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Biological Activities of Carotenoid Metabolites

  • Chapter
Carotenoids

Part of the book series: Carotenoids ((CAROT,volume 5))

Abstract

Considerable research effort has been expended in an attempt to substantiate and understand the potential roles of carotenoids in human health and disease, as described in previous Chapters in this Volume. Early studies dealt with β-carotene (3) and other provitamin A carotenoids, but more recent research efforts have focused on the potential roles in health and disease of the non-provitamin A carotenoids, such as lycopene (31) and lutein (133). Carotenoids are lipophilic and the series of conjugated double bonds in the central chain of the molecule makes them susceptible to oxidative cleavage [1], to isomerization between the trans (E) and cis (Z) forms [2], and to the formation of potentially bioactive metabolites [3]. The best known metabolite of carotenoids is vitamin A, as retinal (1), retinol (2) and retinoic acid (3). In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to identify biological properties of carotenoid metabolites other than vitamin A and related retinoids. Better understanding of the molecular details behind the actions of these carotenoid oxidative metabolites may yield insights into both physiological and pathophysiological processes in human health and disease. For provitamin A carotenoids, such as β-carotene, α-carotene (7), and β-cryptoxanthin (55), central cleavage is a major pathway leading to vitamin A and its derivatives [4,5] (see Chapter 8 and Volume 4, Chapter 16). This pathway has been substantiated by the cloning of a central cleavage enzyme, β-carotene 15,15′-oxygenase (BCO1), which can cleave carotenoids at their C(15,15′) double bond. It has been well demonstrated that retinoids, the most important oxidative products of provitamin A carotenoids, play an essential role in many critical biological processes, including vision, reproduction, metabolism, differentiation, haematopoiesis, bone development, and pattern formation during embryogenesis [6].

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  1. Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA

    Xiang-Dong Wang

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  1. 53 Forest Read Meols Wirral, Merseyside, CH47 6AT, UK

    George Britton

  2. Carote Nature GmbH, Muristrasse 8e, 3006, Bern, Switzerland

    Hanspeter Pfander (Chief Operating Officer) (Chief Operating Officer)

  3. Organic Chemistry Laboratories Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Synnøve Liaaen-Jensen

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Wang, XD. (2009). Biological Activities of Carotenoid Metabolites. In: Britton, G., Pfander, H., Liaaen-Jensen, S. (eds) Carotenoids. Carotenoids, vol 5. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7501-0_18

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