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Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic?

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Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases

Part of the book series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences ((MILS,volume 13))

Abstract

Over fifty years ago, the element chromium (as the trivalent ion) was proposed to be an essential element for mammals with a role in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Evidence for an essential role came from dietary studies with rodents, studies on the effects of chromium on subjects on total parenteral nutrition, and studies of the absorption and transport of chromium. Over the next several decades, chromium-containing nutritional supplements became so popular for weight loss and muscle development that sales were second only to calcium among mineral supplements. However, the failure to identify the responsible biomolecules(s) that bind chromium(III) and their mode of action, particularly a postulated species named glucose tolerance factor or GTF, resulted in the status of chromium being questioned in recent years, such that the question of its being essential needs to be formally readdressed. At the same time as chromium(III)’s popularity as a nutritional supplement was growing, concerns over its safety appeared. While chromium has been conclusively shown not to have beneficial effects on body mass or composition and should be removed from the list of essential trace elements, chromium(III) compounds are generally nontoxic and have beneficial pharmacological effects in rodents models of insulin insensitivity, although human studies have not conclusively shown any beneficial effects. Mechanisms have been proposed for these pharmacological effects, but all suffer from a lack of consistent supporting evidence.

Please cite as: Met Ions Life Sci. 13 (2013) 171–198

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Acknowledgment

The author wishes to thank the USDA for supporting his recent research on the nutritional biochemistry of chromium (National Research Initiative Grant 2009-35200-05200 from the USDA Cooperative State, Research, Educational, and Extension Service).

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA

    John B. Vincent

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  1. Dept. of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland

    Astrid Sigel

  2. Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Helmut Sigel

  3. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Roland K.O. Sigel

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Vincent, J.B. (2013). Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic?. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, R. (eds) Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_6

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