Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plant–Plant Allelopathic Interactions. Phase I: The Laboratory

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions

Abstract

This chapter describes the underlying criteria and assumptions in the development and execution of bioassays utilizing model systems in the laboratory. It provides details and commentary regarding the materials and methods used. Describes and discusses the results and significance of the following: (a) effects and duration of effects for individual phenolic acids, mixtures of phenolic acids, and phenolic acids in combination with other organic and inorganic compounds on seedlings growing in nutrient and in soil cultures, (b) the interactions of phenolic acids with seedling roots, bulk-soil and rhizosphere microbes, and soil particles, (c) the relationships between phenolic acid-utilizing microbes, soil characteristics, and seedling inhibition, (d) the effects of phenolic acids on the various life stages of plants, (e) what happens to phenolic acid concentrations over time in nutrient culture and seedling-microbe-soil systems, and (f) the relevance of laboratory bioassays to field studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Balke NE (1985) Effects of allelochemicals on mineral uptake and associated physiological processes. In: Thompson AC (ed) The chemistry of allelopathy. Biochemical interactions among plants. ACS symposium series, vol 268. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 161–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkosky RR, Einhellig FA (1993) Effects of salicylic acid on plant-water relationships. J Chem Ecol 19:237–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates-Smith EC (1956) The commoner phenolic constituents of plants and their systematic distribution. Proc R Dublin Sci 27:165–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Baziramakenga R, Leroux GD, Simard RR (1995) Effects of benzoic and cinnamic acids on membrane permeability of soybean roots. J Chem Ecol 21:1271–1285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belz RG (2008) Stimulation versus inhibition – bioactivity of parthenin, a phytochemical from Parthenium hysterophorus L. Int Dose-Response Soc 6:80–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belz RG, Velini ED, Duke SO (2007) Dose/response relationships in allelopathy research. In: Fujii Y, Hiradate S (eds) Allelopathy: new concepts and methodologies. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, pp 3–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmark CL, Jackson WA, Volk RJ, Blum U (1992) Differential inhibition by ferulic acid of nitrate and ammonium uptake in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol 98:639–645

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertin C, Yang X, Weston LA (2003) The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil 256:67–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black RLB, Dix NJ (1976) Utilization of ferulic acid by microfungi from litter and soil. Trans Br Mycol Soc 66:313–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum U (1996) Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids. J Nematol 28:259–267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U (1997) The benefits of citrate over EDTA for extracting phenolic acids from soils and plant debris. J Chem Ecol 23:347–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U (1998) Effects of microbial utilization of phenolic acids and their phenolic acid breakdown products on allelopathic interactions. J Chem Ecol 24:685–708

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U (2004) Fate of phenolic allelochemicals in soils: the role of soil and rhizosphere microorganisms. In: Macías FA, Galindo JCG, Molinillo JMG, Cutler HG (eds) Allelopathy: chemistry & modes of action of allelochemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 57–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum U (2006) Allelopathy: a soil system perspective. In: Reigosa MJ, Pedrol N, González L (eds) Allelopathy. A physiological process with ecological implications. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 299–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum U (2007) Can data derived from field and laboratory bioassays establish the existence of allelopathic interactions in nature? In: Fujii Y, Hiradate S (eds) Allelopathy: new concepts and methodology. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, pp 31–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Austin MF, Shafer SR (1999a) The fates and effects of phenolic acids in a plant-microbe-soil model system. In: Macías FA, Galindo JCG, Molinillo JMG, Cutler HG (eds) Recent advances in allelopathy I. A science for the future. Cádiz University Press, Puerto Real, pp 159–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Dalton BR (1985) Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in nutrient culture. J Chem Ecol 11:279–301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Dalton BR, Rawlings JO (1984) Effects of ferulic acid and some of its microbial metabolic products on the radicle growth of cucumber. J Chem Ecol 10:1169–1191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Dalton BR, Shann JR (1985a) Effects of various mixtures of ferulic acid and some of its microbial metabolic products on cucumber leaf expansion and dry matter in nutrient culture. J Chem Ecol 11:619–641

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Dalton BR, Shann JR (1985b) Effects of ferulic and p-coumaric acids in nutrient culture on cucumber leaf expansion as influenced by pH. J Chem Ecol 11:1567–1582

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Gerig TM (2005) Relationships between phenolic acid concentrations, transpiration, water utilization, leaf area expansion, and uptake of phenolic acids: nutrient culture studies. J Chem Ecol 31:1907–1932

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Gerig TM (2006) Interrelationships between p-coumaric acid, evapotranspiration, soil water content, and leaf expansion. J Chem Ecol 32:1817–1834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Gerig TM, Weed SB (1989) Effects of mixtures of phenolic acids on leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in different pH Portsmouth A1 soil materials. J Chem Ecol 15:2413–2423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Gerig TM, Worsham AD, Holappa LD, King LD (1992) Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: development of soil extract bioassays. J Chem Ecol 18:2191–2221

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Gerig TM, Worsham AD, King LD (1993) Modification of allelopathic effects of p-coumaric acid on morning-glory seedling biomass by glucose, methionine, and nitrate. J Chem Ecol 19:2791–2811

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Heck WW (1980) Effects of acute ozone exposures on snap bean at various stages of its life cycle. Environ Exp Bot 20:73–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, King LD, Gerig TM, Lehman ME, Worsham AD (1997) Effects of clover and small grain cover crops and tillage techniques on seedling emergence of some dicotyledonous weed species. Am J Altern Agric 12:146–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Rebbeck J (1989) The inhibition and recovery of cucumber roots given multiple treatments of ferulic acid in nutrient culture. J Chem Ecol 15:917–928

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Shafer SR (1988) Microbial populations and phenolic acids in soils. Soil Biol Biochem 20:793–800

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Shafer SR, Lehman ME (1999b) Evidence for inhibitory allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids in field soils: concepts vs. an experimental model. Crit Rev Plant Sci 18:673–693

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Staman KL, Flint LJ, Shafer SR (2000) Induction and/or selection of phenolic acids-utilizing bulk-soil and rhizosphere bacteria and their influence on phenolic acid phytotoxicity. J Chem Ecol 26:2059–2078

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Weed SB, Dalton BR (1987) Influence of various soil factors on the effects of ferulic acid on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings. Plant Soil 98:111–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Wentworth TR, Klein K, Worsham AD, King LD, Gerig TM, Lyu S-W (1991) Phenolic acid content of soils from wheat-no till, wheat-conventional till, and fallow-conventional till soybean cropping systems. J Chem Ecol 17:1045–1068

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum U, Worsham AD, King LD, Gerig TM (1994) Use of water and EDTA extractions to estimate available (free and reversibly bound) phenolic acids in Cecil soils. J Chem Ecol 20:341–359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonner J (1946) Further investigation of toxic substances which arise from guayule plants: relation of toxic substances to growth of guayule in soil. Bot Gaz 107:343–351

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonner J, Galston AW (1944) Toxic substances from culture media of guayule which may inhibit growth. Bot Gaz 106:185–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booker FL, Blum U, Fiscus EL (1992) Short-term effects of ferulic acid on ion uptake and water relations in cucumber seedlings. J Exp Bot 43:649–655

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caballeira A, Cuervo A (1980) Seasonal variation in allelopathic potential of soil from Erica australis L heathland. Acta Oecol-Oecol Plant 1:345–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Cataldo DA, Schrader LE, Young VL (1974) Analysis by digestion and colorimetric assay of total nitrogen in plant tissue high in nitrates. Crop Sci 14:854–856

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cecchi AM, Koskinen WC, Cheng HH (2004) Sorption-desorption of phenolic acids as affected by soil properties. Biol Fertil Soils 39:235–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng HH, Haider K, Harper SS (1983) Catechol and chlorocatechols in soil: degradation and extractability. Soil Biol Biochem 15:311–317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou CT (1989) Theoretical consideration of the partition uptake of nonionic organic compounds by soil organic matter. In: Sawhney BK (ed) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils, SSSA Special Publication 22. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou CH, Patrick ZA (1976) Identification and phytotoxic activity of compounds produced during decomposition of corn and rye residues in soil. J Chem Ecol 2:369–387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connors KA, Lipari JM (1976) Effects of cycloamyloses on apparent dissociation constants of carboxylic acids and phenols: equilibrium analytical selectivity induced by complex formation. J Pharmaceut Sci 65:379–383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dagley S (1971) Catabolism of aromatic compounds by microorganisms. Adv Microb Physiol 6:1–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton BR (1989) Physicochemical and biological processes affect the recovery of exogenously applied ferulic acid from tropical soils. Plant Soil 115:13–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton BR (1999) The occurrence and behavior of plant phenolic acids in soil environments and their potential involvement in allelochemical interference interactions: methodological limitations in establishing conclusive proof of allelopathy. In: Inderjit, Daskshini KMM, Foy CL (eds) Principles and practices in plant ecology: allelochemical interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 57–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton BR, Blum U, Weed SB (1983) Allelopathic substances in ecosystems: effectiveness of sterile soil components in altering recovery of ferulic acid. J Chem Ecol 9:1185–1201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton BR, Blum U, Weed SB (1989a) Plant phenolic acids in soils: sorption of ferulic acid by soil and soil components sterilized by different techniques. Soil Biol Biochem 21:1011–1018

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton BR, Blum U, Weed SB (1989b) Differential sorption of exogenously applied ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 53:757–762

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton BR, Weed SB, Blum U (1987) Plant phenolic acids in soils: a comparison of extraction procedures. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:1515–1521

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dao TH (1987) Sorption and mineralization of plant phenolic acids in soil. In: Waller GR (ed) Allelochemicals: role in agriculture and forestry. ACS symposium series, vol 330. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 358–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Doetsch RN, Cook TM (1973) Introduction of Bacteria and their ecobiology. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs RJ, Thomas JF (1983) Phytotron procedural manual for controlled environment laboratories. North Carolina Agric Exper Station Tech Bull No. 244 (revised)

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke SO, Cedergreen N, Velini ED, Belz RG (2006) Hormesis: is it an important factor in herbicide use and allelopathy? Outlook on Pest Manag February 2006:29–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke SO, Williams RD, Markhart AH (1983) Interaction of moisture stress and three phenolic compounds on lettuce seed germination. Ann Bot 52:923–926

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA (1986) Mechanisms and modes of action. In: Putnam AR, Tang CS (eds) The science of allelopathy. Wiley, New York, NY, pp 171–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA (1987) Interactions among allelochemicals and other stress factors of the plant environment. In: Waller GR (ed) Allelochemicals: role in agriculture and forestry. ACS symposium series, vol 330. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 343–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA (1996) Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems. Agron J 88:886–893

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA (1999) An integrated view of allelochemicals amid multiple stresses. In: Inderjit, Dakshini KMM, Foy CL (eds) Principles and practices in plant ecology: allelochemical interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 479–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA (2002) The physiology of allelochemical action: clues and views. In: Reigosa MJ, Pedrol N (eds) Allelopathy: from molecules to ecosystems. Science Publishers Inc, Einfield, NH, pp 1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA, Eckrich PC (1984) Interaction of temperature and ferulic acid stress on grain sorghum and soybean. J Chem Ecol 10:161–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA, Kuan L (1971) Effects of scopoletin and chlorogenic acid on stomatal aperture in tobacco and sunflower. Bull Torrey Bot Club 98:155–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA, Muth MS, Schon MK (1985) Effects of allelochemicals on plant-water relationships. In: Thompson AC (ed) The chemistry of allelopathy: biochemical interactions among plants. ACS symposium series, vol 268. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 179–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Einhellig FA, Rice EL, Risser PG, Wender SH (1970) Effects of scopoletin on growth, CO2 exchange rates, and concentrations of scopoletin, scopolin, and chlorogenic acid in tobacco, sunflower and pigweed. Bull Torrey Bot Club 97:22–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans WC (1963) The microbial degradation of aromatic compounds. J Gen Microbiol 32:177–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher K (2002) Removal of heavy metals from soil components and soil by natural chelating agents. Part I: displacement from clay minerals and peat by L-cysteine and L-penecillamine. Water Air Soil Pollut 137:267–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher K, Bipp HP (2002) Removal of heavy metals from soil components and soil by natural chelating agents. Part II: soil extraction by sugar acids. Water Air Soil Pollut 138:271–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaig W (1971) Organic compounds in soil. Soil Sci 111:19–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry CF (1988) The growing plant cell wall: chemical and metabolic analysis. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerig TM, Blum U (1991) Effects of mixtures of four phenolic acids on leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in Portsmouth B1 soil materials. J Chem Ecol 17:29–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerig TM, Blum U (1993) Modification of an inhibition curve to account for effects of a second compound. J Chem Ecol 19:2783–2790

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerig TM, Blum U, Meier K (1989) Statistical analysis of the joint inhibitory action of similar compounds. J Chem Ecol 15:2403–2412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass ADM (1973) Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake. I. Inhibition of phosphate uptake. Plant Physiol 51:1037–1041

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass ADM (1974) Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake. III. Inhibition of potassium uptake. J Exp Bot 25:1104–1113

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass ADM (1975) Inhibition of phosphate uptake in barley roots by hydroxy-benzoic acids. Phytochemistry 14:2117–2130

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass ADM (1976) The allelopathic potential of phenolic acids associated with the rhizosphere of Pteridium aquilinum. Can J Bot 54:2440–2444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass ADM, Dunlop J (1974) Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake. IV. Depolarization of membrane potentials. Plant Physiol 54:855–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin TW, Mercer EI (1983) Introduction to plant biochemistry, 2nd edn. Pergaman Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenland DJ (1965) Interactions between clays and organic compounds. Part I. Mechanisms of interactions between clays and defined organic matter. Soil Fertil 28:415–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenland DJ (1971) Interactions between humic and fulvic acids and clays. Soil Sci 111:34–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guenzi WD, McCalla TM (1966) Phytotoxic substances extracted from soil. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 30:214–216

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haider K, Martin JP (1975) Decomposition of specifically carbon-14 labeled benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 39:657–662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haider K, Martin JP, Rietz E (1977) Decomposition in soil of 14C-labeled coumaryl alcohols; free and linked into dehydropolymer and plant lignins and model humic acids. Soil Sci Soc Am J 41:556–562

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall AB, Blum U, Fites RC (1982) Stress modification of allelopathy of Helianthus annuus L. debris on seed germination. Am J Bot 69:776–783

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall AB, Blum U, Fites RC (1983) Stress modification of allelopathy of Helianthus annuus L. debris on seedling biomass production of Amaranthus retroflexus L. J Chem Ecol 9:1213–1222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harborne JB (1982) Introduction to ecological biochemistry. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Harborne JB (1984) Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern plant analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Harborne JB (1990) Plant phenolics. In: Bell EA, Charlwood BV (eds) Secondary plant products. Springer, Berlin, pp 331–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Harder W, Dijkhuizen L (1982) Strategies of mixed substrate utilization in microorganisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 297:459–480

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper JR, Balke NE (1981) Characterization of the inhibition of K+ absorption in oat roots by salicylic acid. Plant Physiol 68:1349–1553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris RK, Sommers LE (1968) Plate-dilution frequency technique for assay of microbial ecology. Appl Microbiol 16:330–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartel PG (1998) The soil habitat. In: Sylvia DM, Fuhrmann JJ, Hartel PG, Zuberer DA (eds) Principles and applications of soil microbiology. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp 21–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasset JJ, Banwart WL (1989) The sorption of nonpolar organics by soils and sediments. In: Sawhney BL, Brown K (eds) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils, SSSA Special Publication 22. Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 31–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson MEK (1956) A study of the metabolism of phenolic compounds by soil fungi using spore suspension. J Gen Microbiol 14:684–691

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson MEK, Farmer VC (1955) Utilization by soil fungi of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, ferulic acid, syringaldehyde, and vanillin. J Gen Microbiol 12:37–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry G (1985) Allelopathy: the harmful effects of chemicals produced by one plant upon another, 1979–85 (335 citations). US Dept of Agriculture, National Agricultural Libarary, Beltsville

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry G (1987) Allelopathy: the effects of chemicals produced by plants, 1982–86 (248 citations). US Dept of Agriculture, National Agricultural Libarary, Beltsville

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoagland DR, Arnon DJ (1950) The water-culture method of growing plants without soil. Calif Agric Exp Sta Circ 347

    Google Scholar 

  • Holappa LD, Blum U (1991) Effects of exogenously applied ferulic acid, a potential allelopathic compound, on leaf growth, water utilization, and endogenous abscisic acid levels of tomato, cucumber, and bean. J Chem Ecol 17:865–886

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang PM, Wang MC, Wang MK (1999) Catalytic transformation of phenolic compounds in the soil. In: Inderjit, Dakshini KMM, Foy CL (eds) Principles and practices in plant ecology: allelochemical interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 287–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang PM, Wang TSC, Wang MK, Wu MH, Hsu NW (1977) Retention of phenolic acids by noncrystalline hydroxy-aluminum and -iron compounds and clay minerals in soil. Soil Sci 123:213–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes GR, Averre CW, Sorensen KA (1983) Growing pickling cucumbers in North Carolina. AG 315. NC Agric Ext Serv Bull, Raleigh. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit (2005) Soil microorganisms: an important determinant of allelopathic activity. Plant Soil 274:227–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit, Bhowmik PC (2004) Sorption of benzoic acid onto soil colloids and its implications for allelopathy studies. Biol Fertil Soils 40:345–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit, Callaway RM (2003) Experimental designs for the study of allelopathy. Plant Soil 256:1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit, Dakshini KMM (1995) On laboratory bioassays in allelopathy. Bot Rev 61:28–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit, Nilsen ET (2003) Bioassays and field studies for allelopathy in terrestrial plants: progress and problems. Crit Rev Plant Sci 22:221–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit, Streibig JC, Olofsdotter M (2002) Joint action of phenolic acids mixtures and its significance in allelopathy research. Physiol Plant 114:422–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inderjit, Weston LA (2000) Are laboratory bioassays for allelopathy suitable for prediction of field responses? J Chem Ecol 26:2111–2118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminsky R, Muller WH (1977) The extraction of soil phytotoxins using neutral EDTA solution. Soil Sci 124:205–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminsky R, Muller WH (1978) A recommendation against the use of alkaline soil extractions in the study of allelopathy. Plant Soil 49:641–645

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katase T (1981a) Stereoisomerization of p-coumaric and ferulic acid during incubation in peat soil extract solution by exposure to fluorescent light. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 27:421–427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katase T (1981b) The different forms in which p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, and ferulic acids exist in a peat soil. Soil Sci 132:436–443

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenttamaa J, Raisanen S, Auterinen L, Lindberg JJ (1970) Ionization constants of coniferyl alcohol and related phenols. Suom Kemistilehti B 43:333–336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein K, Blum U (1990a) Inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion by ferulic acid in split-root experiments. J Chem Ecol 16:455–463

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein K, Blum U (1990b) Effects of soil nitrogen level on ferulic acid inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion. J Chem Ecol 16:1371–1383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunc F (1971) Decomposition of vanillin by soil microorganisms. Folia Microbiol 16:41–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavelle P, Spain AV (2001) Soil ecology. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Leben C (1961) Microorganisms on cucumber seedlings. Phytopathology 51:533–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman ME, Blum U (1997) Cover crop debris effects on weed emergence as modified by environmental factors. Allelopathy J 4:69–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman ME, Blum U (1999a) Influence of pretreatment stresses on inhibitory effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic phenolic acid. J Chem Ecol 25:1517–1529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman ME, Blum U (1999b) Evaluation of ferulic acid uptake as a measurement of allelochemical dose: effective concentration. J Chem Ecol 25:2585–2600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman ME, Blum U, Gerig TM (1994) Simultaneous effects of ferulic and p-coumaric acids on cucumber leaf expansion in split-root experiments. J Chem Ecol 20:1773–1782

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann RG, Cheng HH, Harsh JB (1987) Oxidation of phenolic acids by soil iron and manganese oxides. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:352–356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leo AJ, Hansch C, Elkins D (1971) Partition coefficients and their uses. Chem Rev 71:525–616

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay WL, Norwell WA (1978) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42:421–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littell RC, Milliken GA, Stroup WW, Wolfinger RD (1996) SAS system for mixed models. SAS Institute, Cary, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodhi MAK (1978) Allelopathic effects of decaying litter on dominant trees and their associated soil in a lowland forest community. Am J Bot 65:340–344

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes AS, Wollum AG (1976) Comparative effects of methyl-bromide, propylene oxide, and autoclave sterilization of specific soil chemical characteristics. Turrialba 26:351–355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe RH, Hamilton JL (1967) Rapid method for determination of nitrate in plant and soil extracts. Agric Food Chem 15:359–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyu S-W, Blum U (1990) Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on net P, K, and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system. J Chem Ecol 16:2429–2439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyu S-W, Blum U, Gerig TM, O’Brien TE (1990) Effects of mixtures of phenolic acids on phosphorus uptake by cucumber seedlings. J Chem Ecol 16:2559–2567

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makino T, Takahashi Y, Sakurai Y, Nanzyo M (1996) Influence of soil chemical properties on adsorption and oxidation of phenolic acids in soil suspension. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 42:867–879

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marschner H, Römheld V (1996) Root-induced changes in the availability of micronutrients in the rhizosphere. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U (eds) Plant roots: the hidden half, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin JP, Haider K (1971) Microbial activity in relation to soil humus formation. Soil Sci 111:54–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JP, Haider K (1976) Decomposition of specifically carbon-14-labeled ferulic acid: free and linked into model humic acid-type polymers. Soil Sci Soc Am J 40:377–380

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JP, Haider K (1979) Effects of concentration on decomposition of some 14C-labeled phenolic compounds, benzoic acid, glucose, wheat straw, and Chlorella protein in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 43:917–920

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JP, Haider K, Wolf D (1972) Synthesis of phenolic polymers by Hedersonula toruloidea in relation to humic acid formation. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 36:311–315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreland DE, Novitzky WP (1987) Effects of phenolic acids, coumarins, and flavonoids on isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria. In: Waller GR (ed) Allelochemicals: role in agriculture and forestry. ACS symposium series, vol 330. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 247–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundt JO, Hinkle NF (1976) Bacteria within ovules and seeds. Appl Environ Microbiol 32:694–697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarajah S, Posner AM, Quirk JP (1970) Competitive adsorption of phosphate with polygalactoronic and other organic anions on kaolinite and oxide surfaces. Nature (Lond) 228:83–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom CG, Lindberg JJ (1965) Thermodynamic ionization constants of phenolic corboxylic acid related to cinnamic acid and lignin. Suom Kemistilehti 38:291–295

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno T (2001) Oxidation of phenolic acid derivatives by soil and its relevance to allelopathic activity. J Environ Qual 30:1631–1635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno T, First PR (1998) Assessment of the Folin and Ciocalteu’s method for determining soil phenolic carbon. J Environ Qual 27:776–782

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno T, Horesh MY, Merrit KA, Wagai R (2002) Calcium and pH effects on salicylic acid phytotoxicity. Allelopathy J 9:19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey DK (1994) Inhibition of Salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) by parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). II. Relative effect of flower, leaf, stem, and root residue on salvinia and paddy. J Chem Ecol 20:3123–3131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papanastasiou AC (1982) Kinetics of biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate in the presence of glucose. Biotechnol Bioeng 24:2001–2011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt RL, Farmer VC, Russell JD (1977) Adsorption on hydrous oxides I. Oxalate and benzoate on goethite. J Soil Sci 28:29–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick ZA (1971) Phytotoxic substances associated with the decomposition in the soil of plant residue. Soil Sci 111:13–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson DT (1981) Effects of allelopathic chemicals on growth and physiological responses to soybean (Glycine max). Weed Sci 29:53–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul EA, Clark FE (1989) Soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, San Diego, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Politycka B (1998) Phenolics and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, phenol-ß-glucosyltransferase and ß-glucosidase in cucumber roots as affected by phenolic allelochemicals. Acta Physiol Plant 20:405–410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Politycka B, Kozlowska M, Mielcarz B (2004) Cell wall peroxidases in cucumber roots induced by phenolic allelochemicals. Allelopathy J 13:29–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Politycka B, Mielcarz B (2007) Involvement of ethylene in growth of cucumber roots by ferulic and p-coumaric acids. Allelopathy J 19:451–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Pue KJ, Blum U, Gerig TM, Shafer SR (1995) Mechanism by which noninhibitory concentrations of glucose increase inhibitory activity of p-coumaric acid on morning-glory seedling biomass accumulation. J Chem Ecol 21:833–847

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam AR, Tang CS (1986) The science of allelopathy. Wiley, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Qu XH, Wang JG (2008) Effect of amendments with different phenolic acids on soil microbial biomass, activity, and community diversity. Appl Soil Ecol 39:172–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Radford PJ (1967) Growth analysis formulae-their use and abuse. Crop Sci 7:171–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice EL (1974) Allelopathy. Academic Press, Orlando, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice EL (1979) Allelopathy-an update. Bot Rev 45:15–109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice EL (1983) Pest control with nature’s chemicals: allelochemics and pheromones in gardening and agriculture. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice EL (1984) Allelopathy. Academic Press, Orlando, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice EL (1986) Allelopathic growth stimulation. In: Putnam AR, Tang CS (eds) The science of allelopathy. Wiley, New York, NY, pp 23–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson T (1967) The organic constituents of higher plants. Their chemistry and interrelationships, 2nd edn. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, MN

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeo JT, Weidenhamer JD (1998) Bioassays for allelopathy in terrestrial plants. In: Haynes KF, Millar JG (eds) Methods in chemical ecology: bioassay methods. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Norwell, MA, pp 179–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovira AD (1991) Rhizosphere research-85 years of progress and frustration. In: Keister DL, Cregan PB (eds) Beltsville symposium in agricultural research. 14. The rhizosphere and plant growth. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, pp 3–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Salonius PO, Robin JB, Chase FE (1967) A comparison of autoclaved and gamma-irradiated soils as media for microbial colonization experiments. Plant Soil 27:239–248

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute Inc. (1999) SAS/STAT user’s guide, version 8. SAS Publishing, Cary, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt SK (1988) Degradation of juglone by soil bacteria. J Chem Ecol 14:1561–1571

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt EL (1991) Methods for microbial autecology in the soil rhizosphere. In: Keister DL, Cregan PB (eds) Beltsville symposium in agricultural research. 14. The rhizosphere and plant growth. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, pp 81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt SK, Ley RE (1999) Microbial competition and soil structure limit the expression of allelopathy. In: Inderjit, Dakshini KMM, Foy CL (eds) Principles and practices in plant ecology: allelochemical interactions. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 339–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafer SR, Blum U (1991) Influence of phenolic acids on microbial populations in the rhizosphere of cucumber. J Chem Ecol 17:369–389

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer SR, Blum U, Horton SJ, Hesterberg DL (1998) Biomass of tomato seedlings exposed to an allelopathic phenolic acid and enriched atmospheric carbon dioxide. Water Air Soil Pollut 106:123–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shann JR, Blum U (1987a) The uptake of ferulic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids by Cucumis sativus. Phytochemistry 26:2959–2964

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shann JR, Blum U (1987b) The utilization of exogenously supplied ferulic acid in lignin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 26:2977–2982

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shindo H, Kuwatsuka S (1976) Behavior of phenolic substances in the decay process of plants. IV. Adsorption and movement of phenolic acids in soils. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 22:23–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siqueira JO, Nair MG, Hammerschmidt R, Safir GR (1991) Significance of phenolic compounds in plant-soil-microbial systems. Crit Rev Plant Sci 10:63–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparling GP, Ord BG, Vaughan D (1981) Changes in microbial biomass and activity in soils amended with phenolic acids. Soil Biol Biochem 13:455–460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparling GP, Vaughan D (1981) Soil phenolic acids and microbes in relation to plant growth. J Sci Food Agric 32:625–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Staman K, Blum U, Louws F, Robertson D (2001) Can simultaneous inhibition of seedling growth and stimulation of rhizosphere bacterial populations provide evidence for phytotoxin transfer from plant residues in the bulk soil to the rhizosphere of sensitive species? J Chem Ecol 27:807–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stowe LG, Osborn A (1980) The influence of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on the phytotoxicity of phenolic compounds. Can J Bot 58:1149–1153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strobel BW (2001) Influence of vegetation on low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids in soil solution – a review. Geoderma 99:169–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugi SF, Schimel JP (1993) Decomposition and biomass incorporation of 14C-labeled glucose and phenolics in taiga forest floor: effect of substrate quality, successional state, and season. Soil Biol Biochem 25:1379–1389

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvia DM, Fuhrmann JJ, Hartel PG, Zuberer DA (2004) Principles and application of soil microbiology, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Tack BF, Chapman PJ, Dagley S (1972) Metabolism of gallic and syringic acids by Pseudomonas putida. J Biol Chem 247:6438–6443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taussky HH, Shorr E (1953) A microcolorimetric method for the determination of inorganic phosphorus. J Biol Chem 202:675–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tharayil N, Bhowmik PC, Xing B (2006) Preferential sorption of phenolic phytotoxins to soil: implications for altering the availability of allelochemicals. J Agric Food Chem 54:3033–3040

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tharayil N, Bhowmik PC, Xing B (2008) Bioavailability of alleochemicals as affected by companion compounds in soil matrices. J Agric Food Chem 56:3706–3713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson AC (1985) The chemistry of allelopathy. Biochemical interactions among plants, ACS symposium series, vol 268. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner JA, Rice EL (1975) Microbial decomposition of ferulic acid in soil. J Chem Ecol 1:41–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan D, Sparling GP, Ord BG (1983) Amelioration of the phytotoxicity of phenolic acids by some soil microbes. Soil Biol Biochem 15:613–614

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker TS, Bais HP, Grotewold E, Vivanco JM (2003) Root exudation and rhizosphere biology. Plant Physiol 132:44–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waller GR (1987) Allelochemicals: role in agriculture and forestry. ACS symposium series, vol 330. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang TSC, Huang PM, Chou C-H, Chen J-H (1986) The role of soil minerals in the abiotic polymerization of phenolic compounds and formation of humic substances. In: Huang PM, Schnitzer M (eds) Interactions of soil minerals with natural organics and microbes, SSSA Special Publication 17. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 251–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang TSC, Song WL, Ferng YL (1978) Catalytic polymerization of phenolic compounds by clay minerals. Soil Sci 126:15–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waters ER, Blum U (1987) The effects of single and multiple exposures of ferulic acid on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Phaseolus vulgaris BBL-290. Am J Bot 74:1635–1645

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson JR, Posner AM, Quirk JP (1973) Adsorption of herbicide 2,4-D on goethite. J Soil Sci 24:503–511

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidenhamer JD, Morton TC, Romeo JT (1987) Solution volume and seed number – often overlooked factors in allelopathic bioassays. J Chem Ecol 13:1481–1491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead DC, Buchan H, Hartley RD (1979) Composition and decomposition of roots of ryegrass and red clover. Soil Biol Biochem 11:619–628

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead DC, Dibb H, Hartley RD (1982) Phenolic compounds in soil as influenced by the growth of different plant species. J Appl Ecol 19:579–588

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead DC, Dibb H, Hartley RD (1983) Bound phenolic compounds in water extracts of soils, plant roots and leaf litter. Soil Biol Biochem 15:133–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams-Linera G, Ewel JJ (1984) Effects of autoclave sterilization of a tropical andept on seed germination and seedling growth. Plant Soil 82:263–268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson GB, Weidenhamer JD (1990) Bacterial degradation of juglone. Evidence against allelopathy? J Chem Ecol 16:1739–1752

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf DC, Dao TH, Scott HD, Lavy TL (1989) Influence of sterilization methods on selected soil microbiological, physical, and chemical properties. J Environ Qual 18:39–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JQ, Matsui Y (1997) Effects of root exudates of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and allelochemicals on ion uptake by cucumber seedlings. J Chem Ecol 23:817–827

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanardo DIL, Lima RB, Ferrarese MdeLL, Bubna GA, Ferrarese-Filho O (2009) Soybean root growth inhibition and lignification induced by p-coumaric acid. Environ Exp Bot 66:25–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Gu M, Xia X, Shi K, Zhou Y, Yu Z (2009) Effects of phenylcarboxylic acids on mitosis, endoreduplication and expression of cell cycle-related genes in roots of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). J Chem Ecol 35:679–688

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA

    Udo Blum

Authors
  1. Udo Blum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Udo Blum .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Blum, U. (2011). Plant–Plant Allelopathic Interactions. Phase I: The Laboratory. In: Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0683-5_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation