairment in HIV infection: a 3-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;28:1251–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Mukhergee P. Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography in acute stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2005;15(3):655–65.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW. The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol. 1986;19:517–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. O’Dcherty MJ, Barrington SF, Campbell M, et al. PET scanning and the human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. J Nucl Med. 1997;38(10):1575–83.

    Google Scholar 

  75. O’Doherty MJ, et al. PET and HIV-positive patients. J Nucl Med. 1997;38(10):1575–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Offiah CE, Turnbull IW. The imaging appearances of intracranial CNS infections in adult HIV and AIDS patients. Clin Radiol. 2006;61:393–401.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Offiah CE, Turnbull IW. The imaging appearances of intracranial CNS infections in adult HIV and AIDS patients. Clin Radiol. 2006;61:393–401.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ogawa S, Menon RS, et al. Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Biophys J. 1993;64:803–12.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Orme IM, Collins FM. Protection against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by adoptive immunotherapy. Requirement for T cell deficient recipients. J Exp Med. 1983;158:74–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Padma MV, Said S, Jacobs M, et al. Prediction of pathology and survival by FDG PET in gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2003;64(3):227–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Palella Jr FJ, et al. Anthropometrics and examiner-reported body habitus abnormalities in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(6):903–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Paul RH, Sacktor WC, Valcour V. HIV and the brain: new challenges in the modern era. New York: Humana Press; 2009. p. 49–108.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Paul RH, Yiannoutsos CT, Miller EN, et al. Proton MRS and neuropsychological correlates in AIDS dementia complex: evidence of subcortical specificity. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19:283–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Pfefferbaum A, Rosenbloom MJ, Rohifing T, et al. Frontostriatal fiber bundle compromise in HIV infection without dementia. AIDS. 2009;23(15):1977–85.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pierce MA, Johnson MD, Maciunas RJ, et al. Evaluating contrast-enhancing brain lesions in patients with AIDS by using positron emission tomography. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(8):594–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Pomara N, Crandall DT, Choi SJ, et al. White matter abnormalities in HIV-1 infection: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Res. 2001;106(1):15–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Post MJD, Tate LG, Quencer RM, et al. CT, MR, and pathology in HIV encephalitis and meningitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151:373–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ragin AB, Storey P, Cohen BA, et al. Whole brain diffusion tensor imaging in HIV-associated cognitive impairment. Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(2):195–200.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rosca EC, Rosca O, Chirileanu RD, et al. Neurocognitive disorders due to HIV infection. HIV AIDS Rev. 2011;10:33–7.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Rosen BR, Belliveau JW, Chien D. Perfusion imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Q. 1989;5(4):263–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Rottenberg DA, Moeller JR, Strother SC, et al. The metabolic pathology of the AIDS dementia complex. Ann Neurol. 1987;22(6):700–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Rottenberg DA, Sidtis JJ, Strother SC, et al. Abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism in HIV-1 seropositive subjects with and without dementia. J Nucl Med. 1996;37(7):1133–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Sacktor N. The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurological disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Neurovirol. 2002;8 Suppl 2:115–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Safrin S, Grunfeld C. Fat distribution and metabolic changes in patients with HIV infection. AIDS. 1999;13(18):2493–505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Saves M, et al. Factors related to lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(10):1396–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Schielke E, Tatsch K, Pfister HW, et al. Reduced cerebral blood flow in early stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol. 1990;47(12):1342–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Schwartz RB, Komaroff AL, Garada BM, et al. SPECT imaging of the brain: comparison of findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS dementia complex, and major unipolar depression. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162(4):943–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Sepkowitz KA. AIDS – the first 20 years. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(23):1764–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sharma SK, Mohan A. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res. 2004;120:316.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Sulllivan EV, Rosenbloom MJ, Rohlfing T, et al. Pontocerebellar contribution to postural instability and psychomotor slowing in HIV infection without dementia. Brain Imaging Behav. 2011;5(1):12–24.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Suwanwela N, Phanuphak P, Phanthumchinda K, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in neurologically asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;18:859–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Tarasów E, Wiercińska-Drapało A, Jaroszewicz J, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and its influence on the stage of brain damage in patients with HIV - 1H MRS evaluation. Med Sci Monit. 2004;3:101–6.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Tipping B, de Villiers L, Wainwright H, et al. Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:1320–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Toaff JS, Metser U, Goqfried M, et al. Differentiation between malignant and benign pleural effusion in patients with extra pleural primary malignancies- assessment with positron emission tomography- computed tomography. Invest Radiol. 2005;40(4):204–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Toosi Z, Sierra-MaderoJ G, Blinkhorn RA, et al. Enhanced susceptibility of blood monocytes from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Exp Med. 1993;177:1511–6.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Toshihiko H, Noboru K, Tsuneo S, et al. Uptake rates of 18F-FDG and 11C-choline in lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest. 2003;124(3):893–901.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Tracey I, Hamberg LM, Guimaraes AR, et al. Increased cerebral blood volume in HIV-positive patients detected by functional MRI. Neurology. 1998;50(6):1821–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Tucker KA, Robertson KR, Lin W, et al. Neuroimaging in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neuroimmunol. 2004;157:153–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Tungsiripat M, O’Riordan MA, Storer M, et al. Subjective clinical lipoatrophy assessment correlates with DEXA-measured limb fat. HIV Clin Trial. 2009;10(5):314–31.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Tungsiripat M, O'Riordan MA, Storer N, et al. Subjective clinical lipoatrophy assessment correlates with DEXA-measured limb fat. HIV Clin Trials. 2009;10(5):314–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Valcour V, Sithinamsuwan P, Letendre S, et al. Pathogenesis of HIV in the central nervous system. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2011;8:54–61.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Van Horn JD, Ellmore TM, Esposito G, Berman KF. Mapping voxel-based statistical power on parametric images. Neuroimage. 1998;7(2):97–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Vanham G, Edmonds K, Qing L, et al. Generalized immune activation in pulmonary tuberculosis: coactivation with HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996;103(1):30–4.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Viskovic K, et al. Assessment of ultrasound for use in detecting lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients taking combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(2):79–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Wanke C, Polsky B, Kotler D. Guidelines for using body composition measurement in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2002;16(8):375–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Wilkinson ID, Lunn S, Miszkiel KA, et al. Proton MRS and quantitative MRI assessment of the short term neurological response to antiretroviral therapy in AIDS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:477–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Wu Y, Storey P, Cohen BA, et al. Diffusion alterations in corpus callosum of patients with HIV. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(3):656–60.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Yao JP, Yu W, LI TS, et al. Change in body composition in female patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy syndrome. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2011;33(4):421–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Yiannoutsos CT, Nakas CT, Navia BA, et al. Assessing multiple-group diagnostic problems with multi dimensional receiver operating characteristic surfaces application to proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) in HIV-related neurological injury. Neuroimage. 2008;40:248–55.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Yousry TA, Schmid UD, Alkhadhi H, et al. Localization of the motor hand area to a knob on the precentral gyrus. A new landmark. Brain. 1997;120(1):14l–157l.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Zhang YZ, Li HJ, Cheng JL, Bao DY. CT image demonstrations of HIV-seropositive tuberculosis and their relationship with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. Chin Med J. 2010;124(5):693–703.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Zumla A, Malon P, Henderson J, et al. Impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76(3):259–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht and People’s Medical Publishing House

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Li, H. (2014). Functional Imaging of HIV/AIDS. In: Li, H. (eds) Radiology of HIV/AIDS. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7822-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7823-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics