Skip to main content

Biomechanics and Functional Adaption of Tendons and Joint Ligaments

  • Chapter
Studies on the Anatomy and Function of Bone and Joints

Abstract

In the present society of ever increasing mechanization the human body is subjected more and more to various mechanical stresses, which are resisted primarily by connective tissue in various forms. Interest has also been focused on connective tissue adaption to different functional states and to the changes induced by aging.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ã…kerblom, B.: Standing and sitting posture — with special reference to the construction of chairs, 1. ed. Stockholm: AB Nordiska Bokhandeln 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akeson, W. H.: An experimental study of joint stiffness. J. Bone Jt Surg. A 43, 1022–1034 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Akeson, W. H.: Relationship between the aging phenomena in connective tissue and the connective tissue response to immobility: a thermodynamic approach. Surg. Forum 14, 438–440 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akeson, W. H., and D. F. Laviolette: The connective tissue response to immobility. Total mucopolysaccharide changes in dog tendons. J. surg. Res. 4, 523–528 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annovazzi, G.: Osservazioni sulla elasticità dei legamenti. Arch. Sci. biol. (Napoli) 11, 467–501 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Banga, I., J. Baló, and D. Szabó: Submicroscopic structure of collagen fibres; their contraction and relaxation. Acta morph. Acad. Sci. hung. 6, 391–403 (1956a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banga, I., J. Baló, and D. Szabó: The structure, aging and rejuvenation of collagen fibres. Experientia (Basel), Suppl. 4, 28–31 (1956b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, C. H., D. V. Davies, and M. A. Macconaill: Synovial joints. Their structure and mechanics, 1. ed. London: Longmans 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, W., and D. W. Fawcett: A textbook of histology, 8. ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braams, R.: The effect of electron radiation on the tensile strength of tendon. I. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 4, 27–31 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, P. W.: Tendon grafting. Illustrated by a new operation for intrinsic paralysis of the fingers. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 43, 444–453 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooke, J. W., and H. G. B. Slack: Metabolism of connective tissue in limb atrophy in the rabbit. Ann. rheum. Dis. 18, 129–136 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher, O.: Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschen, 3. ed. Bern: Hans Huber 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castor, C. W., and K. D. Muirden: Collagen formation in monolayer cultures of human fibroblasts. Lab. Invest. 13, 560–574 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, O. D.: The ground substance of connective tissue. Clin. orthop. 36, 184–193 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciivapil, M., and Z. Roth: Connective tissue changes in wild and domesticated rats. J. Geront. 19, 414–418 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, P. M., A. North, and J. T. Randall (1953): Cit. by Gosravson (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronkite, A. E.: The tensile strength of human tendons. Anat. Rec. 64, 173–186 (1936).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. H.: The effect of chemical crosslinking agents on the mechanical properties of rat-tail tendon, 1. ed. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc. 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, L.: Tensile strength, rupture and regeneration of tendons. Ann. Chir. Gynaec. Fenn. 43, 61–66 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, L.: Ãœber die subkutanen Sehnenrupturen und die Regeneration der Sehne. Eine experimentelle, klinische und pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchung. Ann. Chir. Gynaec. Fenn., Suppl. 6, 1–113 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, J. C.: Tension and resistance to stretching of human skin and other membranes. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 112, 102–113 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elden, H. R.: Aging of rat tail tendons. J. Geront. 19, 173–178 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elden, H. R.: Elasticity of aging tendons. Collagen Curr. 5, 484 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elden, H. R., and R. J. Boucek: Investigations of the aging process by physical-chemical means ? summary. In: Biological aspects of aging, p. 334–342 [N. W. Shock (ed.)]. New York: Columbia University Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, R., O. A. M. Wyss: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Rupturen am Knochen-Sehnen-Muskel-System beim Frosch. Mschr. Unfallheilk. 49, 379–389 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallop, P. M.: Concerning some special structural features of the collagen molecule. In: Connective tissue — intercellular macromolecules, p. 79–92. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelber, D., D. H. Moore, and H. Ruska: Observations of the myotendon junction in mammalian skeletal muscle. Z. Zellforsch. 52, 396–400 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, C. M.: Tensile strength and elasticity tests on human fascia lata. J. Bone Jt Surg. 13, 334–340 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J.: Collagen. Sci. Amer. 204 (5), 120–130 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J.: Organization and disorganization of collagen. In: Connective tissue — intercellular macromolecules, p. 63–77. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustavson, K. H.: The chemistry and reactivity of collagen, 1. ed. New York: Academic Press 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, D. A.: Chemical studies on the relationship between elastin and collagen. Experientia (Basel), Suppl. 4, 19–27 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. C.: The locomotor system. Functional histology, 1. ed. Springfield (Ill.): Ch. C. Thomas 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, R. D.: Biological functions of collagen. Biol. Rev. 36, 399–463 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrick, E. H.: Tensile strength of tissues as influenced by male sex hormones. Anat. Rec. 93, 145–149 (1945).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hisaw, F. L., and M. X. Zarrow: The physiology of relaxin. Vitam. and Horm. 8, 151–178 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, M. L.: Some developments concerned with the structure of collagen. In: Collagen, p. 79–80 [N. Ramanathan (ed.)]. New York: Interscience Publ. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingelmark, B. E.: Cher den Bau der Sehnen während verschiedener Altersperioden und unter verschiedenen funktionellen Bedingungen. Upsala Läk.-Fören. Förh., N.F. 50, 357–396 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingelmark, B. E.: Der Bau der Sehnen während verschiedener Altersperioden und unter wechselnden funktionellen Bedingungen. I. Acta anat. (Basel) 6, 113–140 (1948a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingelmark, B. E.: The structure of tendons at various ages and under different functional conditions. II. An electron microscopic investigation from white rats. Acta anat. (Basel) 6, 193–225 (1948b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingelmark, B. E.: Functionally induced changes in articular cartilage. In: Biomechanical studies of the musculo-skeletal system, p. 3–19 [F. G. Evans (ed.)]. Springfield (Ill.): Ch. C. Thomas 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karner, H. E.: Electron microscope study of developing chick embryo aorta. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 4, 420–454 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kratky, O., M. Lauer, M. Ratzenhofer, and A. Sekora: Dependence on age of the x-ray diagram of human tendon collagen. In: Collagen, p. 227–231 [N. Ramanathan (ed.)]. New York: Interscience Publ. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhnke, E.: The fine structure of collagen fibrils as the basis for functioning of tendon tissue. In: Collagen, p. 479–490 [N. Ramanathan (ed.)]. New York: Interscience Publ. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, J.: Ãœber das Verschiebegewebe der Achillessehne. Anat. Anz. 108, 225–237 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. K., and H. G. Thomson: Digital flexor tendons: An experimental study. Brit. J. plast. Surg. 12, 289–316 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. K., E. R. Tustanoff, and D. C. Birdsell: Uptake of tritiated proline in regenerating tendons. Surg. Forum 15, 459–461 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, H. P.: Synthetic fibers made from proteins. Advanc. Protein Chem. 5, 305–351 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macmaster, P. E.: Tendon and muscle ruptures. J. Bone Jt Surg. 15, 705–722 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, M. L., and C. G. Shearon: The process of tendon repair. An experimental study of tendon structure and tendon graft. Arch. Surg. 25, 615–692 (1932).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, F. R.: The mechanical properties of collagen fibres: stress-strain curves. J. Soc. Leath. Trades Chem. 44, 170–182 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, T.: The effect of estrogen on the loose connective tissue of the albino rat. Anat. Rec. 111, 355–375 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuberger, A., J. C. Perrone, and H. G. B. Slack: Relative metabolic inertia of tendon collagen in the rat. Biochem. J. 49, 199–204 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuberger, A., and H. G. B. Slack: The metabolism of collagen from liver, bone, skin and tendon in the normal rat. Biochem. J. 53, 47–52 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet, N. W.: Anatomy of the calcaneal tendon of the rabbit. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 42, 360–366 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pahlke, G.: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Interzellularsubstanz des menschlichen Sehnengewebes. Z. Zellforsch. 39, 412–430 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Partington, F. R., and G. C. Woon: The role of non-collagen components in the mechanical behaviour of tendon fibres. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 69, 485–495 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, E. E.: Comparison of collagenous tissue surrounding normal and immobilized joints. Surg. Forum 14, 440–441 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, H. E., F. G. Evans, and H. R. Lissner: Deformation studies of the femur under various loadings and orientations. Anat. Rec. 103, 159–185 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, G. N.: Structure of collagen. Nature (Lond.) 177, 710–711 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, G. N., V. Sasisekharan, and Y. T. Thathachari: Structure of collagen at the molecular level. In: Collagen, p. 81–115 [N. Ramanathan (ed.)]. New York: Interscience Publ. 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reutervall, O. P. P: son: Ober die Elastizität der Gefäßwände und die Methoden ihrer näheren Prüfung. Acta med. scand., Suppl. 2 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A., and F. H. C. Crick: The structure of collagen. Nature (Lond.) 176, 915–916 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, B. J.: Effect of cyclic extension on the physical properties of tendon collagen and its possible relation to biological aging of collagen. Nature (Lond.) 202, 1072–1074 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby, B. J., N. Hirai, J. D. Spikes, and H. Eyring: The mechanical properties of rat tail tendon. J. gen. Physiol. 43, 265–283 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, W. Van B.: Metabolism of collagen in mammalian tissues. In: Connective tissue-intercellular macromolecules, p. 93–106. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, F. O., C. E. Hall, and M. A. Jakus: Electron microscope investigations of the structure of collagen. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 20, 11–33 (1942).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneewind, J. H., F. K. Kline, and C. W. Monsour: The role of paratenon in healing of experimental tendon transplants. J. occup. Med. 6, 429–436 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzacher, H. G.: Untersuchungen über die Skelettmuskelsehnenverbindung. Acta anat. (Basel) 40, 59–86 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinex, F. M.: Cross-linkage and aging. Advanc. Geront. Res. 1, 165–180 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. W.: The elastic properties of the anterior cruciate ligament of the rabbit. J. Anat. (Lond.) 88, 369–380 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanisavljevic, S., and R. Pool, Jr.: The paratendinous apparatus of the digits. J. Bone Jt Surg. B 44, 910–912 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stegemann, H.: Mikrobestimmung von Hydroxyprolin mit Chloramin-T und p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd. Hoppe-Seylers Z. physiol. Chem. 311, 41–45 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storey, E.: Relaxation in the pubic symphysis of the mouse during pregnancy and after relaxin administration, with special reference to the behaviour of collagen. J. Path. Bact. 74, 147–162 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stucke, K.: Ober das elastische Verhalten der Achillessehne im Belastungsversuch. Langen-becks Arch. klin. Chir. 265, 579–599 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stucke, K.: Sehnenbelastung und -ruptur im Tierversuch. Chirurg 22, 16–18 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima, K., and N. Tamiya: Studies on collagen biosynthesis with C14 as a tracer. Collagen Curr. 5, 36 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. C., and J. E. Ballou: Studies of metabolic turnover with tritium as a tracer. V. The predominantly non-dynamic state of body constituents in the rat. J. biol. Chem. 223, 795–809 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsurufuji, S., and Y. Ogata: Mechanism of the formation of insoluble collagen. Collagen Curr. 5, 36 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verzar, F.: The aging of collagen fibres. Experientia (Basel), Suppl. 4, 35–41 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verzar, F.: (1957): Cit. by Hall (1965), p. 392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verzar, F.: The aging of collagen. Sci. Amer. 208 (4), 104–114 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vhdik, A.: Biomekaniska studier av rörelseapparatens komponenter. Nord. Med. 72, 1455 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Viidik, A. and T. Lewin: Changes in tensile strength characteristics and histology of rabbit ligaments induced by different modes of postmortal storage. Acta orthop. scand. 37, 141–155 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viidik, A., L. Sandqvist, and M. Magi: Influence of postmortal storage on tensile strength characteristics and histology of rabbit ligaments. Acta orthop. scand., Suppl. 79 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vis, J. H.: Histological investigations into the attachments of tendons and ligaments to the mammalian skeleton. Proc. kon. ned. Akad. Wet. 60, 147–157 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, A.: Fine structural characteristics of collagen fibers. Path. et Microbiol. (Basel) 27, 436–446 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. B., Jr., E. H. Harris, and J. V. Benedict: Stress-strain relationship in human cadaveric plantaris tendon: a preliminary study. Med. Electron. Biol. Eng. 2, 31–38 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walls, E. W.: The microanatomy of muscle. In: Structure and function of muscle. I. Structure, p. 21–61 [G. H. Bourne (ed.)]. New York: Academic Press 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim, M. G.: Mémoire sur l’élasticité et la cohésion des principaux tissus du corps humain. Ann. Chim. Phys. 21, 385–414 (1847).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. G., and D. C. Rennels: A study of the elastic properties of plantar fascia. J. Bone Jt Surg. A 46, 482–492 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarzycki, J.: Origin of collagenous fibers in the mammary gland by electron microscope investigations. Folia morph. (Warszawa) 15, 219–226 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelander, T.: Ultrastructure of articular cartilage. Z. Zellforsch. 49, 720–738 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1966 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Viidik, A. (1966). Biomechanics and Functional Adaption of Tendons and Joint Ligaments. In: Evans, F.G. (eds) Studies on the Anatomy and Function of Bone and Joints. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-99909-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-99909-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-99911-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-99909-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics