Skip to main content

Erwinia Chrysanthemi and Pseudomonas syringae: Plant Pathogens Trafficking in Extracellular Virulence Proteins

  • Chapter
Bacterial Pathogenesis of Plants and Animals

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 192))

Abstract

Extracellular proteins are primary weapons in the parasitic attack of bacteria on eukaryotic hosts. Virulence proteins released through accessory secretion pathways enable bacteria to acquire nutrients, invade host tissues, and defeat host defenses. Because of their general importance, these proteins and their secretion pathways provide efficient starting points in the molecular exploration of bacterial pathogenesis; and virulence protein traffic represents a common denominator in the study of bacterial pathogens of plants and animals. This is particularly true with gram-negative pathogens, which use broadly conserved components for the specific secretion of virulence proteins, and in some cases use remarkably similar modes of parasitic attack and virulence protein deployment. Consequently, researchers exploring pathogens of one eukaryotic kingdom now are looking with increasing interest at work on pathogens of the other kingdom.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albersheim P, Darvili AG, McNeil M, Vaient BS, Sharp JK, Nothnagei EA, Davis KR, Yamazaki N, Gollin DJ, York WS, Dudman WF, Darvili JE, Dell A (1983) Oligosaccharins: naturally occurring carbohydrates with biological regulatory functions. In: Ciferri O, Dure L (eds) Structure and function of plant genomes. Plenum, New York, pp 293–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldington S, McDougall GJ, Fry SC (1991) Structure-activity relationships of biologically active oligosaccharides. Plant Cell Environ 14: 625–636

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen C, Huang Y, Sequeira L (1991) Cloning of genes affecting polygalacturonase production in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4: 147–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andro T, Chambost J, Kotoujansky A, Cattaneo J, Bertheau Y, Barras F, Van Gijsegem F, Coleno A (1984) Mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi defective in secretion of pectinase and cellulase. J Bacteriol 160: 1199–1203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arlat M, Gough CL, Barber CE, Boucher C, Daniels MJ (1991) Xanthomonas campestris contains a cluster of hrp genes related to the larger hrp cluster of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4: 593–601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson MM, Baker CJ (1987a) Alteration of plasmalemma sucrose transport in Phaseolus vulgaris by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and its association with K+/H+ exchange. Phytopathology 77: 1573–1578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson MM, Baker CJ (1987b) Association of host plasma membrane K+/H+ exchange with multiplication of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Phaseolus vulgaris. Phytopathology 77: 1273–1279

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson MM, Baker CJ (1989) Role of the plasmalemma H+-ATPase in Pseudomonas syringae-induced K+/H+ exchange in suspension-cultured tobacco cells. Plant Physiol 91: 298–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson MM, Huang JS, Knopp JA (1985) The hypersensitive reaction of tobacco to Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi: activation of a plasmalemma K+/H+ exchange mechanism. Plant Physiol 79: 843–847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson MM, Keppler LD, Orlandi EW, Baker CJ, Mischke CF (1990) Involvement of plasma membrane calcium influx in bacterial induction of the K+/H+ ¿nd hypersensitive responses in tobacco. Plant Physiol 92: 215–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azad HR, Kado CI (1984) Relation of tobacco hypersensitivity to pathogenicity of Erwinia rubrifaciens. Phytopathology 74: 61–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker CJ, Atkinson MM, Roy MA, Collmer A (1986) Inhibition of the hypersensitive response in tobacco by pectate lyase. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 29: 217–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker CJ, Mock NM, Atkinson MM, Hutcheson SW (1990) Inhibition of the hypersensitive response in tobacco by pectate lyase digests of cell wall and of polygalacturonic acid. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 37: 155–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barras F, Thurn KK, Chatterjee AK (1987) Resolution of four pectate lyase structural genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi (EC16) and characterization of the enzymes produced in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 209: 319–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basham HG, Bateman DF (1975a) Killing of plant cells by pectic enzymes: the lack of direct injurious interaction between pectic enzymes or their soluble reaction products and plant cells. Phytopathology 65: 141–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basham HG, Bateman DF (1975b) Relationship of cell death in plant tissue treated with a homogeneous endopectate lyase to cell wall degradation. Physiol Plant Pathol 5: 249–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer DW, Bogdanove AJ, Beer SV, Collmer A (1994a) Erwinia chrysanthemi hrp genes and their involvement in elicitation of the hypersensitive response by a pectate lyase-deficient mutant. Mol Plant Microbe Interact (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer DW, Wei Z-M, Beer SV, Collmer A (1994b) The Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 harpinEch: an extracellular protein that is required for elicitation of the hypersensitive response and full virulence. Mol Plant Microbe Interact (in preparation)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu C, Van Gijsegem F (1992) Pathogenic behavior of several Mini-Mu-induced mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi on different plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 5: 340–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu C, Boccara M, Van Gijsegem F (1993) Pathogenic behavior of pectinase-defective Erwinia chrysanthemi mutants on different plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6: 197–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beer SV, Bauer DW, Jiang XH, Laby RJ, Sneath BJ, Wei Z-M, Wilcox DA, Zumoff CH (1991) The hrp gene cluster of Erwinia amylovora. In: Hennecke H, Verma DPS (eds) Advances in molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 53–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer SV, Wei Z-M, Laby RJ, He S-Y, Bauer DW, Collmer A, Zumoff C (1993) Are harpins universal elicitors of the hypersensitive response of phytopathogenic bacteria? In: Nester EW, Verma DPS (eds) Advances in molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, vol 2. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 281–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Beraha L, Garber ED (1971) Avirulence and extracellular enzymes of Erwinia carotovora. Phytopathol Z 70: 335–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertheau Y, Madgidi-Hervan E, Kotoujansky A, Nguyen-The C, Andro T, Coleno A (1984) Detection of depolymerase isoenzymes after electrophoresis or electrofocusing, or in titration curves. Anal Biochem 139: 383–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bliska JB, Galan JE, Falkow S (1993) Signal transduction in the mammalian cell during bacterial attachment and entry. Cell 73: 903–920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boccara M, Chatain V (1989) Regulation and role in pathogenicity of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 pectin methylesterase. J Bacteriol 171: 4085–4087

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boccara M, Diolez A, Rouve M, Kotoujansky A (1988) The role of individual pectate lyases of Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 in pathogenicity on saintpaulia plants. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 33: 95–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boccara M, Vedel R, Lalo D, Lebrun M-H, Lafay JF (1991) Genetic diversity and host range in strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4: 293–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas U; Stall RE, Staskawicz B (1989) Genetic and structural characterization of the avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Mol Gen Genet 218: 127–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourson C, Favey S, Reverchon S, Robert BJ (1993) Regulation of the expression of a pelA-uidA fusion in Erwinia chrysanthemi and demonstration of the synergistic action of plant extract with polygalacturonate on pectate lyase synthesis. J Gen Microbiol 139: 1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer MH, Chambost JP, Magnan M, Catteneo J (1984) Carboxymethyl-cellulase from Erwinia chrysanthemi. I. Production and regulation of extracellular carboxymethyl-cellulase. J Biotech 1: 229–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun EJ, Rodrigues CA (1993) Purification and properties of an endoxylanase from a corn stalk rot strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Phytopathology 83: 332–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broekaert WF, Peumans WJ (1988) Pectic polysaccharides elicit chitinase accumulation in tobacco. Physiol Plant 74: 740–744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks AD, He SY, Gold S, Keen NT, Collmer A, Hutcheson SW (1990) Molecular cloning of the structural gene for exopolygalacturonate lyase from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 and characterization of the enzyme product. J Bacteriol 172: 6950–6958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown I, Mansfield J, Irlam I, Conrads-Strauch J, Bonas U (1993) Ultrastructure of interactions between Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and pepper, including immunocytochemical localization of extracellular polysaccharides and the AvrBs3 protein. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6: 376–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burr TJ, Schroth MN (1977) Occurrence of soft-rot Erwinia spp. in soil and plant material. Phytopathology 67: 1382–1387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton W, Wigginton MJ (1970) The effect of a film of water upon the oxygen status of a potato tuber. Potato Res 13: 180–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler W, Cook L, Vayda ME (1990) Hypoxic stress inhibits multiple aspects of the potato tuber wound response. Plant Physiol 93: 264–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, McEvoy JL, Chambost JP, Blasco F, Chatterjee AK (1991) Nucleotide sequence and molecular characterization of pnIA, the structural gene for damage-inducible pectin lyase of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 71. J Bacteriol 173: 1765–1769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee AK, Buchanan GE, Behrens MK, Starr MP (1979) Synthesis and excretion of polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase in Erwinia, Yersinia and Klebsiella species. Can J Microbiol 25: 94–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee AK, Ross LM, McEvoy JL, Thurn KK (1985a) pULB113, an RP4::mini-Mu plasmid, mediates chromosomal mobilization and R-prime formation in Erwinia amylovora, E. chrysanthemi, and subspecies of E. carotovora. Appl Environ Microbiol 50: 1–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee AK, Thum KK, Tyrell DJ (1985b) isolation and characterization of Tn5 insertion mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi that are deficient in polygalacturonate catabolic enzymes oligogalacturonate lyase and 3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate dehydrogenase. J Bacteriol 162: 708–714

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng GY, Legard DE, Hunter JE, Burr TJ (1989) Modified bean pod assay to detect strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae that cause bacterial brown spot of snap bean. Plant Dis 73: 419–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collmer A, Bateman DF (1981) Impaired induction and self-catabolite repression of extra-cellular pectate lyase in Erwinia chrysanthemi mutants deficient in oligogalacturonide lyase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 3920–3924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collmer A, Bateman DF (1982) Regulation of extracellular pectate lyase in Erwinia chrysanthemi: evidence that reaction products of pectate lyase and exo-poly-a-D galacturonosidase mediate induction on D-galacturonan. Physiol Plant Pathol 21: 127–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collmer A, Keen NT (1986) The role of pectic enzymes in plant pathogenesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 24: 383–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collmer A, Whalen CH, Beer SV, Bateman DF (1982) An exo-poly-a-D-galacturonosidase implicated in the regulation of extracellular pectate lyase production in Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Bacteriol 149: 626–634

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collmer A, Ried JL, Brooks AD, He SY (1988) Pectic enzyme production and Erwinia chrysanthemi pathogenicity. In: Keen NT, Kosuge T, Walling LL (eds) Physiology and biochemistry of plantmicrobial interactions. Waverly, Baltimore, pp 76–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Collmer A, Bauer DW, He SY, Lindeberg M, Kelemu S, Rodriguez-Palenzuela P, Burr TJ, Chatterjee AK (1991) Pectic enzyme production and bacterial plant pathogenicity. In: Hennecke H, Verma DPS (eds) Advances in molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, vol 1. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 65–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Condemine G (1987) Tn5 insertion in kdgR, a regulatory gene of the polygalacturonate pathway in Erwinia chrysanthemi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 42: 39–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condemine G, Dorel C, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Robert-Baudouy J (1992) Some of the out genes involved in the secretion of pectate lyases in Erwinia chrysanthemi are regulated by kdgR. Mol Microbiol 6: 3199–3211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coplin DL (1989) Plasmids and their role in the evolution of plant pathogenic bacteria. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27: 187–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cother EJ, Gilbert RL (1990) Presence of Erwinia chrysanthemi in two major river systems and their alpine sources in Australia. J Appl Bacteriol 69: 729–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cother EJ, Bradley JK, Gillings MR, Fahy PC (1992) Characterization of Erwinia chrysanthemi biovars in alpine water sources by biochemical properties, GLC fatty acid analysis, and genomic DNA fingerprinting. J Appl Bacteriol 73: 99–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croft KPC, Viosey CR, Slusarenko AJ (1990) Mechanism of hypersensitive cell collapse: correlation of increased lipoxygenase activity with membrane damage in leaves of Phasolus vulgaris (L.) inoculated with an avirulent race of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseololicola. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 36: 49–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • d’Enfert C, Ryter A, Pugsley AP (1987) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Klebsiella pneumoniae genes for production, surface localization and secretion of the lipoprotein pullulanase. EMBO J 6: 3531–3538

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • d’Enfert C, Reysse I, Wandersman C, Pugsley AP (1989) Protein secretion by Gram-negative bacteria: Characterization of two membrane proteins required for pullulanase secretion by Escherichia coli K- 12. J Biol Chem 264: 17462–17468

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahler GS, Barras F, Keen NT (1990) Cloning of genes encoding extracellular metalloproteases from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. J Bacteriol 172: 5803–5815

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dangl JL (1992) The major histocompatibility complex a la carte: are there analogies to plant disease resistance genes on the menu? Plant J 2: 3–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis KR, Ausubel FM (1989) Characterization of elicitor-induced defense responses in suspensioncultured cells of Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2: 363–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis KR, Lyon GD, Darvili AG, Albersheim P (1984) Host-pathogen interactions. XXV. Endopolygalacturonic acid lyase from Erwinia carotovora elicits phytoalexin accumulation by releasing plant cell wall fragments. Plant Physiol 74: 52–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer SH, Kelman A (1978) Influence of oxygen concentration and storage factors on susceptibility of potato tubers to bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora). Potato Res 21: 65–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Hahn MG, Darvili A, Albersheim P (1991) Bacterial endopectate lyase: evidence that plant cell wall pH prevents tissue maceration and increases the half-life of elicitoractive oligogalacturonides. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 39: 335–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delepelaire P, Wandersman C (1989) Protease secretion by Erwinia Chrysanthemi. Proteases B and C are synthesized and secreted as zymogens without a signal peptide. J Biol Chem 264: 9083–9089

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delepelaire P, Wandersman C (1991) Characterization, localization and transmem- brane organization of the three proteins PrtD, PrtE and PrtF necessary for protease secretion by the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi. Mol Microbiol 5: 2427–2434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickey RS (1979) Erwinia chrysanthemi: a comparative study of phenotypic properties of strains from several hosts and other Erwinia species. Phytopathology 69: 324–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickey RS (1981) Erwinia chrysanthemi: Reaction of eight plant species to strains from several hosts and to strains of other Erwinia species. Phytopathology 71: 23–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong X, Mindrinos M, Davis DR, Ausubel FM (1991) Induction of Arabidopsis defense genes by virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains and by a cloned avirulence gene. Plant Cell 3: 61–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Banoby FE, Rudolph K (1979) Induction of water-soaking in plant leaves by extracellular polysaccharides from phytopathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads. Physiol Plant Pathol 15: 341–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enard C, Diolex A, Expert D (1988) Systemic virulence of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 requires a functional iron assimilation system. J Bacteriol 170: 2419–2426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkow S, Isberg RR, Portnoy DA (1992) The interaction of bacteria with mammalian cells. Annu Rev Cell Biol 8: 333–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenselau S, Balbo I, Bonas U (1992) Determinants of pathogenicity in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria are related to proteins involved in secretion in bacterial pathogens of animals. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 5: 390–396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fett WF, Dunn MF (1989) Exopolysaccharides produced by phytopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pathovars in infected leaves of susceptible hosts. Plant Physiol 89: 5–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flor H (1971) Current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Annu Rev Phytopathol 9: 275–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry SC (1988) The growing plant cell wall: chemical and metabolic analysis. Longman Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuqua WC, Winans SC, Greenberg EP (1993) Quorum sensing in bacteria: the LuxR/Luxl family of cell density responsive transcriptional regulators. J Bacteriol 176: 269–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel DW, Rolfe BG (1990) Working models of specific recognition in plant-microbe interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol 28: 365–391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner JM, Kado CI (1976) Polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase in the osmotic shock fluid of Erwinia rubrifaciens: characterization of the purified enzyme and its effect on plant cells. J Bacteriol 127: 451–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghigo JM, Wandersman C (1992) A fourth metalloprotease gene in Erwinia chrysanthemi. Res Microbiol 143: 857–867

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gnanamanickan SS, Patil SS (1977) Phaseotoxin suppresses bacterially induced hypersensitive reaction and phytoalexan synthesis in bean cultivars. Physiol Plant Pathol 10: 169–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold S, Nishio S, Tsuyumu S, Keen NT (1992) Analysis of the pelE promoter in Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 5: 170–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gough CL, Genin S, Zischek C, Boucher CA (1992) hrp genes of Pseudomonas solanacearum are homologous to pathogenicity determinants of animal pathogenic bacteria and are conserved among plant pathogenic bacteria. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 5: 384–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grignon C, Sentenac H (1991) pH and ionic conditions in the apoplast. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol 42: 103–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm C, Panopoulos NJ (1989) The predicted protein product of a pathogenicity locus from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is homologous to a highly conserved domain of several prokaryotic regulatory proteins. J Bacteriol 171: 5031–5038

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross DC (1991) Molecular and genetic analysis of toxin production by pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. Annu Rev Phytopathol 29: 247–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guiseppi A, Aymeric JL, Cami B, Barras F, Creuzet N (1991) Sequence analysis of the cellulaseencoding celY gene of Erwinia chrysanthemi: a possible case of interspecies gene transfer. Gene 106: 109–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzo J, Duong F, Wandersman C, Murgier M, Lazdunski A (1991) The secretion genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease are functionally related to those of Erwinia chrysanthemi proteases and Escherichia coli alpha-haemolysin. Mol Microbiol 5: 447–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn MG, Bucheli P, Cervone F, Doares SH, O’Neill RA, Darvill A, Albersheim P (1988) The roles of cell wall constituents in plant-pathogen interactions. In: Nester E, Kosuge T (eds) Plant-microbe interactions. Molecular and genetic perspectives, vol 3. Macmillan, New York, pp 131–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamood AN, Olson JC, Vincent TS, Igiewski BH (1989) Regions of toxin A involved in toxin A excretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 171: 1817–1824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock JG, Huisman OC (1981) Nutrient movement in host-pathogen systems. Annu Rev Phytopathol 19: 309–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison MD, Franc GD, Maddox DA, Michaud JE, McCarter-Zorner NJ (1987) Presence of Erwinia carotovora in surface water in North America. J Appl Bacterid 62: 565–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He SY, Collmer A (1990) Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and marker-exchange mutagenesis of the exo-poly-a-D-galacturonosidase-encoding pehX gene of Erwinia Chrysanthemi EC16. J Bacteriol 172: 4988–4995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He SY, Lindeberg M, Chatterjee AK, Collmer A (1991a) Cloned Erwinia chrysanthemi out genes enable Escherichia coli to selectively secrete a diverse family of heterologous proteins to its milieu. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1079–1083

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He SY, Schoedel C, Chatterjee AK, Collmer A, (1991b) Extracellular secretion of pectate lyase by the Erwinia chrysanthemi Out pathway is dependent upon Sec-mediated export across the inner membrane. J Bacteriol 173: 4310–4317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He SY, Huang H-C, Collmer A (1993a) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae harpinPss: a protein that is secreted via the hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants. Cell 73: 1255–1266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He SY, Lindeberg ML, Collmer A (1993b) Protein secretion by plant pathogenic bacteria. In: Chet I (ed) Biotechnology in plant disease control. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 39–64

    Google Scholar 

  • He SY, Bauer DW, Collmer A, Beer SV (1994) The hypersensitive response elicited by Erwinia amylovora harpin requires active plant metabolism. Mol Plant Microbe Interact (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbers K, Conrads-Strauch J, Bonas U (1992) Race-specificity of plant resistance to bacterial spot disease determined by repetitive motifs in a bacterial avirulence protein. Nature 356: 172–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton JCD, Sidebotham JM, Gill DR, Salmond GPC (1989a) Extracellular and periplasmic isoenzymes of pectate lyase from Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora belong to different gene families. Mol Microbiol 3: 1785–1795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton JCD, Sidebotham JM, Hyman LJ, Perombelon MCM, Salmond GPC (1989b) Isolation and characterisation of transposon-induced mutants of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica exhibiting reduced virulence. Mol Gen Genet 217: 141–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinton JCD, Gill DR, Lalo D, Plastow GS, Salmond GPC (1990) Sequence of the peh gene of Erwinia carotovora: homology between Erwinia and plant enzymes. Mol Microbiol 4: 1029–1036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano SS, Upper CD (1990) Population biology and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae. Annu Rev Phytopathol 28: 155–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland IB, Blight MA, Kenny B (1990) The mechanism of secretion of hemolysin and other polypeptides from Gram-negative bacteria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 22: 473–491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday MJ, Keen NT, Long M (1981) Cell death patterns and accumulation of fluorescent material in the hypersensitive response of soybean leaves to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Physiol Plant Pathol 18: 279–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang HC, Schuurink R, Denny TP, Atkinson MM, Baker CJ, Yucel I, Hutcheson SW, Collmer A (1988) Molecular cloning of a Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae gene cluster that enables Pseudomonas fluorescens to elicit the hypersensitive response in tobacco. J Bacteriol 170: 4748–4756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Helgeson J, Sequeira L (1989) Isolation and purification of a factor from Pseudomonas solanacearum that induces a hypersensitive-like response in potato cells. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2: 132–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H-C, Hutcheson SW, Collmer A (1991) Characterization of the hrp cluster from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 and TnphoA tagging of genes encoding exported or membrane-spanning Hrp proteins. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4: 469–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H-C, He SY, Bauer DW, Collmer A (1992) The Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 hrpH product: an envelope protein required for elicitation of the hypersensitive response in plants. J Bacteriol 174: 6878–6885

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Robert-Baudouy J (1989) Isolation of Erwinia chrysanthemi mutants altered in pectinolytic enzyme production. Mol Microbiol 3: 1587–1597

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Robert-Baudouy J (1992) Analysis of the regulation of the pelBC genes in Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. Mol Microbiol 6: 2363–2376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Reverchon S, Condemine G, Robert-Baudouy J (1986) Regulatory mutations affecting the synthesis of pectate lyase in Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Gen Microbiol 132: 2099–2106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Dominguez H, Robert-Baudouy J (1992) Environmental conditions affect transcription of the pectinase genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. J Bacteriol 174: 7807–7818

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh TV, Dahlbeck D, Staskawicz BJ (1989) Bacterial blight of soybean: Regulation of a pathogen gene determining host cultivar specificity. Science 245: 1374–1377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iglewski B (1989) Probing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen. ASM News 55: 303–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes RW, Bent AF, Kunkel BN, Bisgrove SR, Staskawicz BJ (1993) Molecular analysis of avirulence gene avrRpt2 and indentification of a putative regulatory sequence common to all known Pseudomonas syringae avirulence genes. J Bacteriol 175: 4859–4869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobek JL, Lindgren PB (1993) Generalized induction of defense responses in bean is not correlated with the induction of the hypersensitive reaction. Plant Cell 5: 49–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobek JL, Smith JA, Lindgren PB (1993) Suppression of bean defense responses by Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Cell 5: 57–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janse JD, Ruissen MA (1988) Characterization and classification of Erwinia chrysanthemi strains from several hosts in the Netherlands. Phytopathology 78: 800–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones JB, McCarter SM, Gitaitis RD (1981) Association of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae with a leaf spot disease of tomato transplants in Southern Georgia. Phytopathology 71: 1281–1285

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones LR (1909) The bacterial soft rots of certain vegetables. II. Pectinase, the cytolytic enzym produced by Bacillus carotovorus and certain other soft-rot organisms. VT Agric Exp Stat Bull 147: 283–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones S, Yu B, Bainton NJ, Birdsall M, Bycroft BW, Chhabra SR, Cox AJR, Golby P, Reeves PJ, Stephens S, Winson MK, Salmond GPC, Stewart GSAB, Williams P (1993) The lux autoinducer regulates the production of exoenzyme virulence determinants in Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EMBO J 12: 2477–2482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen NT (1990) Gene-for-gene complementarity in plant-pathogen interactions. Annu Rev Gen 24: 447–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen NT, Tamaki S (1986) Structure of two pectate lyase genes from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 and their high level expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 168: 595–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen NT, Tamaki S, Kobayashi D, Gerhold D, Stayton M, Shen H, Gold S, Lorang J, Thordal-Christensen H, Dahlbeck D, Staskawicz B (1990) Bacteria expressing avirulence gene D produce a specific elicitor of the soybean hypersensitive reaction. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 112–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen NT, Ridgway D, Boyd C (1992) Cloning and characterization of a phospholipase gene from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. Mol Microbiol 6: 179–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelman A (1979) How bacteria induce disease. In: Horsfall JG, Cowling EB (eds) Plant disease, an -advanced treatise, vol 4: how pathogens induce disease. Academic, New York, pp 181–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelemu S, Collmer A (1993) Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 produces a second set of plant-inducible pectate lyase isozymes. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 1756–1761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler LD, Baker CJ (1989) 02-lnitiated lipid peroxidation in a bacteria-induced hypersensitive reaction in tobacco cell suspensions. Phytopathology 79: 555–562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler LD, Novacky A (1986) Involvement of membrane lipid peroxidation in the development of a bacterially induced hypersensitive reaction. Phytopathology 76: 104–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler LD, Baker CJ, Atkinson MM (1989) Active oxygen production during a bacteria-induced hypersensitive reaction in tobacco suspension cells. Phytopathology 79: 974–978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiraly Z (1980) Defenses triggered by the invader: hypersensitivity. In: Horsfall JG, Cowling EB (eds) Plant disease: an advanced treatise, vol 5. Academic, New York, pp 201–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Klement Z (1963) Rapid detection of pathogenicity of phytopathogenic pseudomonads. Nature 199: 299–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klement Z (1965) Method of obtaining fluid from the intercellular spaces of foliage and fluids merit as substrate for phytobacterial pathogens. Phytopathology 55: 1033–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Klement Z (1982) Hypersensitivity. In: Mount MS, Lacy GH (eds) Phytopathogenic prokaryotes, vol 2. Academic, New York, pp 149–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Klement Z, Farkas GL, Lovrekovich L (1964) Hypersensitive reaction induced by phytopathogenic bacteria in the tobacco leaf. Phytopathology 54: 474–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornacker MG, Pugsley AP (1990) The normally periplasmic enzyme b-lactamase is specifically and efficiently translocated through the Eshcerichia coli outer membrane when it is fused to the cellsurface enzyme pullulanase. Mol Microbiol 4: 1101–1109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotoujansky A (1987) Molecular genetics of pathogenesis by soft-rot erwinias. Annu Rev Phytopathol 25: 405–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laby RJ, Beer SV (1992) Hybridization and functional complementation of the hrp gene cluster from Erwinia amylovora strain Ea321 and DNA of other bacteria. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 5: 412–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb CJ, Lawton MA, Dron M, Dixon RA (1989) Signals and transduction mechanisms for activation of plant defenses against microbial attack. Cell 56: 215–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindeberg M, Collmer A (1992) Analysis of eight out genes in a cluster required for pectic enzyme secretion by Erwinia chrysanthemi: sequence comparison with secretion genes from other gramnegative bacteria. J Bacteriol 174: 7385–7397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren PB, Panopoulos NJ, Staskawicz BJ, Dahlbeck D (1988) Genes required for pathogenicity and hypersensitivity are conserved and interchangeable among pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. Mol Gen Genet 211: 499–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren PB, Peet RC, Panopoulos NJ (1986) Gene cluster of Pseudomonas syringae pv. “phaseolicola” controls pathogenicity of bean plants and hypersensitivity on nonhost plants. J Bacteriol 168: 512–522

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Murata H, Chatterjee A, Chatterjee AK (1993) Characterization of a novel regulatory gene aepA that controls extracellular enzyme production in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6: 299–308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lojkowska E, Dorel C, Reignault P, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Robert-Baudouy J (1993) Use of GUS fusion to study the expression of Erwinia chrysanthemi pectinase genes during infection of potato tubers. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6: 488–494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long SR, Staskawicz BJ (1993) Prokaryotic plant parasites. Cell 73: 921–935

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long M, Barton-Willis P, Staskawicz BJ, Dahlbeck D, Keen NT (1985) Further studies on the relationship between glyceollin accumulation and the resistance of soybean leaves to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Phytopathology 75: 235–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lory S (1992) Determinants of extracellular protein secretion in gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 174: 3423–3428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon GD (1989) The biochemical basis of resistance of potatoes to soft rot Erwinia spp.—a review. Plant Pathology 38: 313–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maher EA, Kelman A (1983) Oxygen status of potato tuber tissue in relation to maceration by pectic enzymes of Erwinia carotovora. Phytopathology 73: 536–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin GB, Brommonschenkel SH, Chunwongse J, Frary A, Ganal MW, Spivey R, Wu T, Earle ED, Tanksley SD (1993) Map-based cloning of a protein kinase gene conferring disease resistance in tomato. Science 262: 1432–1436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarter-Zorner NJ, Franc GD, Harrison MD, Michaud JE, Quinn CE, Sells AI, Graham DC (1984) Soft rot Erwinia bacteria in surface and underground waters in southern Scotland and Colorado, United States. J Appl Bacteriol 57: 95–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy JL, Murata H, Chatterjee AK (1992) Genetic evidence for an activator required for induction of pectin lyase in Erwinia carotovora susp. carotovora by DNA-damaging agents. J Bacteriol 174: 5471–5474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil M, Darvill AG, Fry SC, Albersheim P (1984) Structure and function of the primary cell walls of plants. Annu Rev Biochem 53: 625–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier BM, Slusarenko AJ (1993) Spatial and temporal accumulation of defense gene transcripts in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves in relation to bacteria-induced hyper-sensitive cell death. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6: 453–466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meneley JC, Stanghellini ME (1976) Isolation of soft-rot Erwinia spp. from agricultural soils using an enrichment technique. Phytopathology 66: 367–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messiaen J, Read ND, Van CP, Trewavas AJ (1993) Cell wall oligogalacturonides increase cytosolic free calcium in carrot protoplasts. J Cell Sci 104: 365–371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michiels T, Cornelis GR (1991) Secretion of hybrid proteins by the Yersinia Yop export system. J Bacteriol 173: 1677–1685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michiels T, Wattiau P, Brasseur R, Ruysschaert J-M, Cornelis G (1990) Secretion of Yop proteins by Yersiniae. Infect Immun 58: 2840–2849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michiels T, Vanooteghem J-C, de Rouvroit CL, China B, Güstin A, Boudry P, Cornelis GR (1991) Analysis of virC, an operon involved in the secretion of Yop proteins by Yersinia enterocolitica. J Bacteriol 173: 4994–5009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Midland SL, Keen NT, Sims JJ, Midland MM, Stayton MM, Burton V, Smith MJ, Mazzola EP, Graham KJ, Clardy J (1993) The structures of syringolides 1 and 2: novel C glycosidic elcitors from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. J Org Chem 58: 2940–2945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller W, Mindrinos MN, Rahme LG, Frederick RD, Grimm C, Gressman R, Kyriakides X, Kokkinidis M, Panopoulos NJ (1993) Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola-plant interactions: host pathogen signalling through cascade control of hrp gene expression. In: Nester EW, Verma DPS (eds) Advances in molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, vol 2. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 267–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran F, Nasuno S, Starr MP (1968) Oligogalacturonide trans-eliminase of Erwinia carotovora. Arch Biochem Biophysic 125: 734–741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murata H, Fons M, Chatterjee A, Collmer A, Chatterjee AK (1990) Characterization of transposon insertion Our mutants of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora defective in enzyme export and of a DNA segment that complements out mutations in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, and Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Bacteriol 172: 2970–2978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murata H, McEvoy JL, Chatterjee A, Collmer A, Chatterjee AK (1991) Molecular cloning of an aep gene that activates production of extracellular pectolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4: 239–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nasser W, Condemine G, Plantier R, Anker D, Robert-Baudouy J (1991) Inducing properties of analogs of 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate on the expression of pectinase genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 81: 73–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nasser W, Reverchon S, Robert-Baudouy J (1992) Purification and functional characterization of the KdgR protein, a major repressor of pectinolysis genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Mol Microbiol 6: 257–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neema C, Laulhere J-P, Expert D (1993) Iron deficiency induced by chrysobactin in Saintpaulia leaves inoculated with Erwinia chrysanthemi. Plant Physiol 102: 967–973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niepold F, Anderson D, Mills D (1985) Cloning determinants of pathogenesis from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 406–410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novacky A (1991) The plant membrane and its response to disease. In: Cole GT, Hoch HC (eds) The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals. Plenum, New York, pp 363–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Nfunn DN, Lory S (1991) Product of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene pilD is a prepilin leader peptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 3281–3285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palleroni NJ (1984) Genus 1. Pseudomonas. In: Krieg NR, Holt JG (eds) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 141–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Palva TK, Holmstrom K-O, Heino P, Palva ET (1993) Induction of plant defense response by exoenzymes of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6: 190–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passador L, Cook JM, Gambello MJ, Rust L, Iglewski BH (1993) Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes requires cell-to-cell communication. Science 260: 1127–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne JH, Schoedel C, Keen NT, Collmer A (1987) Multiplication and virulence in plant tissues of Escherichia coli clones producing pectate lyase isozymes PLb and PLe at high levels and of an Erwinia chrysanthemi mutant deficient in PLe. Appl Environ Microbiol 53: 2315–2320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perombelon MCM (1982) The impaired host and soft rot bacteria. In: Mount MS, Lacy GH (eds) Phytopathogenic prokaryotes, vol 2. Academic, New York, pp 55–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Perombelon MCM, Kelman A (1980) Ecology of the soft rot erwinias. Annu Rev Phytopathol 18: 361–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persmark M, Expert D, Neilands JB (1989) isolation characterization and synthesis of chrysobactin a compound with siderophore activity from Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Biol Chem 264: 3187–3193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persmark M, Expert D, Neilands JB (1992) Ferric iron uptake in Erwinia chrysanthemi mediated by chrysobactin and related catechol-type compounds. J Bacteriol 174: 4783–4789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce M, Essenberg M (1987) Localization of phytoalexins in fluorescent mesophyll cells isolated from bacterial blight-infected cotton cotyledons and separated from other cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 31: 273–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirhonen M, Saarilahti H, Karlsson M-J, Palva ET (1991) Identification of pathogenicity determinants of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by transposon mutagenesis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4: 276–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirhonen M, Flego D, Heikinheimo R, Palva ET (1993) A small diffusible signal molecule is responsible for the global control of virulence and exoönzyme production in the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora. EMBO J 12: 2467–2476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Possot O, d’Enfert C, Reyss I, Pugsley AP (1992) Pullulanase secretion in Escherichia coli K-12 requires a cytoplasmic protein and a putative polytopic cytoplasmic membrane protein. Mol Microbiol 6: 95–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preston JF, Rice JD, Ingram LO, Keen NT (1992) Differential depolymerization mechanisms of pectate lyases secreted by Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. J Bacteriol 174: 2039–2042

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugsley AP (1992) Translocation of a folded protein across the outer membrane in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 12058–12062

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugsley AP (1993) The complete general protein secretory pathway in gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol Rev 57: 50–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugsley AP, Dupuy B (1992) An enzyme with type IV prepilin peptidase activity is required to process components of the general extracellular protein secretion pathway of Klebsiella oxytoca. Mol Microbiol 6: 751–760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugsley AP, Poquet I, Kornacker MG (1991) Two distinct steps in pullulanase secretion by Escherichia coli K12. Mol Microbiol 5: 865–873

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Py B, Salmond GPC, Chippaux M, Barras F (1991) Secretion of cellulases in Erwinia chrysanthemi and E. carotovora is species-specific. FEMS Microbiol Lett 79: 315–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Py B, Chippaux M, Barras F (1993) Mutagenesis of cellulase EGZ for studying the general protein secretory pathway. Mol Microbiol 7: 785–793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahme LG, Mindrinos MN, Panopoulos NJ (1992) Plant and environmental sensory signals control the expression of hrp genes in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. J Bacteriol 174: 3499–3507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall LL, Hardy SJS (1989) Unity in function in the absence of consensus in sequence: role of leader peptides in export. Science 243: 1156–1159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves PJ, Whitcombe D, Wharam S, Gibson M, Allison G, Bunce N, Barallon R, Douglas P, Mulholland V, Stevens S, Walker D, Salmond GPC (1993) Molecular cloning and characterization of 13 out genes from Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora: genes encoding members of a general secretion pathway (GSP) widespread in gram-negative bacteria. Mol Microbiol 8: 443–456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reverchon S, Huang Y, Bourson C, Robert-Baudouy J (1989) Nucleotide sequences of the Erwinia chrysanthemi ogl and pelE genes, negatively regulated by the kdgR gene product. Gene 85: 125–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reverchon S, Nasser W, Robert-Baudouy J (1991) Characterization of kdgR, a gene of Erwinia chrysanthemi regulating pectin degradation. Mol Microbiol 5: 2203–2216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ried JL, Collmer A (1985) Activity stain for rapid characterization of pectic enzymes in isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Appl Environ Microbiol 50: 615–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ried JL, Collmer A (1986) Comparison of pectic enzymes produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 305–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ried JL, Collmer A (1987) An npt-sacB-sacR cartridge for constructing directed, unmarked mutations in Gram-negative bacteria by marker exchange-eviction mutagenesis. Gene 57: 239–246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ried JL, Collmer A (1988) Construction and characterization of an Erwinia chrysanthemi mutant with directed deletions in all of the pectate lyase structural genes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1: 32–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robert-Baudouy J (1991) Molecular biology of Erwinia: from soft-rot to antileukaemics. Trends Biotechnol 9: 325–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rumeau D, Maher EA, Kelman A, Showalter AM (1990) Extensin and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene expression altered in potato tubers in response to wounding, hypoxia and Erwinia carotovora infection. Plant Physiol 93: 1134–1139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saarilahti HT, Heino P, Pakkanen R, Kalkkinen N, Palva I, Palva ET (1990) Structural analysis of the pehA gene and characterization of its protein product, endopolygalacturonase, of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Mol Microbiol 4: 1037–1044

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmond GPC, Reeves PJ (1993) Membrane traffic wardens and protein secretion in Gram-negative bacteria. Trends Biochem Sci 18: 7–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauvage K, Franza T, Expert D (1991) Iron as a modulator of pathogenicity of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 on Saintpaulia ionantha. In: Hennecke H, Verma DPS (eds) Advances in the molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, vol 1. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 94–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen H, Keen NT (1993) Characterization of the promoter of avirulence gene D from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. J Bacteriol 175: 5916–5924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini ME (1982) Soft-rotting bacteria in the rhizosphere. In: Mount MS, Lacy GH (eds) Phytopathogenic prokaryotes, vol 1. Academic, New York, pp 249–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Staskawicz BJ, Dahlbeck D, Keen NT (1984) Cloned avirulence gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea determines race specific incompatibility of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6024–6028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens GJ, Wood RKS (1975) Killing of protoplasts by soft-rot bacteria. Physiol Plant Pathol 5: 165–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Straley SC, Piano GV, Skrzypek E, Bliska JB (1993) The Yops of the human pathogenic Yersinia. Infect Immun 61: 3105–3110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamaki SJ, Gold S, Robeson M, Manulis S, Keen NT (1988) Structure and organization of the pel genes from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. J Bacteriol 170: 3468–3478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temsah M, Bertheau Y, Vian B (1991) Pectate-lyase fixation and pectate disorganization visualized by immunocytochemistry in Saintpaulia infected by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Cell Biol Int Rep 15: 611–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thain JF, Doherty HM, Bowles DJ, Wildon DC (1990) Oligosaccharides that induce proteinase inhibitor activity in tomato plants cause depolarization of tomato leaf cells. Plant Cell Environ 13: 569–574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thrower LB (1966) Terminology for plant parasites. Phytopathol Z 56: 258–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsror L, Nachmias A, Barak Z, Keen NT (1991) Escherichia coli carrying single pectate lyase genes from the phytopathogenic Erwinia chrysanthemi causes disease symptoms in potato. Phytoparasitica 19: 57–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuyumu S, Chatterjee AK (1984) Pectin lyase production in Erwinia chrysanthemi and other soft-rot Erwinia species. Physiol Plant Pathol 24: 291–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tukey HB, Jr (1970) The leaching of substances from plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 21: 305–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner JG, Novacky A (1974) The quantitative relation between plant and bacterial cells involved in the hypersensitive reaction. Phytopathology 64: 885–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijsegem F (1986) Analysis of the pectin-degrading enzymes secreted by three strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Gen Microbiol 132: 617–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijsegem F (1989) Relationship between the pel genes of the pelADE cluster in Erwinia chrysanthemi strain B374. Mol Microbiol 3: 1415–1424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijsegem F, Genin S, Boucher C (1993) Evolutionary conservation of pathogenicity determinants among plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 1: 175–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vayda ME, Schaeffer HJ (1988) Hypoxic stress inhibits the appearance of wound-response proteins in potato tubers. Plant Physiol 88: 805–809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vayda ME, Antonov LS, Yang Z, Butler WO, Lacy GH (1992) Hypoxic stress inhibits aerobic woundinduced resistance and activates hypoxic resistance to bacterial soft rot. Am Potato J 69: 239–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wandersman C (1989) Secretion, processing and activation of bacterial extracellular proteases. Mol Microbiol 3: 1825–1831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wandersman C, Delepelaire P, Letoffe S, Schwartz M (1987) Characterization of Erwinia chrysanthemi extracellular proteases: cloning and expression of the protease genes in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 169: 5046–5053

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei Z-M, Laby RJ, Zumoff CH, Bauer DW, He SY, Collmer A, Beer SV (1992) Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science 257: 85–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen MC, Inness RW, Bent AF, Staskawicz BJ (1991) Identification of Pseudomonas syringae pathogens of Arabidopsis and a bacterial locus determining avirulence on both Arabidopsis and soybean. Plant Cell 3: 49–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis DK, Barta TM, Kinscherf (1991a) Genetics of toxin production and resistance in phytopathogenic bacteria. Experientia 47: 765–771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Y, Lu Y, Heu S, Hutcheson SW (1992) Organization and environmental regulation of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 hrp cluster. J Bacteriol 174: 1734–1741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki N, Fry SC, Darvill AG, Albersheim P (1983) Host-patahogen interactions. XXIV. Fragments isolated from suspension-cultured sycamore cell walls inhibit the ability of the cells to incorporate (14C) leucine into proteins. Plant Physiol 72: 864–869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Cramer CL, Lacy GH (1992) Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora pectic enzymes: In planta gene activation and roles in soft-rot pathogenesis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 5: 104–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder MD, Keen NT, Jurnak F (1993) New domain motif: the structure of pectate lyase C, a secreted plant virulence factor. Science 260: 1503–1507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young JM (1974) Development of bacterial populations in vivo in relation to plant pathogenecity. NZ J Agric Res 17: 105–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Yucel I, Xiao Y, Hutcheson SW (1989) Influence of Pseudomonas syringae culture conditions on initiation of the hypersensitive response of cultured tobacco cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 1724–1729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zink RT, Engwall JK, McEvoy JL, Chatterjee AK (1985) recA is required in the induction of pectin lyase and carotovoricin in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. J Bacteriol 164: 390–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker M, Hankin L (1970) Regulation of pectate lyase synthesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens and Erwinia carotovora. J Bacteriol 104: 13–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker M, Hankin L, Sands D (1972) Factors governing pectate lyase synthesis in soft rot and non-soft rot bacteria. Physiol Plant Pathol 2: 59–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Collmer, A., Bauer, D.W. (1994). Erwinia Chrysanthemi and Pseudomonas syringae: Plant Pathogens Trafficking in Extracellular Virulence Proteins. In: Dangl, J.L. (eds) Bacterial Pathogenesis of Plants and Animals. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 192. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78624-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78624-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-78626-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78624-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics