Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Atopic Eczema pp 232–244Cite as

Role of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in the Pathophysiology of Atopic Eczema

  • Chapter

Abstract

A study of the non-allergic, pharmacological mechanisms establishes a separate basic plane of investigation in atopic eczema (AE). Considerable clinical research is focussed at the level of environmental exacerbants while the more fundamental level — the realm of the genetically determined, constitutional predisposition to atopy — is largely ignored. Szentivanyi quoted Rackemann, who recognised this disparity in 1931: “The situation is somewhat analogous to that of a loaded gun. A good deal of knowledge is being obtained about a great variety of triggers (extrinsic and intrinsic causes) which fire the charge; but why is the gun loaded? And, what constitutes the load?” [1, 2]

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Szentivanyi A (1968) The beta adrenergic theory of the atopic abnormality in bronchial asthma. J Allergy 42: 203–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rackemann FM (1931) Clinical allergy, particularly asthma and hayfever. Mechanism and treatment. Macmillan, New York, p 3

    Google Scholar 

  3. Geha RS (1986) Introduction to monograph on atopic dermatitis. Clin Rev Allergy 4: 1–2

    Google Scholar 

  4. Saarinen UM (1984) Transfer of latent atopy by bone marrow transplantation? A case report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 74: 196–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Saurat JH (1985) Eczema in primary immune deficiencies. Clues to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis with special reference to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol [Suppl] (Stockh.) 114: 125–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Galey CI, Edelstein RA, Chan SC, Hanifin JM (1986) Altered leukocyte phosphoinositide metabolism in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 86: 476

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fishel CW, Szentivanyi A, Talmadge DW (1964) Adrenergic factors in Bordetella pertussis-induced histamine and serotonin hypersensitivity of mice. In: Landy M, Braun W (eds) Bacterial endotoxins. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, pp 474–481

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kurose H, Katada T, Amano T, Ui M (1983) Specific uncoupling by islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin, of negative signal transduction via alpha-adrenergic, cholinergic, and opiate receptors in neuroblastoma glioma hybrid cells. J Biol Chem 258: 4870–4875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hanifin JM (1986) Pharmacophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Rev Allergy 4: 43–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Snyderman SE (1965) An eczematoid dermatitis in histidine deficiency. J Pediatr 66: 212–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rostenberg A Jr, Solomon LM (1968) Infantile eczema in systemic disease. Arch Dermatol 98: 41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rost G, Marchionini A (1932) Asthma-ekzem, Asthma-prurigo and Neurodermitis als allergische Hautkrankheiten. Würzb Abhandl Gesamtgeb Med 27: 337–344

    Google Scholar 

  13. MacKenna R, Lehmann H (1963) Further observations on the glucose-tolerance test in skin disease. Lancet 1: 1393–1395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hamza SH, El-Mazny HR, Abdallah MA (1978) Glucose tolerance in eczema. Br J Dermatol 98: 289–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lockey S, Glennon J, Reed C (1967) Comparison of some metabolic responses in normal and asthmatic subjects to epinephrine and glucagon. J Allergy 40: 349–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Grieco M, Pierson R, Sunyer F (1968) Comparison of the circulatory and metabolic effects of isoproterenol, epinephrine and methoxamine in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Med 44: 863–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Stokes JH (1930) The eczema problem. Am J Med Sci 179: 69–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Readett MD (1955) Constitutional eczema and thyroid disease. J Invest Dermatol 24: 126–139

    Google Scholar 

  19. Carlson JA (1965) Hypothyroidism in atopics. Ann Allergy 23: 331–334

    Google Scholar 

  20. Weber R, Roth G, Kierland R (1955) Further contributions to the vascular physiology of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 24: 19–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schwartz HJ (1966) The relationship of thyroid disease and the atopic state. Ann Allergy 24: 234–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Musaph H (1964) Itching and scratching. Davis, Philadelphia Ann Allergy 24: 234–237

    Google Scholar 

  23. Allerhand M, Gough H, Grais M (1950) Personality factors in neurodermatitis: a preliminary study. Psychosom Med 12: 386–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Alexander F (1950) Emotional factors in skin diseases. Norton, New York, pp 164–169

    Google Scholar 

  25. Williams D (1951) Management of atopic dermatitis in children: control of the maternal rejection factor. Arch Dermatol and Syphilol 63: 545–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sulzberger MB (1955) Atopic dermatitis: its clinical and historic picture. In: Baer RL (ed) Atopic dermatitis. New York University Press, New York, pp 11–42

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rostenberg A (1959) Psychosomatic concepts in atopic dermatitis–a critique. Arch Dermatol 79: 692–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kalz F, Wittkower ED, Vavrusk GW, Telner P, Ferguson S (1957) Studies on vascular skin responses in atopic dermatitis: the influence of psychological factors. J Invest Dermatol 29: 67–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jordan JM, Whitlock FA (1972) Emotions and the skin: the conditioning of scratch responses in cases of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 86: 574–585

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Graham DT, Wolf S (1953) The relation of Eczema to attitude and to vascular reactions of the human skin. J Lab Clin Med 42: 238–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jacquet L (1904) In: Besnier E, Brocq L, Jacquet L, (eds) La pratique dermatologique, vol 5. Masson, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  32. Foreman JC, Piotrowski W (1984) Peptides and histamine release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 74: 127–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ebertz JM, Hirshman CA, Kettelkamp BS, Uno H, Hanifin JM (1987) Substance P-induced histamine release in human cutaneous mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 88: 682685

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sulzberger MB, Herrmann F, Borota A, Strauss MB (1953) Studies of sweating. VI. On the urticariogenic properties of human sweat. J Invest Dermatol 21: 293–303

    Google Scholar 

  35. Sulzberger MB, Herrmann F, Zak FG (1947) Studies of sweating. I. Preliminary report with particular emphasis on a sweat retention syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 9: 221–242

    Google Scholar 

  36. Davis MJ, Lawler JC (1958) Observations on the delayed blanch phenomenon in atopic subjects. J Invest Dermatol 30: 127–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Prose PH (1965) Pathologic changes in eczema. J Pediatr 66: 178–199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rovensky J, Saxl 0 (1964) Differences in the dynamics of sweat secretion in atopic children. J Invest Dermatol 43: 171–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Warndorff JA (1970) The response of the sweat gland to acetylcholine in atopic subjects. Br J Dermatol 83: 306–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kaliner M (1976) The cholinergic nervous system and immediate hypersensitivity. I. Eccrine sweat responses in allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 58: 308–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hemels HGWM (1970) The effect of propranolol on the acetylcholine induced sweat gland response in atopic and non-atopic subjects. Br J Dermatol 83: 312–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Foster JG, Haspineall FR, Mollel CL (1971) Effects of propranolol on the response of human eccrine sweat glands to acetylcholine. Br J Dermatol 85: 363–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kiistala R (1982) Stimulated local sweating response in atopic dermatitis. Abstracts, XVI Congressus Internationalis Dermatologiae, Tokyo, p 320

    Google Scholar 

  44. Murphy GM, Smith SE, Greaves MW (1984) Autonomic function in cholinergic urticaria and atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 110: 581–586

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Grosshans E, Woehl M (1982) Troubles vasomoteurs, sudoraux et sebaces de l’eczema constitutionnel. Ann Dermatol Venereol 109: 151–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sato K, Sato F (1983) Individual variations in structure and function of human eccrine sweat gland. Am J Physiol 245: 203–208

    Google Scholar 

  47. Whitfield A (1938) On the white reaction (white line) in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 50: 71–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Uehara M, Ofuji S (1977) Abnormal vascular reactions in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 113: 627–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Champion RH (1961) Abnormal vascular reactions in atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 81: 12–15

    Google Scholar 

  50. Eyster WH, Roth GM, Kierland RR (1952) Studies on the peripheral vascular physiology of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 18: 37–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lobitz WC Jr, Campbell CF (1953) Physiologic studies in atopic dermatitis (disseminated neurodermatitis). Arch Dermatol Syphilol 67: 575–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ramsay C (1969) Vascular changes accompanying white dermographism and delayed blanch in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 81: 37–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Thune P, Rajka G (1980) Small vessel reactivity in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol [Suppl] (Stockh.) 92: 30–32

    Google Scholar 

  54. Juhlin L (1961) Skin reactions to iontophoretically, administered epinephrine and norepinephrine in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 37: 201–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Juhlin L (1962) Vascular skin reactions in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh.) 42: 218–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Verma BS, Gulati OD, Gokhale SD, Shah KC (1964) Guanethidine and phenoxybenzamine in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 90: 414–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Thomsen K, Osmundsen PE (1965) Guanethidine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 92: 418–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lobitz WC Jr, Heller M, Dobsen RL (1957) Physiologic studies in atopic dermatitis (disseminated neurodermatitis): the effect of denervation on the “delayed blanch phenomenon.” Arch Dermatol 75: 228–229

    Google Scholar 

  59. Reed WB, Kierland RR (1958) Vascular reactions in chronically inflamed skin. Arch Dermatol 77: 181–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Barker AF, Hanifin JM, Hirshman CA, D’Silva R (1985) Airway hyperreaktivity in patients with atopic dermatitis ( AD ). Am Rev Respir Dis 131: A41

    Google Scholar 

  61. Smith LJ, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner M (1980) Cholinergic nervous sysem and immediate hypersensitivity. II. An analysis of pupillary responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 66: 374–378

    Google Scholar 

  62. Clark LL, Kierland RR, Roth GM (1960) Methacholine chloride. Arch Dermatol 82: 957–964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Scott A (1962) Acetylcholine in normal and diseased skin. Br J Dermatol 74: 317–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rajka G (1975) Atopic dermatitis. Saunders, London Role of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism 243

    Google Scholar 

  65. Henderson WR, Shelhamer JH, Rheingold DB, Smith LJ, Evans R, Kaliner M (1979) Alpha-adrenergic hyper-responsiveness in asthma. N Engl J Med 300: 642–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Barnes P, Fitzgerald G, Brown M, Dollery C (1980) Nocturnal asthma and changes in circulating epinephrine, histamine and cortisol. N Engl J Med 303: 263–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Soughton RB, DeOreo G, Clendenning W (1960) Effects of intradermal injection of vasopressors in normal and diseased human skin. Arch Dermatol 82: 150–157

    Google Scholar 

  68. Solomon LM, Wentzel HE, Tulsky E (1964) The physiological disposition of C14-norepinephrine in patients with atopic dermatitis and other dermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 43: 193–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Moller H, Rorsman G (1958) Studies on vascular permeability factors with sodium fluorescein, II. The effect of intracutaneously injected histamine and serum in patients with atopic dermatitis. Act Derm Venereol (Stockh.) 38: 243–250

    Google Scholar 

  70. Coulson IH, Holden CA (1988) Cutaneous reactions to intradermal substance P and histamine in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 91: 396

    Google Scholar 

  71. Williams DH (1938) Skin temperature reaction to histamine in atopic dermatitis (disseminated neurodermatitis). J Invest Dermatol 1: 119–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sampson HA, Jolie PL (1984) Increased plasma histamine concentrations after food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 311: 372–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Eppinger H (1913) Quoted by Best CH, McHenry EW (1931) Histamine. Physiol Rev 11: 371–477

    Google Scholar 

  74. Harmer IM, Harris KE (1926) Observations on the vascular reactions in a man in response to histamine. Heart 13: 381–394

    Google Scholar 

  75. Mihm MC Jr, Soter NA, Dvorak HF, Austen KF (1976) The structure of normal skin and the morphology of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 67: 305–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Johnson HH, DeOreo GA, Lascheid WP, Mitchell F (1960) Skin histamine levels in chronic atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 34: 237–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hanifin JM (1977) Type I hypersensitivity diseases of the skin: divergent aspects of urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy 39: 153–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ring J, Senter T, Cornell RC, Arroyave CM, Tan EM (1979) Plasma complement and histamine changes in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 100: 512–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Lichtenstein LM, Margolis S (1968) Histamine release in vitro: inhibition by catecholamines and methylxanthines. Science 161: 902–904

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Orange RP, Austen WG, Austen KF (1971) Immunological release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis from human lung. I. Modulation by agents influencing cellular levels of cyclic 3’5’-adenosine monophosphate. J Exp Med [Suppl] 134: 136–148

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lebel B, Venencie PY, Saurat JH et al. (1980) Anti-IgE induced histamine release from basophils in children with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol [Suppl] (Stockh.) 92: 57

    Google Scholar 

  82. Butler JM, Chan SC, Stevens S, Hanifin JM (1983) Increased leukocyte histamine release with elevated cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 71: 440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Bernstein RA, Linarelli L, Facktor MA et al. (1972) Decreased urinary adenosine 3’5’ monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in asthmatics. J Lab Clin Med 80: 772–779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Parker CW, Smith JW (1973) Alterations in cyclic adenosine monophosphate metabolism in human bronchial asthma. I. Leukocyte responsiveness to betaadrenergic agents. J Clin Invest 52: 48–59

    Google Scholar 

  85. Logsdon PJ, Middleton E Jr, Coffey RG (1972) Stimulation of leukocyte adenyl cyclase by hydrocortisone and isoproterenol in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 50: 45–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Can RH, Busse WW, Reed CE (1973) Failure of catecholamines to inhibit epidermal mitosis in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 55: 255–262

    Google Scholar 

  87. Reed CE, Busse WW, Lee TP (1976) Adrenergic mechanisms and the adenyl cyclase system in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 67: 333–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Reed CE (1974) Abnormal autonomic mechanisms in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 53: 34–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Parker CW, Kennedy S, Eisen AZ (1977) Leukocyte and lymphocyte cyclic AMP responses in atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 68: 302–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Busse WW, Lantis SDH (1979) Impaired H2 histamine granulocyte release in active atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 73: 184–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Sano Y, Watt G, Townley RG (1983) Decreased mononuclear cell beta-adrenergic receptors in bronchial asthma: parallel studies of lymphocyte and granulocyte desensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 72: 495–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Pochet R, Delespesse G, DeMaubeuge J (1980) Characterization of beta-adrenoreceptors on intact circulating lymphocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol [Suppl] (Stockh.) 92: 26–29

    Google Scholar 

  93. Galant SP, Underwood S, Allred S, Hanifin JM (1979) Beta adrenergic receptor binding on polymorphonuclear leukocytes in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 72: 330–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Greenacre JK, Schofield P, Connolly ME (1978) Desensitization of the B-adrenoceptor of lymphocytes from normal subjects and asthmatic patients in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol 5: 199–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Morris HG (1980) Drug-induced desensitization of beta adrenergic receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 65: 83–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Safko MJ, Chan SC, Cooper KD, Hanifin JM (1981) Heterologous desensitization of leukocytes: a possible mechanism of beta adrenergic blockade in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 68: 218–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Chan SC, Grewe SR, Hanifin JM (1982) Functional desensitization associated with elevated cAMP phosphodiesterase in human mononuclear leukocytes. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res 8: 211–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Grewe SR, Chan SC, Hanifin JM (1982) Elevated leukocyte cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase in atopic disease: a possible mechanism for cAMP-agonist hyporesponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 70: 452–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Thompson WJ, Ross CP, Pledger WJ, Strada SJ (1976) Cyclic adenosine 3’:5’-monophosphate phosphodiesterase: distinct forms in human lymphocytes and monocytes. J Biol Chem 251: 4922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Holla SWJ, Hollman EP, Mier PD et al. (1972) Adenosine 3’5’-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase in skin. II. Levels in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 86: 147–149

    Google Scholar 

  101. Grotti A, Guidotti A, Mannaioni PF, Zilletti L (1966) The influence of adrenotropic drugs and noradrenaline on the histamine release in cardiac anaphylaxis in vitro. J Physiol 184: 924

    Google Scholar 

  102. Kaliner MA, Orange RP, Austen KF (1972) Immunological release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis from human lung. IV. Enhancement by cholinergic and alpha adrenergic stimulation. J Exp Med 136: 556–567

    Google Scholar 

  103. Cooper KD, Kang K, Chan SC, Hanifin JM (1985) Phosphodiesterase inhibition by Ro20–1724 reduces hyper-IgE synthesis by atopic dermatitis cell in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 84: 477–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Heskel NS, Chan SC, Thiel ML, Stevens SR, Casperson LS, Hanifin JM (1984) Elevated umbilical cord blood leukocyte cyclic adenosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase activity in children with atopic parents. J Am Acad Dermatol 11: 422–426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Cassel D, Selinger Z (1977) Mechanism of adenylate cyclase activation by cholera toxin. Inhibition of GTP hydrolysis at the regulatory site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74 (8): 3307–3311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Epstein E (1946) Theophylline ethylenediamine as an antipruritic agent. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 53: 281–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Guistina TA, Chan SC, Thiel MD et al. (1984) Increased leukocyte sensitivity to phosphodiesterase inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: tachyphylaxis after theophylline therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 74: 252–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. M. Hanifin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Ch. Chan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universität München, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 8000, München 2, Germany

    Thomas Ruzicka  & Bernhard Przybilla  & 

  2. Hautklinik, Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 2000, Hamburg 20, Germany

    Johannes Ring

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hanifin, J.M., Chan, S.C. (1991). Role of Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in the Pathophysiology of Atopic Eczema. In: Ruzicka, T., Ring, J., Przybilla, B. (eds) Handbook of Atopic Eczema. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02671-7_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02671-7_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-02673-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-02671-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation