Abstract
There are some kinds of beneficial symbiotic and nonsymbiotic association between different soil microbes such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with their host plants, resulting in the establishment of a sophisticated natural network. The growth of AM fungal spores results in the production of an extensive hyphal network, which can significantly increase the uptake of nutrients and water by the host plant. In the bacterial symbiosis, like rhizobium (as PGPR), the bacteria are able to initiate some cellular structures (nodules), which are actually plant-differentiated tissues and fix the atmospheric nitrogen (N) to be used by the host plant. For the initiation of such kind of symbioses and hence the establishment of the network, signal molecules must be exchanged between the two symbionts. Signal molecules are some kind of biochemical molecules, produced by plant roots and microbes, triggering genetic activation in both symbionts. However, there are some differences differentiating microbial symbiotic association from each other. For instance, AM fungal species are able to colonize a wide range of host plants, with their signal molecules indicating their nonspecific symbiotic association, while rhizobium bacteria are able to establish symbiosis with their specific host plant, which is due to the nature of their signal molecules. It is, therefore, important to indicate the precise details regarding the signal molecules including the plant hormones, which can establish such kind of symbioses and network and the interactions between the microbes. These details can be useful for the production of more efficient inoculums and a more productive and healthy environment. The most recent advancements are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akiyama K, Matsuzaki KI, Hayashi H (2005) Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435:824–827
Aroca R, Vernieri P, Ruiz Lozano J (2008) Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Lactuca sativa plants exhibit contrasting responses to exogenous ABA during drought stress and recovery. J Exp Bot 59:2029–2041
Benschop JJ, Jackson MB, Guhl K, Vreeburg RAM, Croker SJ et al (2005) Contrasting interactions between ethylene and abscisic acid in Rumex species differing in submergence tolerance. Plant J 44:756–768
Bever JD, Dickie IA, Facelli E, Facelli JM, Klironomos J, Moora M, Rillig MC, Stock WD, Tibbett M, Zobel M (2010) Rooting theories of plant community ecology in microbial interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 25:468–478
Bianciotto V, Andreotti S, Balestrini R, Bonfante P, Perotto S (2001) Mucoid mutants of the biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 show increased ability in biofilm formation on mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal carrot roots. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:255–260
Bonfante P, Anca IA (2009) Plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria: a network of interactions. Annu Rev Microbiol 63:363–383
Bonfante P, Genre A (2010) Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nat Commun 1:48
Bouwmeester HJ, Roux C, Lopez-Raez JA, Becard G (2007) Rhizosphere communication of plants, parasitic plants and AM fungi. Trends Plant Sci 12:224–230
Cerigini E, Palma F, Barbieri E, Buffalini M, Stocchi V (2008) The Tuber borchii fruiting body-specific protein TBF-1, a novel lectin which interacts with associated Rhizobium species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 284:197–203
Daei G, Ardakani M, Rejali F, Teimuri S, Miransari M (2009) Alleviation of salinity stress on wheat yield, yield components, and nutrient uptake using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. J Plant Physiol 166:617–625
Ding X, Sui X, Wang F, Gao J, He X, Zhang F, Yang J, Feng G (2012) Synergistic interactions between Glomus mosseae and Bradyrhizobium japonicum in enhancing proton release from nodules and hyphae. Mycorrhiza 22:51–58
Ferguson BJ, Indrasumunar A, Hayashi S, Lin MH, Lin YH, Reid DE, Gresshoff PM (2010) Molecular analysis of legume nodule development and autoregulation. J Integr Plant Biol 52:61–76
Galibert F, Finan TM, Long SR, Pühler A, Abola P, Ampe F, Barloy-Hubler F, Barnett MJ, Becker A, Boistard P, Bothe G, Boutry M, Bowser L, Buhrmester J, Cadieu E, Capela D, Chain P, Cowie A, Davis RW, Dreano S, Federspiel NA, Fisher RF, Gloux S, Godrie T, Goffeau A, Golding B, Gouzy J, Gurjal M, Hernandez-Lucas I, Hong A, Huizar L, Hyman RW, Jones T, Kahn D, Kahn ML, Kalman S, Keating DH, Kiss E, Komp C, Lelaure V, Masuy D, Palm C, Peck MC, Pohl TM, Portetelle D, Purnelle B, Ramsperger U, Surzycki R, Thebault P, Vandenbol M, Vorholter FJ, Weidner S, Wells DH, Wong K, Yeh KC, Batut J et al (2001) The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science 293:668–672
Glick BR (2010) Using bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnol Adv 28:367–374
Glick BR, Todorovic B, Czarny J, Cheng Z, Duan J (2007) Promotion of plant growth by bacterial ACC deaminase. Crit Rev Plant Sci 26:227–242
Goellner K, Conrath U (2008) Priming: it’s all the world to induced disease resistance. Eur J Plant Pathol 121:233–242
Hammer E, Nasr H, Pallon J, Olsson P, Wallander H (2011) Elemental composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at high salinity. Mycorrhiza 21:117–129
Han H, Zhang S, Sun X (2009) A review on the molecular mechanism of plants rooting modulated by auxin. Afr J Biotechnol 8:348–353
Hildebrandt U, Janetta K, Bothe H (2002) Towards growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi independent of a plant host. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1919–1924
Hildebrandt U, Ouziad F, Marner FJ, Bothe H (2006) The bacterium Paenibacillus validus stimulates growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices up to the formation of fertile spores. FEMS Microbiol Lett 254:258–267
Jalili F, Khavazi K, Pazira E, Nejati A, Asadi Rahmani H, Rasuli Sadaghiani H, Miransari M (2009) Isolation and characterization of ACC deaminase producing fluorescent pseudomonads, to alleviate salinity stress on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth. J Plant Physiol 166:667–674
Javot H, Pumplin N, Harrison MJ (2007) Phosphate in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: transport properties and regulatory roles. Plant Cell Environ 30:310–322
Jayaraman D, Forshey K, Grimsrud P, Ané J (2012) Leveraging proteomics to understand plant–microbe interactions. Front Plant Sci 3:1–6
Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Asamizu E, Kato T, Sasamoto S, Watanabe A, Idesawa K, Ishikawa A, Kawashima K, Kimura T, Kishida Y, Kiyokawa C, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Mochizuki Y, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shimpo S, Sugimoto M, Takeuchi C, Yamada M, Tabata S (2000) Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria Mesorhizobium loti. DNA Res 7:331–338
Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Minamisawa K, Uchiumi T, Sasamoto S, Watanabe A, Idesawa K, Iriguchi M, Kawashima K, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Shimpo S, Tsuruoka H, Wada T, Yamada M, Tabata S (2002) Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110. DNA Res 31:189–197
Kaneko T, Minamisawa K, Isawa T, Nakatsukasa H, Mitsui H, Kawaharada Y, Nakamura Y, Watanabe A, Kawashima K, Ono A, Shimizu Y, Takahashi C, Minami C, Fujishiro T, Kohara M, Matoh K, Nakazaki N, Nakayama S, Yamada M, Tabata S, Sato S (2010) Complete genome structure of the cultivated rice endophyte Azospirillum sp. B510. DNA Res 17:37–50
Kawaguchi M, Minamisawa K (2010) Plant–microbe communications for symbiosis. Plant Cell Physiol 51:1377–1380
Kobae Y, Tamura Y, Takai S, Banba M, Hata S (2010) Localized expression of arbuscular mycorrhiza-inducible ammonium transporters in soybean. Plant Cell Physiol 51:1411–1415
Lian B, Zhou X, Miransari M, Smith DL (2000) Effects of salicylic acid on the development and root nodulation of soybean seedlings. J Agron Crop Sci 185:187–192
Lejung K, Bhalerao RP, Sandberg G (2001) Sites and homeostatic control of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis during vegetative growth. Plant J 28:465–474
Long S (2001) Genes and signals in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Plant Physiol 125:69–72
Lopez-Raez JA, Bouwmeester H (2008) Fine-tuning regulation of strigolactone biosynthesis under phosphate starvation. Plant Signal Behav 3:963–965
Lopez-Raez JA, Charnikhova T, Gomez-Roldan V, Matusova R, Kohlen W, De Vos R, Verstappen F, Puech-Pages V, Bécard G, Mulder P, Bouwmeester H (2008) Tomato strigolactones are derived from carotenoids and their biosynthesis is promoted by phosphate starvation. New Phytol 178:863–874
Maillet F, Poinsot V, Andre O, Puech-Pages V, Haouy A, Gueunier M, Cromer L, Giraudet D, Formey D, Niebel A, Andres Martinez E, Driguez H, Becard G, Denarie J (2011) Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 469:58–64
Marschner P, Baumann K (2003) Changes in bacterial community structure induced by mycorrhizal colonization in split-root maize. Plant Soil 251:279–289
Miransari M (2010) Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant growth under different types of soil stresses. Review article. Plant Biol 12:563–569
Miransari M (2011a) Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 89:917–930
Miransari M (2011b) Soil microbes and plant fertilization. Review article. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 92:875–885
Miransari M (2011c) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen uptake. Review article. Arch Microbiol 193:77–81
Miransari M (2011d) Hyperaccumulators, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and stress of heavy metals. Biotechnol Adv 29:645–653
Miransari M (2012) Role of phytohormone signaling during stress. In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change, 1st edn. Springer, New York, 715 p. ISBN 978-1-4614-0814-7
Miransari M, Smith DL (2007) Overcoming the stressful effects of salinity and acidity on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nodulation and yields using signal molecule genistein under field conditions. J Plant Nutr 30:1967–1992
Miransari M, Smith DL (2008) Using signal molecule genistein to alleviate the stress of suboptimal root zone temperature on soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis under different soil textures. J Plant Interact 3:287–295
Miransari M, Smith D (2009) Alleviating salt stress on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) – Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis, using signal molecule genistein. Eur J Soil Biol 45:146–152
Miransari M, Bahrami HA, Rejali F, Malakouti MJ, Torabi H (2007) Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth. Soil Biol Biochem 39:2014–2026
Miransari M, Bahrami HA, Rejali F, Malakouti MJ (2008) Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth. Soil Biol Biochem 40:1197–1206
Miransari M, Rejali F, Bahrami HA, Malakouti MJ (2009a) Effects of soil compaction and arbuscular mycorrhiza on corn (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake. Soil Till Res 103:282–290
Miransari M, Rejali F, Bahrami HA, Malakouti MJ (2009b) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza, soil sterilization, and soil compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) nutrients uptake. Soil Till Res 104:48–55
Miransari M, Abrishamchi A, Khoshbakht K, Niknam V (2013a) Plant hormones as signals in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Crit Rev Biotechnol (in press)
Miransari M, Riahi H, Eftekhar F, Minaie A, Smith DL (2013b). Improving soybean (Glycine max L.) N2-fixation under stress. J Plant Growth Regul (in press)
Mortimer P, Perez-Fernandez MA, Valentine AJ (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhiza maintains nodule function during external NH4 + supply in Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Mycorrhiza 22:237–245
Nakamura A, Nakajima N, Goda H, Shimada Y, Hayashi K, Nozaki H, Asami T, Yoshida S, Fujioka S (2006) Arabidopsis Aux/IAA genes are involved in brassinosteroid-mediated growth responses in a manner dependent on organ type. Plant J 45:193–205
Oldroyd GE, Engstrom EM, Long SR (2001) Ethylene inhibits the Nod factor signal transduction pathway of Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 13:1835–1849
Porcel R, Ruiz Lozano J (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. J Exp Bot 55:1734–1750
Pupin B, da Silva Freddi O, Nahas E (2009) Microbial alterations of the soil influenced by induced compaction. Rev Bras Ciênc Solo 33:1207–1213
Rajkumar M, Sandhya S, Prasad M, Freitas H (2012) Perspectives of plant-associated microbes in heavy metal phytoremediation. Biotechnol Adv 30(6):1562–1574
Rillig MC, Mummey DL, Ramsey PW, Klironomos JN, Gannon JE (2006) Phylogeny of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi predicts community composition of symbiosis-associated bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57:389–395
Rolland F, Baena-Gonzalez E, Sheen J (2006) Sugar sensing and signaling in plants: conserved and novel mechanisms. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:675–709
Sasse JM (2003) Physiological actions of brassinosteroids: an update. J Plant Growth Regul 22:276–288
Sato S, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Asamizu E, Kato T, Nakao M, Sasamoto S, Watanabe A, Ono A, Kawashima K, Jishiro T, Katoh M, Kohara M, Kishida Y, Minami C, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shimizu Y, Shinpo S, Takahashi C, Wada T, Yamada M, Ohmido N, Hayashi M, Fukui J, Baba T, Nakamichi T, Mori H, Tabata S (2008) The genome structure of the legume, Lotus japonicus. DNA Res 15:227–239
Schaller A, Stintzi A (2009) Enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis-structure, function, regulation Phytochemistry 70:1532–1538
Scheublin T, Sanders I, Keel C, van der Meer J (2010) Characterisation of microbial communities colonising the hyphal surfaces of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ISME J 4:752–763
Schilling G, Schiller C, Otto S (1991) Influence of brassinosteroids on organ relations and enzyme activities of sugar-beet plants. In: Cutler HG, Yokota T, Adam G (eds) Brassinosteroids: chemistry, bioactivity and applications. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 208–219
Shimoda Y, Han L, Yamazaki T, Suzuki R, Hayashi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H (2012) The rhizobial and fungal symbioses show different requirements for calmodulin binding to calcium calmodulin–dependent protein kinase in Lotus japonicus. Plant Cell 24:304–321
Singh S, Parniske M (2012) Activation of calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK), the central regulator of plant root endosymbiosis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 15:444–453
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic Press/Elsevier, London
Smith S, Jakobsen I, Grønlund M, Smith FA (2011) Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Physiol 156:1050–1057
Taylor JH, Waltenbaugh A, Shields M (2008) Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on root anatomy in Zea mays and Lycopersicon esculentum. Afr J Agric Res 3:1–6
Toljander JF, Artursson V, Paul LR, Jansson JK, Finlay RD (2006) Attachment of different soil bacteria to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal extraradical hyphae is determined by hyphal vitality and fungal species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 254:34–40
Toljander JF, Lindahl BD, Paul LR, Elfstrand M, Finlay RD (2007) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelial exudates on soil bacterial growth and community structure. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 61:295–304
Tripathi SK, Tuteja N (2007) Integrated signaling in flower senescence: an overview. Plant Signal Behav 2:437–445
Truman W, Bennett MH, Kubigsteltig I, Turnbull C, Grant M (2007) Arabidopsis systemic immunity uses conserved defense signaling pathways and is mediated by jasmonates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:1075–1080
Tuteja N (2007) Abscisic acid and abiotic stress signalling. Plant Signal Behav 2:135–138
Wamberg C, Christensen S, Jakobsen I, Muller AK, Sørensen SJ (2003) The mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices) affects microbial activity in the rhizosphere of pea plants (Pisum sativum). Soil Biol Biochem 35:1349–1357
Wang D, Yang S, Tang F, Zhu H (2012) Symbiosis specificity in the legume – rhizobial mutualism. Cell Microbiol 14:334–342
Yang J, Kloepper JW, Ryu C (2008) Rhizosphere bacteria help plants tolerate abiotic stress. Trends Plant Sci 14:1–4
Young ND, Cannon SB, Sato S, Kim D, Cook DR, Town CD, Roe BA, Tabata S (2005) Sequencing the gene spaces of Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol 137:174–1181
Yu X, Li L, Li L, Guo M, Chory J, Yin Y (2008) Modulation of brassinosteroid-regulated gene expression by jumonji domain-containing proteins ELF6 and REF6 in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7618–7623
Zhang F, Smith DL (1995) Preincubation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with genistein accelerates nodule development of soybean at suboptimal root zone temperatures. Plant Physiol 108:961–968
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Miransari, M. (2014). Plant, Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Bacterial Network. In: Hakeem, K., Rehman, R., Tahir, I. (eds) Plant signaling: Understanding the molecular crosstalk. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1542-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1542-4_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-1541-7
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-1542-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)