Abstract
The role of the pathologist in a team dealing with patients affected by PSM is crucial. The steps of this work are not merely diagnostic; in fact, before diagnosis is achieved, the pathologist must collect a great deal of information necessary for analyzing the individual case to enable the surgeon to interpret correctly the macroscopic pattern presented by the patient. The majority of patients undergoing surgical procedures for PSM have already been given systemic chemotherapy, and the pathological pattern at the time of the surgical intervention is affected by the grade of therapeutic response. In cases in which lesions are not obvious, it is important to detect and analyze all areas of minimal alteration, both in the serosal surface and in deeper locations (as in visceral specimens such as large- and small-bowel tracts, uterus and adnexa, bladder, gall bladder, and other such areas). It is even more important to apply this protocol in cases in which superficial macroscopic lesions have virtually disappeared. For correct staging, it must be determined with as much certainty as possible that no microscopic residue remains.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Nik NN, Vang R, Shih IM, Kurman RJ (2014) Origin and pathogenesis of pelvic (ovarian, tubal, and primary peritoneal) serous carcinoma. Ann Rev Pathol Mech Dis 9:27–45
Shih I, Kurman RJ (2004) Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological andmolecular genetic analysis. Am J Pathol 164:1511–1518
Kurman RJ, Shih I (2011) Molecular pathogenesis and extraovarian origin of epithelial OC shifting the paradigm. Hum Pathol 42:918–931
Jones S, Wang TL, Shih I et al (2010) Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling gene ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Science 330:228–231
Wiegand KC, Shah SP, Al-Agha OM et al (2010) ARID1A mutations in endometriosis associated ovarian carcinomas. N Engl J Med 363:1532–1543
Cho KR, Shih I (2009) Ovarian cancer. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 4:287–313
Piek JM, van Diest PJ, Zweemer RP et al (2001) Dysplastic changes in prophylactically removed fallopian tubes of women predisposed to developing OC. J Pathol 195:451–456
Medeiros F, Muto MG, Lee Y et al (2006) The tubal fimbria is a preferred site for early adenocarcinoma in women with familial OC syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 30:230–236
Kindelberger DW, Lee Y, Miron A et al (2007) Intraepithelial carcinoma of the fimbria and pelvic serous carcinoma: evidence for a causal relationship. Am J Surg Pathol 31:161–169
Piek JM, Verheijen RH, Kenemans P et al (2003) BRCA1/2-related OCs are of tubal origin: a hypothesis. Gynecol Oncol 90:491
Kuhn E, Meeker A, Wang TL et al (2010) Shortened telomeres in serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, an early event in ovarian high-grade serous carcinogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 34:829–836
Marquez RT, Baggerly KA, Patterson AP et al (2005) Patterns of gene expression in different histiotypes of epithelial OC correlate with those in normal fallopian tube, endometrium, and colon. Clin Cancer Res 11:6116–126
Di Giorgio A, Cardi M, Biacchi D et al (2013) Depth of colorectal-wall invasion and lymphnode involvement as major outcome factors influencing surgical strategy in patients with advanced and recurrent OC with diffuse peritoneal metastases. World J Surg Oncol 11:64–72
Scarabelli C, Gallo A, Franceschi S et al (2000) Primary cytoreductive surgery with rectosigmoid colon resection for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 88:389–397
Park JY, Seo SS, Kang S et al (2006) The benefits of low anterior en bloc resection as part of cytoreductive surgery for advanced primary and recurrent epithelial OC patients outweigh morbidity concerns. Gynecol Oncol 103:977–984
Dvoretsky PM, Richards KA, Angel C et al (1988) Distribution of disease at autopsy in 100 women with OC. Hum Pathol 19:57–63
Salani R, Diaz-Montes T, Giuntoli RL, Bristow RE (2007) Surgical management of mesenteric lymph node metastasis in patients undergoing rectosigmoid colectomy for locally advanced ovarian carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 14:3552–3557
Baiocchi G, Cestari LA, Macedo MP et al (2011) Surgical implications of mesenteric lymph node metastasis from advanced OC after bowel resection. J Surg Oncol 104:250–254
Baratti D, Kusamura S, Nonaka D et al (2008) Pseudomyxoma Peritonei: Clinical Pathological and Biological Prognostic Factors in Patients Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). Ann Surg Oncol 15:526–534
Szych C, Staebler A, Connolly DC et al (1999) Molecular genetic evidence supporting the clonality and appendiceal origin of pseudomyxoma peritonei in women. Am J Pathol 154:1849–1855
Carr NJ, Emory TS, Sobin LH (2002) Epithelial neoplasms of the appendix and colorectum: an analysis of cell proliferation, apoptosis and expression of p53, CD44, bcl-2. Arch Pathol Lab Med 126:837–841
Ronnett BM, Yan H, Kurman RJ et al (2001) Patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis have a significantly more favorable prognosis than patients with peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis. Cancer 92:85–91
Bradley RF, Stewart JH, Russell GB et al (2006) Pseudomyxoma peritonei of appendiceal origin: a clinicopathological analysis of 101 patients uniformly treated at a single institution, with literature review. Am J Surg Pathol 30:551–559
Maehara Y, Hasuda S, Koga TY (2000) Postoperative outcome and sites of recurrence in patients following curative resection of GIC. Br J Surg 87:353–357
Thomassen I, van Gestel YR, van Ramshorst B et al (2014) Peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin: A population-based study on incidence, survival and risk factors. Int J Cancer 134:622–628
Kodera Y (2013) Gastric cancer with minimal peritoneal metastasis: is this a sign to give up or to treat more aggressively? Nagoya J Med Sci 75:3–10
Delotte J, Desantis M, Frigenza M et al (2014) Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the treatment of endometrial cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 172:11–114
Bakrin N, Cotte E, Sayag-Beaujard A et al (2010) Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the treatment of recurrent endometrial carcinoma confined to the peritoneal cavity. Int J Gynecol Cancer 20:809–814
Santeufemia DA, Lumachi F, Basso SM (2013) Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy as salvage treatment for a late wound recurrence of endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res 33:1041–1044
Mc Lemore EC, Pockaj BA, Reynolds C et al (2005) Breast cancer: presentation and intervention in women with gastrointestinal metastases and carcinomatosis. Ann Surg Oncol 12:886–894
Tuthill M, Pell R, Giuliani R et al (2009) Peritoneal disease in breast cancer: a specific entity with an extremely poor prognosis. Eur J Cancer 45:2146–2149
Cardi M, Sammartino P, Framarino ML et al (2013) Treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from breast cancer by maximal cytoreduction and HPEC: A preliminary report on 5 cases. The Breast 22:845–849
Thomassen I, Lemmens VEPP, Nienhuijs SW et al (2013) Incidence, Prognosis, and Possible Treatment Strategies of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Pancreatic Origin. Pancreas 42:72–75
Blastik M, Plavecz E, Zalatnai A (2011) Pancreatic carcinomas in a 60-year, institute-based autopsy material with special emphasis of metastatic pattern. Pancreas 40:478–480
Morizane C, Okusaka T, Morita S et al (2011) Construction and validation of a prognostic index for patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 40:415–421
Shibata K, Matsumoto T, Yada K et al (2005) Factors Predicting Recurrence After Resection of Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma. Pancreas 31:69–73
Farma JM, Pingpank JF, Libutti SK et al (2005) Limited Survival in Patients With Carcinomatosis From Foregut Malignancies After Cytoreduction and Continuous Hyperthermic Peritoneal Perfusion. J Gastrointest Surg 9:1346–1353
Kimura H, Fushida S, Mukawa A et al (2009) A resected case of effective treatment with S-1/gemcitabine and paclitaxel combination chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer with peritoneal and liver metastases]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 36:1191–1194
Vasseur B, Cadiot G, Zins M et al (1996) Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Patients with Digestive Endocrine Tumors. Cancer 78:1686–1692
Raptopoulos V (1985) Peritoneal mesothelioma. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 24:293–328
De Pangher Manzini V (2005) Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Tumori 91:1–5
Raju U, Fine G, Greenawald KA, Ohorodnik JM (1989) Primary papillary serous neoplasia of the peritoneum: a clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of eight cases. Hum Pathol 20:426–436
Seidman JD, Zhao P, Yemelyanova A et al (2011) “Primary peritoneal” high-grade serous carcinoma is very likely metastatic from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma: assessing the new paradigm of ovarian and pelvic serous carcinogenesis and its implications for screening for OC. Gynecol Oncol 120:470–473
Schorge JO, Muto MG, Lee SJ et al (2000) BRCA1-related papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum has a unique molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 60:1361–1364
Gerald WL, Ladanyi M, de Alava E et al (1998) Clinical, pathologic, and molecular spectrum of tumors associated with t(11;22)(p13;q12): desmoplastic small round-cell tumor and its variants. J Clin Oncol 16:3028–3036
Schwarz RE, Gerald WL, Kushner BH et al (1998) Desmoplastic small round cell tumors: prognostic indicators and results of surgical management. Ann Surg Oncol 5:416–422
Lal DR, Su WT, Wolden SL et al (2005) Results of multimodal treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumors. J Pediatr Surg 40:251–255
Hassan I, Shyyan R, Donohue JH et al (2005) Intraabdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumors: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Cancer 104:1264–1270
Subbiah V, Viny AD, Anderson PM et al (2012) Optimizing the therapy of desmoplastic small round cell tumor: combined experience from the two major cancer centers. J Clin Oncol 30:10021
Hayes-Jordan A, Anderson P, Curley S et al (2007) Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion for desmoplastic small round cell tumor. J Pediatr Surg 42:E29–E32
Hayes-Jordan A, Green H, Fitzgerald N et al (2010) Novel treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumor: hyperthermic intraperitoneal perfusion. J Pediatr Surg 45:1000–1006
Chang F (2006) Desmoplastic small round cell tumors: cytologic, histologic, and immuno-histo-chemical features. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:728–732
Bilimoria MM, Holtz DJ, Mirza NQ et al (2002) Tumor volume as a prognostic factor for sarcomatosis. Cancer 94:2441–2446
National Cancer Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health (2009) Surveillance epidemiology and end results. Available at http/www.seer.cancer.gov. Accessed May 31, 2014
Munene G, Mack LA, Temple WJ (2011) Systematic review on the efficacy of multimodal treatment of sarcomatosis with cytoreduction and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 18:207–213
Berthet B, Sugarbaker TA, Chang D et al (1999) Quantitative methodologies for selection of patients with recurrent abdominopelvic sarcoma for treatment. Eur J Cancer 35:413–419
Rossi CR, Deraco M, De Simone M et al (2004) Hyperthermic intraperitoneal intraoperative chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery for the treatment of abdominal sarcomatosis: Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in 60 consecutive patients. Cancer 100:1943–1950
Baumgartner JM, Ahrendt SA, Pingpank JF et al (2013) Aggressive Locoregional Management of Recurrent Peritoneal Sarcomatosis. J Surg Oncol 107:329–334
Salti GI, Ailabouni L, Undevia D (2012) Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Peritoneal Sarcomatosis. Ann Surg Oncol 19:1410–1415
Bonvalot S, Cavalcanti A, Le Pe choux C et al (2005) Randomized trial of cytoreduction followed by intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus cytoreduction alone in patients with peritoneal sarcomatosis. Eur J Surg Oncol 31:917–923
Rossi CR, Casali P, Kusamura S (2008) The Consensus Statement on the Locoregional Treatment of Abdominal Sarcomatosis. J Surg Oncol 98:291–294
Oei TN, Jagannathan JP, Ramaiya N, Ros PR (2010) Peritoneal Sarcomatosis Versus Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Imaging Findings at MDCT. AJR 195:W229–W235
Licht JD, Weissmann LB, Antman K (1988) Gastrointestinal sarcomas. Semin Oncol 15:181–188
Miettinen M, Virolainen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M (1995) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors - Value of CD34 antigen in their identification and separation from true leiomyomas and schwannomas. Am J Surg Pathol 19:207–216
Katz SC, DeMatteo RP (2008) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcoma. J Surg Oncol 97:350–359
Miettinen M, Monihan JM, Sarlomo- Rikala M et al (1999) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors/smooth muscle tumors (GISTs) primary to the omentum and mesentery. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1109–1118
Burkill GJ, Badran M, Thomas JM (2003) Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor: distribution, imaging features, and pattern of metastatic spread. Radiology 226:527–532
Kindblom LG, Remotti HE, Aldenborg F, Meis-Kindblom JM (1998) Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor (GIPACT). Gastrointestinal stromal tumors show phenotypic characteristics of the interstitial cell of Cajal. Am J Pathol 152:1259–1269
Cheng EY, Springfield DS, Mankin HJ (1995) Frequent incidence of extrapulmonary sites of initial metastasis in patients with liposarcoma. Cancer 75:1120–1127
Pearlstone DB, Pisters PW, Bold RJ et al (1999) Patterns of recurrence in extremity liposarcoma: implications for staging and follow-up. Cancer 85:85–92
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ciardi, A., Di Giorgio, A. (2015). Pathology of Peritoneal Surface Malignancies. In: Di Giorgio, A., Pinto, E. (eds) Treatment of Peritoneal Surface Malignancies. Updates in Surgery. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5711-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5711-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5710-4
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5711-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)