Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bile Salts, Bile Flow, and Cholestasis

  • Chapter
Hepatobiliary Diseases

  • 267 Accesses

Abstract

Bile is a solution of organic and inorganic compounds in water. It is produced by hepatocytes and secreted into the bile canaliculi (canalicular bile). It is then modified as it passes through intrahepatic bile ductules and ducts (ductular bile). Most of the bile entering the extrahepatic biliary tree enters the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored between periods of digestion (gallbladder bile). Finally, meals stimulate gallbladder emptying which projects bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum, where bile facilitates digestion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AIDS:

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

BADF:

bile acid-dependent bile flow

BAIF:

bile acid-independent bile flow

BPOC:

benign postoperative cholestasis

CMC:

critical micellar concentration (of bile acids)

EHC:

enterohepatic circulation (of bile acids)

ERCP:

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

GGT:

γ-glutamyltranspeptidase

GVHD:

graft versus host disease

Na+,K+-ATPase:

sodium and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase

OLTx:

orthotopic liver transplantation

PTHC:

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography SAMe

SAMe:

S-adenosylmethionine

UDCA:

ursodeoxycholate

References

  1. Small DM, Dowling RH, Redinger RN (1972) The enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Arch Intern Med 130:552–573

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Carey MC, Cahalane MJ (1988) The enterohepatic circulation. In: Arias I, Jakoby BW, Popper H, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) The liver biology and pathobiology. Raven, New York, pp 573–616

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hofmann AF (1989) The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in health and disease. In Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS (eds) Gastrointestinal disease, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 144–161

    Google Scholar 

  4. Vlahcevic ZR, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB (1990) Physiology and pathophysiology of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 341–377

    Google Scholar 

  5. Danielsson H, Sjovall J (1975) Bile acid metabolism. Ann Rev Biochem 44:221–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hofmann AF (1988) Bile acids. In: Arias I, Jakoby BW, Popper H, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) The liver biology and pathobiology. Raven, New York, pp 553–572

    Google Scholar 

  7. Shefer S, Hauser S, Mosbach EH (1968) 7a-Hydroxylation of cholestanol by rat liver microsomes. J Lipid Res 9:328–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bjorkhem I (1985) Mechanisms of bile acid biosynthesis in mammalian liver. In: Danielsson H, Sjoevall J (eds) Sterols and bile acids. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 231–278

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Hofmann AF, Roda A (1984) Physicochemical properties of bile acids and their relationship to biological properties: an overview of the problem. J Lipid Res 25:1477–1489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Carey M (1985) Physico-chemical properties of bile acids and their salts. In: Danielsson H, Sjovall J (eds) Sterols and bile acids. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 345–403

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Pattinson NR (1985) Solubilisation of cholesterol in human bile. FEBS Lett 181:339–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Carey MC, Small DM (1972) Micelle formation by bile salts. Arch Intern Med 130:506–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Carey MC, Small DM, Bliss CM (1983) Lipid digestion and absorption. Ann Rev Physiol 45:651–677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Van Dyke RW (1989) Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of food. In: Sleisinger MH, Fordtran JS (eds) Gastrointestinal disease, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1062–1083

    Google Scholar 

  15. Marcus SN, Schteingart CD, Marquez ML et al. (1991) Active absorption of conjugated bile acids in vivo. Gastroenterology 100:212–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. La Russo NF, Korman MG, Hoffman NE, Hofmann AF (1974) Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. N Engl J Med 291:689–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. McDonald IA, Bokkenheuser VD, Winter J, McLernon AM, Mosbach EH (1983) Degradation of steroids in the human gut. J Lipid Res 24:675–700

    Google Scholar 

  18. Stiehl A, Ast E, Czygan P et al. (1978) Pool size, synthesis and turnover of sulfated and unsulfated cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology 74:572–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Setchell KDR, Street JM (1987) Inborn errors of bile acid synthesis. Semin Liver Dis 7:85–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Matern S, Gerok W (1979) Pathophysiology of the enterohepatic circulation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 85:126–204

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nakashima T, Sano A, Seto Y et al. (1990) Unusual trihydroxy bile acids in the urine of patients treated with chenodeoxycholate, ursodeoxycholate or rifampicin and those with cirrhosis. Hepatology 11:255–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Patterson TE, Vlahcevic ZR, Schwartz CC, Gustafsson J, Danielsson H, Swell L (1980) Bile acid metabolism in cirrhosis. VI. Sites of blockage in the bile acid pathways to primary bile acids. Gastroenterology 79:620–628

    Google Scholar 

  23. Binder HJ, Filburn C, Volpe BT (1975) Bile salt alteration of colonic electrolyte transport: role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Gastroenterology 68:503–509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Thaysen EH, Pedersen L (1976) Idiopathic bile acid catharsis. Gut 17:965–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Popovic OS, Kostic KM, Milovic VB et al. (1987) Primary bile acid malabsorption: histologic and immunologic study in three patients. Gastroenterology 92:1851–1858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hofmann AF, Poley JR (1972) Role of bile acid malabsorption in pathogenesis of diarrhea and steatorrhea in patients with ileal resection. I. Response to cholestyramine or replacement of long chain triglyceride by medium chain triglyceride. Gastroenterology 62:918–925

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tabaqchali S, Harzioannou J, Booth CC (1968) Bile salt deconjugation and steatorrhea in patients with the stagnant loop syndrome. Lancet II:12–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Haff RC, Wise L, Ballinger WF (1971) Biliary-enteric fistulas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 133:84–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. McGuigan JE (1989) The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In: Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS (eds) Gastrointestinal disease 4th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 909–923

    Google Scholar 

  30. Boyle JM, Neiderhiser DH, Dworken HJ (1984) Duodenogastric reflux in patients with gastric ulcer disease. J Lab Clin Med 103:14–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Boyer JL (1980) New concepts of mechanisms of hepatocyte bile formation. Physiol Rev 60:303–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Boyer JL, Gautam A, Graf J (1988) Mechanisms of bile secretion: insights from the isolated hepatocyte couplet. Semin Liver Dis 8:308–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Erlinger S (1983) Hepatic Bile flow: facts and hypothesis. In: Berk PD, Chalmers TC (eds) Frontiers in liver disease. Neueherberg, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  34. Erlinger S (1988) Bile flow. In: Arias I, Jakoby BW, Popper H, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) The liver biology and pathobiology. Raven, New York, pp 643–662

    Google Scholar 

  35. Klaassen CD, Watkins JB (1984) Mechanisms of bile formation, hepatic uptake and biliary excretion. Pharmacol Rev 36:1–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Moseley RH (1986) Mechanisms of bile formation and cholestasis: clinical significance of recent experimental work. Am J Gastroenterol 81:731–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sellinger M, Boyer JL (1990) Physiology of bile secretion and cholestasis. In: Popper H, Schaffner F (eds) Progress in liver diseases, vol IX. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 237–259

    Google Scholar 

  38. Scharschmidt BF (1990) Bile formation and cholestasis. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver diseases. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 303–340

    Google Scholar 

  39. Desmet VJ (1983) Cholestasis: a problem. In: Csomos G, Thaler H (eds) Clinical hepatology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 299–320

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Scharschmidt BF, Lake JR (1989) Hepatocellular bile acid transport and ursodeoxycholic acid hypercholeresis. Dig Dis Sci 34 [Suppl]:5S–15S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sellinger M, Barrett C, Malle P, Gordon ER, Boyer JL (1990) Cryptic Na+,K+-ATPase activity in rat liver canalicular plasma membranes: evidence for its basolateral origin. Hepatology 11:223–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sweadner KJ, Goldin SM (1980) Active transport of sodium and potassium ions: mechanisms, function and regulation. N Engl J Med 302:777–787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Layden TJ, Elias E, Boyer JL (1978) Bile formation in the rat. The role of the paracellular shunt pathway. J Clin Invest 62:1375–1385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Martfnez-Palomo A, Erlij D (1975) Structure of tight junctions in epithelia with different permeability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4487–4491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Hayakawa T, Cheng OI, Ma A, Boyer JL (1990) Taurocholate stimulates transcytotic vesicular pathways labeled by horseradish peroxidase in the isolated perfused rat liver. Gastroenterology 99:216–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Phillips MJ, Satir P (1988) The cytoskeleton of the hepatocyte: organization, relationships and pathology. In: Arias I, Jakoby BW, Popper H, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) The liver biology and pathobiology. Raven, New York, pp 11–27

    Google Scholar 

  47. LeSage GD, Robertson WE, Baumgart MA (1990) Demonstration of vesicular- dependent bile flow in the sucrose-loaded rat. Gastroenterology 99:478–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Paumgartner G (1977) Physiology of bile secretion: bile acid-dependent bile flow. In: Bianchi L, Gerok W (eds) Liver and bile. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 45–43

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kramer W, Bickel U, Buscher HG, Gerok W, Kurz G (1982) Bile salt binding polypeptides in plasma membranes of hepatocytes revealed by photoaffinity labelling. Eur J Biochem 129:13–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Van Dyke RW, Stephens JE, Scharschmidt BF (1982) Bile acid transport in cultured rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 243:G484-G492

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ananthanarayanan M, von Dippe P, Levy D (1988) Identification of the hepatocyte Na+-dependent bile acid transport protein using monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 263:8338–8343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Stolz A, Sugiyama Y, Kuhlenkamp J, Kaplowitz N (1984) Identification and purification of a 36 kDa bile acid binder in human hepatic cytosol. FEBS Lett 177:31–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Takikawa H, Stolz A, Kaplowitz N (1987) Cyclical oxidation-reduction of the C3 position on bile acids catalyzed by rat hepatic 3-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. I. Studies with the purified enzyme, isolated rat hepatocytes, and inhibition by indomethacin. J Clin Invest 80:852–860

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sugiyama U, Yamada T, Kaplowitz N (1983) Newly identified bile acid binders in rat liver cytosol: purification and comparison with glutathione-S-trans- ferases. J Biol Chem 258:3602–3607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kitamura T, Gatmaitan Z, Arias IM (1990) Serial quantitative image analysis and confocal microscopy of hepatic uptake, intracellular distribution and biliary secretion of fluorescent bile acid analog in rat hepatocyte doublets. Hepatology 12:1358–1364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Weinman SA, Graf J, Boyer JL (1989) Voltage-driven taurocholate-dependent secretion in isolated hepatocyte couplets. Am J Physiol 256:G826–G832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ruetz ST, Fricker G, Hugentobler G, Winterhalter K, Kurz G, Meier PJ (1987) Isolation and characterization of the putative canalicular bile salt transport system of rat liver. J Biol Chem 262:11324–11330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Jansen PLM, Groothuis GMM, Peters WHM, Meijer DFM (1987) Selective hepatobiliary transport defect for organic anions and neutral steroids in mutant rats with hereditary conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Hepatology 7:71–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Oshio C, Phillips MJ (1981) Contractility of bile canaliculi: implications for liver function. Science 212:1041–1042

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lake JR, Van Dyke RW, Scharschmidt BF (1987) Effects of Na+ replacement and amiloride on ursodeoxycholic acid-stimulated choleresis and biliary bicarbonate secretion. Am J Physiol 252:G163–G169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Anwer M, Hegner D (1983) Role of inorganic electrolytes in bile acid- independent canalicular bile formation. Am J Physiol 244:G116-G124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Van Dyke RW, Stephens JE, Scharschmidt BF (1982) Effect of ion substitution on bile acid-dependent and bile acid-independent bile formation by the isolated perfused rat liver. J Clin Invest 70

    Google Scholar 

  63. Meier PJ, Knickelbein R, Moseley RH, Dobbins JW, Boyer JL (1985) Evidence for carrier-mediated/bicarbonate exchange in canalicular rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. J Clin Invest 75:1256–1263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Moseley RH, Meier PJ, Aronson PS, Boyer JL (1986) Na+-H+ exchange in rat liver basolateral but not canalicular plasma membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 250:G35–G43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ballatori N, Truong AT (1989) Relation between glutathione excretion and bile acid-independent bile flow. Am J Physiol 256:G22–G30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. O’Brien M, Gottlieb LS (1979) The liver and biliary tract. In: Robbins SL, Cotran RS (eds) Pathologic basis of disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1009–1089

    Google Scholar 

  67. Phillips MJ, Poucell S (1987) Cholestasis: surgical pathology, mechanisms, and new concepts. In: Farber E, Phillips MJ, Kaufman N (eds) Pathogenesis of liver diseases. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 65–94

    Google Scholar 

  68. Elias E, Boyer JL (1979) Mechanisms of intrahepatic cholestasis. In: Popper H, Schaffner F (eds) Progress in liver diseases, vol VI. Grune Stratton, New York, pp 457–470

    Google Scholar 

  69. Zimmerman HJ (1979) Intrahepatic cholestasis. Arch Intern Med 139:1038–1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Reichen J, Simon FR. Cholestasis. In: Arias IM, Jakoby WB, Popper H, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) The liver: biology and pathobiology. Raven, New York, pp 1105–1124

    Google Scholar 

  71. Popper H (1985) Cholestasis. In: Berk JE, Haubrich WS, Kalser MH, Roth JLA, Schaffner F (eds) Bockus, gastroenterology, vol 5. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2697–2731

    Google Scholar 

  72. Spector AA, Yorek MA (1985) Membrane lipid composition and cellular function. J Lipid Res 26:1015–1035

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Smith DJ, Gordon ER (1987) Membrane fluidity and cholestasis. J Hepatol 5:362–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schachter D (1984) Fluidity and function of hepatocyte plasma membranes. Hepatology 4:146–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Scharschmidt BF, Keefe EB, Vessey DA. Blankenship MN, Ockner RK (1981) In vitro effects of bile salts on rat liver plasma membrane, lipid fluidity and ATPase activity. Hepatology 1:137–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kakis G, Phillips MJ, Yousef IM (1980) The respective roles of membrane cholesterol and of sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase in the pathogenesis of lithocholate-induced cholestasis. Lab Invest 43:73–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Davis RA, Kern F, Showalter R et al. (1978) Alterations of hepatic Na+, K+- ATPase and bile flow by estrogen: effects of liver surface membrane structure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:4130–4134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Layden TJ, Boyer JL (1976) The effect of thyroid hormone on bile salt independent bile flow and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes enriched in bile canaliculi. J Clin Invest 57:1009–1018

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rutishauser SCB, Millward SE (1990) The effects of hypertonic glucose solutions on hepatic bile formation. J Hepatol 11:22–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Elias E, Boyer JL (1980) Chlorpromazine and its metabolites alter polymerization and gelation of actin. Science 206:1404–1406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Elias E, Hruban Z, Wade J, Boyer JL (1980) Phalloidin-induced cholestasis: a microfilament-mediated change in junctional complex permeability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2229–2233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Dubin M, Maurice M, Felman G, Erlinger S (1978) Phalloidin-induced cholestasis in the rat: relation to changes in microfilaments. Gastroenterology 75:450–455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Phillips MJ, Oda M, Fumatsu K (1978) Evidence for microfilament involvement in norethandrolone-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Am J Pathol 93:729–739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Weber AM, Tuchweber B, Yousef IM et al. (1981) Severe familial cholestasis in North American Indian children: a clinical model of microfilament dysfunction?. Gastroenterology 81:653–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Phillips MJ, Oshio C, Miyairi M, Smith CR (1983) Intrahepatic cholestasis as a canalicular motility disorder: evidence using cytochalasin. Lab Invest 48:205–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Xia Y, Lambert KJ, Schteingart CD, Gu JJ, Hofmann (1990) Concentrative biliary secretion of ceftriaxone. Inhibition of lipid secretion and precipitation of calcium ceftriaxone in bile. Gastroenterology 99:454–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Taggart HMcA, Alderdice JM (1982) Fatal cholestatic jaundice in elderly patients taking benoxaprofen. Br Med J 284:1372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sherlock S (1989) Diseases of the liver and biliary system. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp 248–272

    Google Scholar 

  89. Scharschmidt BF (1989) Jaundice. In: Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS (eds) Gastrointestinal disease, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 454–465

    Google Scholar 

  90. Scharschmidt BF (1983) Approach to the patient with cholestatic jaundice. N Engl J Med 308:1515–1519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kawata S, Imai Y, Inada M et al. (1987) Selective reduction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 content in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. A mechanism for impairment of microsomal drug oxidation. Gastroenterology 92:299–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hatoff DE, Hardison WGM (1979) Induced synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by bile acids in rat liver cell culture. Gastroenterology 77:1062–1067

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bulle F, Mavier P, Zafrani ES et al. (1990) Mechanism of γ- glutamyltranspeptidase release in serum during intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis in the rat: a histochemical, biochemical and molecular approach. Hepatology 11:545–550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Janssens AR, Bosman FT, Ruiter DJ, van den Hamer CJA (1984) Immunohistochemical demonstration of the cytoplasmic copper-associated protein in the liver in primary biliary cirrhosis: its identification as metallothionein. Liver 4:139–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Aziz MA, Schwartz S, Watson CJ (1964) Studies of coproporphyrin. VI. Reinvestigation of the isomer distribution in jaundice and liver disease. J Lab Clin Med 63:596–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Keppler D, Hagmann W, Rapp S, Denzlinger C, Koch H (1985) The relation of leukotrienes to liver injury. Hepatology 5:883–891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Oelberg DG, Dubinsky WP, Sackman JW et al. (1987) Bile salts induced calcium uptake in vitro by human erythrocytes. Hepatology 7:245–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Anwer MS, Engelking LR, Nolan K, Sullivan D, Zimniak P, Lester R (1988) Hepatotoxic bile acids increase cytosolic CA2+ activity of isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 8:887–891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Schanne FAX, Kane AB, Young EE et al. (1979) Calcium dependence of toxic cell death. A final common pathway. Science 206:700–702

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Odell GB (1966) The distribution of bilirubin between albumin and mitochondria. J Pediatr 68:165–180

    Google Scholar 

  101. Innes GK, Nagafuchi Y, Fuller BJ, Hobbs KEF (1988) Increased expression of major histocompatibility antigens in the liver as a result of cholestasis. Transplantation 45:749–752

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Narayanan S (1984) Biochemistry and clinical relevance of lipoprotein X. Ann Clin Lab Sci 14:371–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Billing B (1987) Bilirubin metabolism. In: Schiff L, Schiff ER (eds) Diseases of the liver. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 103–127

    Google Scholar 

  104. Gautam A, Seligson H, Gordon DR, Seligson D, Boyer JL (1984) Irreversible binding of conjugated bilirubin to albumin in cholestatic rats. J Clin Invest 73:873–878

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Wait RB, Kahng KU (1989) Renal failure complicating obstructive jaundice. Am J Surg 157:256–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Gittlen SD, Schulman ES, Maddrey WC (1990) Raised histamine concentrations in chronic cholestatic liver disease. Gut 31:96–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Jones EA, Bergasa NV (1990) The pruritus of cholestasis: from bile acids to opiate agonists. Hepatology 11:884–887

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Pain JA, Bailey ME (1987) Measurement of operative plasma endotoxin levels in jaundiced and nonjaundiced patients. Eur J Surg Res 19:207–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Van Bossuyt H, Desmaretz C, Gaeta GB, Wisse E (1990) The role of bile acids in the development of endotoxemia during obstructive jaundice in the rat. J Hepatol 10:274–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Greve JW, Gouma DJ, Soeters PB, Buurman WA (1990) Suppression of cellular immunity in obstructive jaundice is caused by endotoxins: a study with germ-free rats. Gastroenterology 98:478–485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Van Berkum FNR, Beukers R, Birkenhager JC, Kooij PPM, Schalm SW, Pols HAP (1990) Bone mass in women with primary biliary cirrhosis: the relation with histological stage and use of glucocorticoids. Gastroenterology 99:1134–1139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Diamond T, Stiel D, Lunzer M, Wilkinson M, Roche J, Posen S (1990) Osteoporosis and skeletal fractures in chronic liver disease. Gut 31:82–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Watson RGP, Coulton L, Kanis JA et al. (1990) Circulating osteocalcin in primary biliary cirrhosis following liver transplantation and during treatment with cyclosporine. J Hepatol 11:354–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Floreani A, Chiaramonte M, Giannini S et al. (1991) Longitudinal study on osteodystrophy in primary biliary cirrhosis and a pilot study on calcitonin treatment. J Hepatol 12:224–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Hay JE, Dickson ER, Wiesner RH, Krom RAF (1990) Long-term effect of orthotopic liver transplantation on the osteopenia of primary biliary cirrhosis (abstr). Hepatology 12:838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Suttie JW (1987) Recent advances in hepatic vitamin K metabolism and function. Hepatology 7:367–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Jorgensen MJ, Furie BC, Furie B (1988) Vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation proteins. In: Arias I, Jakoby BW, Popper H, Schachter D, Shafritz DA (eds) The liver biology and pathobiology. Raven, New York, pp 495–504

    Google Scholar 

  118. Jeffrey GP, Muller DPR, Burroughs AK et al. (1987) Vitamin E deficiency and its clinical significance in adults with primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of cholestatic liver disease. J Hepatol 4:307–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Bomzom A, Weinbroum A, Kamanetz L (1990) Systemic hypotension and pressor responsiveness in cholestasis. J Hepatol 11:70–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Bina O, Bomzom A, Blendis LM et al. (1985) Obstructive jaundice blunts myocardial contractile response to isoprenaline in the dog: a clue to the susceptibility of jaundiced patients to shock?. Clin Sci 69:647–653

    Google Scholar 

  121. Sitprija V, Kashemsant U, Sriratanaban A, Arthachinta S, Poshyachinda V (1990) Renal function in obstructive jaundice in man: cholangiocarcinoma model. Kidney Int 38:948–955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Makino I, Hashimoto H, Shinozaki K, Yoshino K, Nakagava S (1975) Sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in urine, serum and bile in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. Gastroenterology 68:545–553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Blanckaert N (1979) Analysis of bilirubin and bilirubin mono- and diconjugates. Determination of their relative amounts in biological samples. Biochem J 183:115–123

    Google Scholar 

  124. Stolz A, Kaplowitz N (1990) Biochemical test for liver disease. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 637–666

    Google Scholar 

  125. Rosalki SB, Trlow D, Rau D (1971) Plasma γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase elevation in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs. Lancet II:376–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Campbell WL (1989) Medical versus surgical jaundice. In: Straub WH (ed) Manual of diagnostic imaging. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, pp 152–155

    Google Scholar 

  127. Matzen P, Malcow-Moller A, Brun B et al. (1983) Ultrasonography, computed tomography and cholescintigraphy in suspected obstructive jaundice - a prospective comparative study. Gastroenterology 84:1492–1497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ritcher JM, Silverstein MD, Shapiro R (1983) Suspected obstructive jaundice: a decision analysis of diagnostic strategies. Ann Intern Med 99:46–51

    Google Scholar 

  129. Thoeni RF, Goldberg HI (1990) Radiologic evaluation of disorders of the liver and biliary system. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 667–686

    Google Scholar 

  130. Lieberman DA, Krishnamurthy GT (1986) Intrahepatic versus extrahepatic cholestasis. Discrimination with biliary scintigraphy combined with ultrasound. Gastroenterology 90:734–743

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Blamey SL, Fearon KCH, Gilmour VH et al. (1983) Prediction of risk in biliary surgery. Br J Surg 70:535–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Glenn F, McSherry CK (1963) Etiological factors in fatal complications following operations upon the biliary tract. Ann Surg 157:695–696

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Dawson JL (1964) Jaundice and anoxic renal damage: protective effect of mannitol. Br Med J 1:810–811

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Suffredini AF, Fromm RE, Parker MM et al. (1989) The cardiovascular response of normal humans to the administration of endotoxin. N Engl J Med 321:280–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Cahill CJ, Pain JA, Bailey ME (1987) Bile salts, endotoxin and renal function in obstructive jaundice. Surg Gynecol Obstet 165:519–522

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Ginés P, Rimola A, Planas R et al. (1990) Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Hepatology 12:716–724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Wiesner RH, Hermans PE, Rakela J et al. (1988) Selective bowel decontamination to decrease gram-negative aerobic bacterial and Candida colonization and prevent infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 45:570–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Marcus R, Coulston AM (1990) The vitamins. In: Goodman Gilman A, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutic. Pergamon, New York, pp 1523–1571

    Google Scholar 

  139. Datta DV, Sherlock S (1966) Cholestyramine for long term relief of the pruritus complicating intrahepatic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 50:323–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1990) Drugs used in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. In: Goodman Gilman A, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Pergamon, New York, pp 874–896

    Google Scholar 

  141. Bloomer JR, Boyer JL (1975) Phenobarbital effects in cholestatic liver disease. Ann Intern Med 82:310–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Duncan JS, Kennedy TH, Trigor DR (1984) Treatment of pruritus due to chronic obstructive liver disease. Br Med J 289:22–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Ghent CN, Carrhuters SG (1988) Treatment of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Gastroenterology 94:488–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Cynamon HA, Andres JM, Iafrate RP (1990) Rifampin relieves pruritus in children with cholestatic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1013–1016

    Google Scholar 

  145. Frezza M, Surrenti C, Manzillo G, Fiaccadori F, Bortolini M, Di Padova C (1990) Oral S-adenosylmethionine in the symptomatic treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 99:211–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Poupon R, Chretien Y, Poupon Re, Ballet F, Calmus Y, Damis F (1986) Is ursodeoxycholic acid an effective treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis? Lancet I:834–836

    Google Scholar 

  147. James OFW (1990) Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for chronic cholestatic liver disease. J Hepatol 11:5–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Stiehl A, Rudolph G, Raedsch et al. (1990) Ursodeoxycholic acid-induced changes of plasma and urinary bile acids in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 12:492–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Stiehl A, Raedsch R, Rudolph G (1990) Acute effects of ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid on the small intestinal absorption of bile acids. Gastroenterology 98:424–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Borum M, Fromm H (1990) Expression of HLA molecules on hepatocytes: Does ursodeoxycholic acid prevent immunologic injury? Gastroenterology 99:561–562

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Summerskill WHJ, Walshe JM (1959) Benign recurrent intrahepatic “obstructive” jaundice. Lancet II:686–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Tygstrup N (1960) Intermittent possibly familial intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice. Lancet I:1171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Clayton RJ, Iber FL, Ruebner BH et al. (1965) Byler’s disease: fatal familiar intrahepatic cholestasis in an Amish kindred (abstr). J Pedriat 67:1025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Ghishan FK, Greene HL (1990) Inborn errors of metabolism that lead to permanent liver injury. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1300–1349

    Google Scholar 

  155. Mowat AP (1987) Hepatitis and cholestasis in infancy: intrahepatic disorders. In: Mowat AP (ed) Liver disorders in childhood. Butterworths, London, pp 37–71

    Google Scholar 

  156. Aagenaes O, Van Der Hagen CB, Refsum S (1968) Hereditary recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis from birth. Arch Dis Child 43:646–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Aagenaes O, Cudeman B, Sigstad H et al. (1970) Clinical and experimental relationships between cholestasis and abnormal hepatic lymphatics. Pediatr Res 4:377–384

    Google Scholar 

  158. Eyssen H, Parmentier G, Compernolle F et al. (1972) Trihydroxycoprostanic acid in the duodenal fluid of two children with intrahepatic bile duct anomalies. Biochim Biophys Acta 273:212–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Hanson RF, Isenberg JN, Williams GC et al. (1975) The metabolism of 3α ,7α, 12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid in two siblings with cholestasis due to intrahepatic bile duct anomalies. J Clin Invest 56:226–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Miller DJ, Keeton GR, Webber BL, Saunders SJ (1976) Jaundice in severe bacterial infection. Gastroenterology 71:94–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Abernathy CO, Stocker JT, Utili R, Seeff LB (1989) Jaundice of systemic infection. In: Seeff LB, Lewis JH (eds) Current perspectives in hepatology. Plenum, New York, pp 337–356

    Google Scholar 

  162. Zimmerman HJ, Fang R, Utili R (1979) Jaundice due to bacterial infection. Gastroenterology 77:362–374

    Google Scholar 

  163. Shands KN, Schmid GP, Dan BB et al. (1980) Toxic-shock syndrome in menstruating women. Association with tampon use and Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features in 52 cases. N Engl J Med 303:1429–1435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Franson TR, Hierholzer WJ, LaBrecque DR (1985) Frequency and characteristics of hyperbilirubinemia associated with bacteremia. Rev Infect Dis 7:1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Cello JP, Grendell JH (1990) The liver in systemic conditions. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1411–1437

    Google Scholar 

  166. Bunn HF, Forget BG (1986) Sickle cell disease - clinical and epidemiological aspects; and molecular basis of sickle cell disease. In: Platt O, Nathan DG (eds) Hemoglobin: molecular, genetic and clinical aspects. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 502–554

    Google Scholar 

  167. Koff RS (1975) Postoperative jaundice. Med Clin North Am 59:823

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. LaMont JT, Isselbacher KJ (1973) Postoperative jaundice. N Engl J Med 288:305–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Farell GC (1990) Postoperative hepatic dysfunction. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 869–890

    Google Scholar 

  170. Galambos JT (1985) Alcoholic liver disease: fatty liver, hepatitis and cirrhosis. In: Berk JE, Haubrich W, Kalser MH, Roth JL, Schaffner F (eds) Bockus gastroenterology, vol 5. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2985–3048

    Google Scholar 

  171. Zakim D, Boyer TD, Montgomery C (1990) Alcoholic liver disease. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 821–868

    Google Scholar 

  172. Hoofnagle JH (1985) Acute viral hepatitis: clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment. In: Berk JE, Haubrich W, Kalser MH, Roth JL, Schaffner F (eds) Bockus gastroenterology, vol 5. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2856–2901

    Google Scholar 

  173. Dunn GD, Hayes P Breen KS (1973) The liver in congestive heart failure: a review. Am J Med Sci 265:174–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Logan RG, Mowry FM, Judge RD (1962) Cardiac failure simulating viral hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 56:784–788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Huguier M, Lacaine F (1981) Hepatic metastases in gastrointestinal cancer. Diagnostic value of biochemical investigations. Arch Surg 399–401

    Google Scholar 

  176. Foster JH, Lundy J (1981) Liver metastases. Curr Probl Surg 18:160–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Juniper K Jr. (1979) Prolonged severe obstructive jaundice in Hodgkin’s disease. Gastroenterology 77:375–388

    Google Scholar 

  178. Gupta SM, Kranwickel RW, Herrera NE (1980) Pathogenesis of jaundice in histiocytic medullary reticulosis. A correlative scintigraphic, histologic and biochemical study. Am J Gastroenterol 73:500–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Stauffer MH (1961) Nephrogenic hepatosplenomegaly (abstr). Gastroenterology 40:694

    Google Scholar 

  180. Strickland RC, Schenker S (1977) The nephrogenic hepatic dysfunction syndrome: a review. Dig Dis Sci 22:49–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Bascom R, Johns CJ (1986) The natural history and management of sarcoidosis. Adv Intern Med 31:213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Epstein MS, Devaney KO, Goodman ZD, Zimmerman HJ, Ishak KG (1990) Liver disease in sarcoidosis (abstr). Hepatology 12:839

    Google Scholar 

  183. Ferrara JLM, Deeg HJ (1991) Graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med 324:667–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Sullivan KM, Shulman HM, Storb R et al. (1981) Chronic graft-versus-host disease in 52 patients: adverse natural course and successful treatment with combination immunosuppression. Blood 7267–7276

    Google Scholar 

  185. Rhodes DF, Lee WM, Wingard JR et al. (1990) Orthotopic liver transplantation for graft versus host disease following bone marrow transplantation. Gastroenterology 99:536–538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Wight DGD (1986) Differential diagnosis of cholestasis in liver allografts. Transplant Proc XVIII [Suppl 4]: 152–156

    Google Scholar 

  187. Williams JW, Vera S, Peters TG et al. (1986) Cholestatic jaundice after hepatic transplantation. Am J Surgery 151:65–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Van Thiel DH, Dindzans VJ, Gavaler JS, Tarter RE (1990) The postoperative problems and management of the liver transplant recipient. In: Popper H, Schaffner F (eds) Progress in liver disease, vol IX. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 657–685

    Google Scholar 

  189. Demetris AJ, Jaffe R, Starzl TE (1987) A review of adult and pediatric post-transplant liver pathology. Pathol Annu II:347

    Google Scholar 

  190. Schneiderman DJ, Arenson DM, Cello JP, Margaretten W, Weber TE (1987) Hepatic disease in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Hepatology 7:925–930

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Cello J (1989) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy: spectrum of disease. Am J Med 86:539–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. LaRaja R, Rotherberg R, Odom J, Mueller S (1989) The incidence of intraabdominal surgery in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a statistical review of 904 patients. Surgery 105:175–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Simon D, Brandt LJ (1990) Biliary tract disease in AIDS: AIDS vs. NONAIDS. Hepatology 12:618–619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Kopelman H, Robertson MH, Saunders PG (1966) The Epping jaundice. Br Med J I:214–222

    Google Scholar 

  195. Kopelman H (1968) The Epping jaundice after two years. Postgrad Med J 44:78–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Rodriguez-Noriega A, Gomez-Reino J, Lopez-Encuentra A et al. (1982) Toxic epidemic syndrome, Spain, 1981. Description of a new systemic disease. Lancet II:697–702

    Google Scholar 

  197. Solis-Herruzo JA, Castellano G, Colina F et al. (1984) Hepatic injury in the toxic epidemic syndrome caused by ingestion of adulterated cooking oil (Spain, 1981). Hepatology 4:131–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Solís-Herruzo JA, Vidal JV, Colina F, Santalla F, Castellano G (1986) Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver associated with the toxic oil syndrome: report of five cases. Hepatology 6:687–693

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. King PD, Blitzer BL (1990) Drug-induced cholestasis: pathogenesis and clinical features. Semin Liver Dis 10:316–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Zimmerman HJ (1978) Indirect hepatotoxins - cholestatic. In: Zimmerman HJ (ed) Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp 259–276

    Google Scholar 

  201. Bachman BA, Boyd WP Jr., Brady PG (1982) Erythromycin ethylsuccinate- induced cholestasis. Am J Gastroenterol 77:397–400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Ishak KG (1981) Hepatic lesions caused by anabolic and contraceptive steroids. Semin Liver Dis 1:116–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Bass NM, Ockner RK (1990) Drug-induced liver disease. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 754–790

    Google Scholar 

  204. Ros E, Small DM, Carey MC (1980) Effects of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on bile flow, bile salt synthesis and biliary lipid secretion in the primate. In: Paumgartner G, Gerok W (eds) Bile salt metabolism in health and disease. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 219–227

    Google Scholar 

  205. Tavoloni N, Boyer JL (1980) Relationship between hepatic metabolism of chlorpromazine and cholestatic effects in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214:269–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Gaeta GB, Utili R, Adinolfi LE et al. (1985) Characterization of the effects of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin base on the excretory function of the isolated rat liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 80:185–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Kappus H, Remmer H (1975) Irreversible protein binding of 14-C-imipramine with rat and human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 24:1079–1084

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Glanfield P, Nicholls A, Freeth M, Moorhead P, Triger D (1982) Fatal cholestatic jaundice in elderly patients taking benoxaprofen. Br Med J 285:62 (letter)

    Google Scholar 

  209. Román ID, Monte MJ, González-Buitrago JM, Esteller A, Jiménez R (1990) Inhibition of hepatocitary vesicular transport by cyclosporin A in the rat: relationship with cholestasis and hyperbilirubinemia. Hepatology 12:83–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Stacey N, Kotecka B (1988) Inhibition of taurocholate and ouabain transport in isolated rat hepatocytes by cyclosporin A. Gastroenterology 95:780–786

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Mowat AP (1987) Extrahepatic biliary atresia and other disorders of the extrahepatic bile ducts presenting in infancy. In: Mowat AP (ed) Liver disorders in childhood. Butterworths, London, pp 72–88

    Google Scholar 

  212. Desmet VJ, Callea F (1990) Cholestatic syndromes of infancy and childhood. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Hepatology, a textbook of liver disease. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1355–1395

    Google Scholar 

  213. Balistreri WF, Stocker JT (1989) α-1-Antitrypsin deficiency and neonatal cholestasis. In: Seeff LB, Lewis JH (eds) Current perspectives in hepatology. Plenum Medical, New York, pp 271–286

    Google Scholar 

  214. Balistreri WF, Schubert WK (1986) Liver disease in infancy and childhood. In: Schiff L, Schiff E (eds) Diseases of the liver. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 1337–1426

    Google Scholar 

  215. Dick MC, Mowat AP (1985) Hepatitis syndrome in infancy, an epidemiological survey with 10-year follow-up. Arch Dis Child 60:512–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. Quiroga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine and Liver Unit, Clinica Universitaria and School of Medicine University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

    Jesús Prieto M.D. (Professor of Medicine) (Professor of Medicine)

  2. Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Joan Rodés M.D. (Professor of Medicine) (Professor of Medicine)

  3. Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    David A. Shafritz M.D. (Professor of Medicine and Cell Biology and Director Marion Bessin) (Professor of Medicine and Cell Biology and Director Marion Bessin)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Quiroga, J. (1992). Bile Salts, Bile Flow, and Cholestasis. In: Prieto, J., Rodés, J., Shafritz, D.A. (eds) Hepatobiliary Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76802-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76802-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76804-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76802-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation