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Redirecting Th1 and Th2 Responses in Autoimmune Disease

  • Chapter
Redirection of Th1 and Th2 Responses

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 238))

Abstract

The immune system’s ability to distinguish between self and non-self relies on the intricate regulation of cellular responses to antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to T cells. These responses include those of T helper cells, which can he divided into two populations, Th1 and Th2. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ induce Th I differentiation in vitro. Th1 cells secrete primarily IL-2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and are involved in delayed type hypersensitivity, induction of the antibody isotype IgG2a, and defense against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. IL-4 is the primary cytokine that induces differentiation of Th2 type responses. Th2 cells secrete primarily IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10, and are involved in allergic reactions, isotype switching to IgG1, IgG2b and IgE, and defense against extracellular pathogens, such as helminths. A number of autoimmune diseases, in which the immune system attacks self tissues causing damage and disease, are strongly associated with the presence of a particular MHC haplotype, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Tisch and McDevitt 1996; Steinman 1996; Feldmann et al. 1996). IDDM, MS, and RA, which are mediated by T cells, are thought to occur as a result of highly skewed Th1 responses, whereas protection and recovery from these autoimmune diseases is thought to he a result of prevailing Th2 responses (Liblau et al. 1995). In contrast, systemic autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and HIV infection are thought to he a result of pathogenic Th2 responses, although in diseases such as system lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis Th2 skewing has not been clearly demonstrated (Liblau et al. I995).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical Center, Fairchild Building D345, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    C. I. Pearson & H. O. McDevitt

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  1. C. I. Pearson
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  2. H. O. McDevitt
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  1. DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Inc., 901 California Avenue, 94304-1104, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Robert L. Coffman Ph.D.

  2. Cattedra di Immunologia Clinica e Allergologia, Istituto di Clinica Medica III, Servizio di Immunoallergologia Viale Morgagni, 85, I-50134, Firenze, Italy

    Sergio Romagnani M.D. (Head) (Head)

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Pearson, C.I., McDevitt, H.O. (1999). Redirecting Th1 and Th2 Responses in Autoimmune Disease. In: Coffman, R.L., Romagnani, S. (eds) Redirection of Th1 and Th2 Responses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 238. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09709-0_5

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