Abstract
Quinidine is by far the oldest agent developed solely as an antiarrhythmic drug. It is an isomer of quinine, derived from cinchona bark, which was reported as being useful for palpitations (presumably atrial fibrillation) in 1749 (Willius and Keys 1942). The regular prescription of quinidine for atrial fibrillation dates largely from the work of Wenckebach, Frey, Lewis and Love, between 1914 and 1926 (Vaughan Williams 1980). Quinidine was also the first drug recognized effective against ventricular tachycardia (Selzer 1982), and despite the large number of alternative agents now available, it is still one of the most popular antiarrhythmic drugs in many countries, including the United States. Mautz (1936) first demonstrated antiarrhythmic properties for procaine. This compound is, however, too rapidly hydrolyzed to be of clinical use. A study of related substances led to the introduction of procainamide (Mark et al. 1951). It remains an extremely widely prescribed antiarrhythmic drug particulary in the management of ventricular arrhythmias. Its efficacy in supraventricular arrhythmias has also been amply demonstrated (Woske et al. 1953; Fenster et al. 1983). Disopyramide is an example of a deliberate search for an antiarrhythmic agent as an alternative to quinidine and procainamide. It was found to have significant efficacy against arrhythmias in animals (Mokler and van Arman 1962) and man (Katz et al. 1963).
Keywords
- Ventricular Tachycardia
- Ventricular Arrhythmia
- Antiarrhythmic Drug
- Disopyramide Phosphate
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson JL (1986) Sudden cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmias and antiarrhythmia therapy: current trials and tribulations. Aust NZ J Med 16: 409–412
Anderson JL, Mason JW (1978) Successful treatment by overdrive pacing of recurrent quinidine syncope due to ventricular tachycardia. Am J Med 64: 715–718
Anderson JL, Mason JW, Winkle RA, Meffm PJ, Fowles RE, Peters F, Harrison DC (1978) Clinical electrophysiological effects of tocainide. Circulation 57: 685–691
Baines MW, Davies JE, Keilett DN, Munt PL (1976) Some pharmacological effects of disopyramide and a metabolite. J Int Med Res 4 (Suppl l): 5–7
Bauernfeind RA, Swiryn S, Petropoulos AT, Coelho A, Gallastegui J, Kosen KM (1983) Concordance and discordance of drug reponses in atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 345–350
Bauman JL, Bauernfeind RA, Hoff JV, Strasberg B, Swiryn S, Rosen KM (1984) Torsade de pointes due to quinidine: observations in 31 patients. Am Heart J 107: 425–430
Benditt DG, Woodrow-Benson P, Klein GT, Pritzker MR, Kriett JM, Anderson RW (1983) Prevention of recurrent sudden cardiac arrest: role of provocative electro- pharmacologic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 418–425
Bennett DH (1978) Disopyramide in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation. Chest 74: 624–628
Bexton RS, Hellestrand KJ, Cory-Pearce R, Spurrell RAJ, English TAH, Camm AJ (1982) Direct electrophysiological effects of disopyramide—evaluated in denervated human heart (abstr). Br Heart J 48: 87
Bigger JT (1985) Patients with malignant or potentially malignant ventricular arrhyth-mias: opportunities and limitations of drug therapy in prevention of sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 5 (Suppl): 23B–26B
Bigger JT, Hoffman BF (1980) Antiarrhythmic drugs. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A eds. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 6th ed. Macmillan, London, pp 761–792
Bigger JT, Rolnitzky LM (1985) The Evaluation of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy. In: Reiser HJ, Horowitz LN (eds) Mechanisms and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: relevance of basic studies to clinical management. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, pp 117–135
Bigger JT, Weld FM, Rolnitzky LM (1981) Prevalence, characteristics and significance of ventricular tachycardia (three or more complexes) detected with ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 48: 815–823
Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, Miller JP, Rolnitzky LM, The Multicenter Post-Infarction Research Group (1984) The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the two years after myocardial infarction. Circulation 69: 250–258
Birkhead JS, Vaughan Williams EM (1977) Dual effect of disopyramide on atrial and atrioventricular conduction and refractory periods. Br Heart J 39: 657–660
Breithardt G, Seipel L, Abendroth RR (1981) Comparison of the antiarrhythmic efficacy of disopyramide and mexiletine against stimulus induced ventricular tachy-cardia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 3: 1026–1037
Brugada P, Wellens HJJ (1984) Effects of intravenous and oral disopyramide on paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 53: 88–92
Califf RM, McKinnis RA, Burks J, Lee KL, Harrell FE, Behak VS, Pryor DB, Wagner GS, Kosati RA (1982) Prognostic implications of ventricular arrhythmias during 24 hours ambulatory monitoring in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 50: 23–81
Camm J, Ward D, Spurrell R (1980) Response of atrial flutter to overdrive atrial pacing and intravenous disopyramide phosphate, singly and in combination. Br Heart J 44: 240–247
Campbell TJ (1983) Kinetics of onset of rate-dependent effects of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are important in determining their effects on refractoriness in guinea- pig ventricle, and provide a theoretical basis for their subclassiflcation. Cardiovasc Res 17: 344–352
Campbell TJ (1987) Differing electrophysiological effects of Class IA, IB & IC antiarrhythmic drugs on guinea-pig sinoatrial node. Br J Pharmacol 91: 395–401
Campbell TJ, Morgan JJ (1980) Treatment of atrial arrhythmias after cardiac surgery with intravenous disopyramide. Aust NZ J Med 10: 644–649
Campbell TJ, Gavaghan TP, Morgan JJ (1985) Intravenous sotalol for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter after cardiopulmonary bypass: comparison with dis–opyramide and digoxin in a randomised trial. Br Heart J 54: 86–90
Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study Investigators (1986) The cardiac arrhythmia pilot study. Am J Cardiol 57: 91–95
Carliner NH, Fisher ML, Crouthamel WG, Narang PK, Plotnick GD (1980) Relation of ventricular premature beat suppression to serum quinidine concentration determined by a new and specific assay. Am Heart J 100: 483–489
Caron JF, Libersa CC, Kher AR, Kacet S, Wanszelbaum H, Dupuis BA, Poirier JM, Lekieffre JP (1985) Comparative study of encainide and disopyramide in chronic ventricular arrhythmias: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. J Am Coll Cardiol 5: 1457–1463
Cooper MJ, Hunt LT, Waywood TA, Denniss AR, Richards DA, Uther JB, Ross DL (1985) Ambulatory monitoring in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia based on coronary artery diease (abstr). Aust NZ J Med 15: 506
Cooper MJ, Hunt LJ, Palmer KJ, Dennis AR, Richards DA, Uther JB, Ross DL (1986) Prediction of pro-arrhythmic drug effects at electrophysiologic study for ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 482
David BM, Madsen BW, Ilett KF (1980) Plasma binding of disopyramide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 9: 614–618
Deal BJ, Miller SM, Scagliotti D, Prechel D, Gallastegui JL, Hariman RJ (1986) Ven-tricular tachycardia in a young population without overt heart disease. Circulation 73: 1111–1118
Deano DA, Wu D, Mautner RK, Sherman RH, Ehsani AE, Rosen KM (1977) The an-tiarrhythmic efficacy of intravenous therapy with disopyramide phosphate. Chest 71: 597–606
Denes P, Gabstek A, Huang SK (1981) Clinical, electrocardiographic and follow-up observations in patients having ventricular fibrillation during Holter monitoring. Am J Cardiol 48: 9–16
Denniss A, Richards DA, Cody DV, Russell PA, Young AA, Ross DL, Uther JB (1985) Comparable prognostic significance of delayed potentials and inducible ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Aust NZ Med J 15: 520
Denniss AR, Ross DL, Cody DV, Richards DA, Russell PA, Young AA, Uther JB
Randomized trial of antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias after recent myocardial infarction. Circulation 74 (Suppl II):213
Desai JM, Scheinman M, Peters RW, O’Young J (1979) Electrophysiological effects of disopyramide in patients with bundle branch block. Circulation 59: 215–225
Dhingra RC, Rosen KM (1979) Procainamide and the sinus node. Chest 76: 620–621
DiMarco JP, Garan H, Ruskin JN (1983) Quinidine for ventricular arrhythmias: value of electrophysiologic testing. Am J Cardiol 51: 95
DiMarco JP, Lerman BB, Kron JL, Sellers TD (1985) Sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias within 2 months of acute myocardial infarction: results of medical and surgical therapy in patients resuscitated from the initial episode. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 759–768
Doering W (1979) Quinidine-digoxin intraction. N Engl J Med 301: 400–404
Drayer DE, Lowenthal DT, Restivo KM, Schwartz A, Cook CE, Reidenberg MM (1978) Steady-state serum levels of quinidine and active metabolites in cardiac patients with varying degrees of renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 24: 31–39
Dreyfuss J, Bigger JT, Cohen AI, Schreiber EC (1972) Metabolism of procainamide in rhesus monkey and man, Clin Pharmacol Ther 13: 366–371
Duff HJ, Roden DM, Primm RK, Carey EL, Oates JA, Woosley RL (1983) Mexiletine for resistant ventricular tachycardia: comparison with lidocaine and enhancement of efficacy by combination with quinidine. Circulation 67: 1124–1128
Editorial (1979) Ventricular fibrillation outside hospital. Lancet 2: 508–509
Eisenberg MS, Hallstrom A, Bergner L (1982) Long-term survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 306: 1340–1343
Elison J, Strong JM, Lee WK, Atkinson AJ (1975) Antiarrhythmic potency of N-ace-tylprocainamide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17: 134–140
Fechter P, Ha H, Follath F, Nager F (1983) The antiarrhythmic effects of controlled release disopyramide phosphate and long acting propranolol in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 25: 729–734
Fenster PE, Comess KA, Marsh R, Katzenberg C, Hager WD (1983) Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm by acute intravenous procainamide infusion. Am Heart J 106: 501–504
Ferrick KJ, Bigger JT, Reifel JA, Livelli FD, Gang E, Gliklich JI (1982) Congruence in efficacy of procainamide and quinidine for induced ventricular tachycardia (abstr). Circulation 66 (Suppl II): 142
Flecainide-Quinidine Research Group (1983) Flecainide versus quinidine for treatment of chronic ventricular arrhythmias: a multicenter clinical trial. Circulation 67: 1117–1123
Furberg CP (1983) Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on mortality after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 52:32 C-36C
Gavaghan TP, Feneley MP, Campbell TJ, Morgan JJ (1985) Atrial tachyarrhythmias after cardiac surgery: results of disopyramide therapy. Aust NZ J Med 15: 27–32
Giardina EGV, Dreyfuss J, Bigger JT, Shaw JM, Schreiber EC (1976) Metabolism of procainamide in normal and cardiac subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19: 339–351
Giardina EGV, Heissenbuttel RH, Bigger JT (1977) The relationship between the me-tabolism of procainamide and sulfamethazine. Circulation 55: 388–394
Giardina E, Fenster P, Bigger JT, Mayersohn M, Perrier D, Marcus F (1980) Efficacy, plasma concentration and adverse effects of a new sustained-release procainamide preparation. Am J Cardiol 46: 855–862
Graboys TB, Lowin B, Podrid PJ, DeSilva R (1982) Long term survival of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardiol 50: 437–443
Gradman AH, Batsford WP, Rieur EC, Leon L, Vanizetta AM (1985) Ambulatory elec-trocardiographic correlates of ventricular inducibility during programmed electrical stimulation. JAMA 5: 1087–1093
Grande P, Sonne B, Pedersen A (1986) A controlled study of digoxin and quinidine in patients DC reverted from atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 101
Green NL, Werner JA, Trabaugh GB, Reid PR, Schaeffer AH, Kime GM (1981) Programmed pacing for the evaluation and therapy of ventricular tachycardia. In: Harrison DC (ed) Cardiac arrhythmias: a decade of progress. Hall, Boston, pp 617–629
Greenspan AM, Horowitz LN, Spielman SR, Josephson ME (1980) Large dose pro-cainamide therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Am J Cardiol 46: 453–462
Haffajee CI (1985) Clinical effects of class III antiarrhythmic agents. In: Reiser HJ, Horowitz LN (eds) Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: relevance of basic studies to clinical management. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, pp 382–294
Hartel G, Louhija A, Konttinen A (1974) Disopyramide in the prevention of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electroversion. Clin Pharmaco Ther 15: 551–555
Heel RC, Brogden TM, Speight TM (1978) Disopyramide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in treating cardiac arrhythmias. Drugs 15: 331–368
Hellestrand KF, Nathan AW, Bexton RS, Camm AJ (1984) Electrophysiologic effects of flecainide acetate on sinus node function, anomalous atrioventricular connections, and pacemaker thresholds. Am J Cardiol 53: 30B–38B
Henning B, Wit AL (1982) Multiple mechanisms for antiarrhythmic drug action on delayed after depolarizations and triggered activity in canine coronary sinus (abstr). Am J Cardiol 49: 913
Hinderling PH, Garrett ER (1976) Pharmacokinetics of the antiarrhythmic disopyra-mide in healthy humans. J Pharmacokin et Biopharm 4: 199–230
Hinkle LE, Carver ST, Stevens M (1969) The frequency of asymptomatic disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction in middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol 24: 629–650
Hoffman A, Schutz E, White R, Follath F, Burckhardt 0 (1984) Suppression of high- grade ventricular ectopic activity by antiarrhythmic drug treatment as a marker for survival in patients with chronic coronary disease. Am Heart J 107: 1103–1108
Holford NHG, Coates PE, Guentert TW, Riegelman S, Sheiner LB (1981) The effect of quinidine and its metabolites on the electrocardiogram and systolic time intervals: concentration-effect relationships. Br J Clin Pharmacol 11: 187–195
Hondeghem L, Katzung BG (1980) Test of a model of antiarrhythmic drug action. Circulation 61: 1217–1224
Horowitz LN ( 1985 a) Clinical antiarrhythmic effects of calcium channel-blocking drugs. In: Reiser HJ, Horowitz LN (eds) Mechanisms and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: relevance of basic studies to clinical management. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, pp 329–335
Horowitz LN (1985b) Indices of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy using invasive techniques. In: Reiser HJ, Horowitz LN (eds) Mechanisms and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: relevance of basic studies to clinical management. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, pp 137–145
Horowitz LN, Josephson ME, Farshidi A, Spielman SR, Michelson EL, Greenspan AM (1978) Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia 3. Role of the electrophysiologic study in selection of antiarrhythmic regimens. Circulation 58: 986–997
Hulting J, Jansson B (1977) Antiarrhythmic and electrocardiographic effect of single oral doses of disopyramide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 11: 91–99
Jaillon P, Rubenson D, Peters F, Mason JW, Winkle RA (1981) Electrophysiologic effects of N-acetylprocainamide in human beings. Am J Cardiol 47: 1134–1140
Josephson ME, Caracta AR, Lau SH et al. (1973) Electrophysiological evaluation of disopyramide in man. Am Heart J 86: 771–780
Josephson ME, Caracta AR, Ricciutti MA, Lau SM, Damato AN (1974 a) Electrophysiologic properties of procainamide in man, Am J Cardiol 33: 596–603
Josephson ME, Seides SF, Batsford WP, Weisfogel GM, Akhtar M, Caracta AR, Lau SH, Damato AN (1974 b) The electrophysiological effects of intramuscular quinidine on the atrioventricular conducting system in man. Am Heart J 87: 55–64
Kanovsky MS, Falcone RA, Dresden CA, Josephson ME, Simson MB (1984) Identification of patients with ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: signal- averaged electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring and cardiac catheterization. Circulation 70: 264–270
Karlson BW, Thorstensson I, Abjorn C (1986) Disopyramide in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after electro version of atrial fibrillation—a placebo-controlled one year follow-up study. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 101
Katz MJ, Meyer CE, El-Etr A, Slooki SJ (1963) Clinical evaluation of a new antiarrhythmic agent, SC-7031. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 5: 343–350
Kennedy HL, Pescarmona JE, Bouchard RJ, Goldberg RJ (1980) Coronary artery status of apparently healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. Ann Intern Med 92: 179–185
Khan MM, Logan KR, McComb JM, Adgey AJ (1981) Management of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with Q-T prolongation. Am J Cardiol 47: 1301–1308
Kim HG, Friedman HS (1979) Procainamide-induced sinus node dysfunction in patients with chronic renal failure. Chest 76: 699–700
Kim SG, Seiden SW, Matos TA, Waspe LE, Fisher JD (1985) Discordance between ambulatory monitoring and programmed stimulation in assessing efficacy of class la antiarrhythmic agents in patients with ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 539–544
Kjekshus J, Bathen J, Orning O, Storstein L (1984) A double-blind, crossover comparison of flecainide acetate and disopyramide phosphate in the treatment of ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol 53: 72B–78B
Kosowsky BD, Taylor J, Lown B, Ritchie RF (1973) Long term use of procainamide following acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 47: 1204–1210
Kuchar DL, Thorburn CW, Sammel NL (1986) Late potentials detected after myocardial infarction: natural history and prognostic significance. Circulation 74: 1280–1289
LaBarre A, Strauss HC, Scheinman MM, Evans GT, Bashore T, Tiedeman JS, Wallace AG (1979) Electrophysiologic effects of disopyramide phosphate on sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction. Circulation 59: 226–235
Lainal N, Griffiths JW, Carmichael DJS, Besterman EMM, Kidner PH, Gillham AP, Summers GD (1977) Oral disopyramide for the prevention of arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to open wards. Lancet 2: 887–889
Lemery R, Brugada P, v. d. Dool A, Heijmeriks J, Bella PD, Dugernier T, Wellens HJJ (1986) Clinical course and long term follow-up of 60 patients with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 188
Lerman BB, Waxman HL, Buxton AE, Josephson ME (1983) Disophyramide: evaluation of electrophysiologic effects and clinical efficacy in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 51: 759–764
Lidell C, Rehnquist N, Sjogren A, Yli-Votika RJ, Ronnevik PK (1985) Comparative efficacy of oral sotalol and procainamide in patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias: a multicenter study. Am Heart J 109: 970–975
Lombardi F, Stein J, Podrid PJ, Graboys TB, Lown B (1986) Daily reproducibility of electrophysiologic test results in malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Am J Cardiol 57: 96–101
Lown B (1979) Sudden cardiac death: the major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology. Am J Cardiol 43: 313–328
Mason JW, Winkle RA (1978) Electrode-catheter arrhythmia induction in the selection and assessment of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 58: 971–985
Mason JW, Winkle RA, Rider AK, Stinson EB, Harrison DC (1977) The electrophysiologic effects of quinidine in the transplanted human heart. J Clin Invest 59: 481–489
Mason JW, Winkle RA, Griffin JC (1981) Electrophysiologic-pharmacologic studies of ventricular arrhythmias: evaluation of methods. In: Harrison DC (ed) cardiac arrhythmias: a decade of progress. Hall, Boston, pp 631–642
Mark LC, Kayden HJ, Steele JM, Copper R, Berlin I, Rosenstine EA, Brodie BB (1951) The physiological disposition and cardiac effects of procaine amide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 102: 5–15
Mautz FR (1936) The reduction of cardiac irritability by the epicardial and systemic administration of drugs as a protection in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Surg 5: 612–628
May GS, Eberlein KA, Furberg LO, Passamani ER, Demets PL (1982) Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: a review of long-term trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 24: 331–352
McHenry PL, Morris SN, Kavalier M, Jordan JW (1946) Comparative study of exercise induced ventricular arrhythmias in normal subjects and patient with documented coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 37: 609–616
Meffin PJ, Robert EW, Winkle RA, Harapat S, Peters FA, Harrison DC (1979) Role of concentration-dependent plasma protein binding in disopyramide disposition. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 7: 29–46
Millar Craig MW, Raftery EB (1977) A controlled trial of disopyramide in paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmias. In: Ankier SI, Woodings DF (eds) Proceedings of the disopyramide (rythmodan) seminar. Viking, London, pp 55–60
Minardo JP (1986) Drug associated ventricular fibrillation: analysis of clinical features and QTC prolongation (abst). J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 158A
Minardo JP, Heger JJ, Zipes DP, Miles WM, Prystowsky EN (1986) Drug associated ventricular fibrillation: analysis of clinical features and QTC prolongation. J Am Coll Cardiol (Abstract) 7: 158A
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, Watkins L, Gott VL, Schäuble JF, Langer A, Heil- man MS, Kolenik SA, Fischell RE, Weisfeldt ML (1980) Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings. N Engl J Med 303: 322–325
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Winkle RA, Mower MM, Watkins L, Stinson EB, Griffith LSC, Kallman CH, Weisfeldt ML (1983) Mortality in patients with implanted automatic defibrillators. Ann Intern Med 98: 585–588
Mirro MJ, Manalan AS, Bailey JC, Watanabe AM (1980 a) Anticholinergic effects of disopyramide and quinidine on guinea pig myocardium. Circ Res 47: 855–865
Mirro MJ, Watanabe AM, Bailey JC (1980 b) Electrophysiological effects of disopyramide and quinidine on guinea pig atria and canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. Circ Res 46: 660–668
Mirro MJ, Watanabe AM, Bailey JC (1981) Electrophysiological effects of the optical isomers of disopyramide and quinidine in the dog. Circ Res 48: 867–874
Mitchell LB, Duff HJ, Wyse DG (1986) Randomized comparison of non invasive and invasive approaches to drug therapy for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 214
Mokler CM, Van Arman CG (1962) Pharmacology of a new antiarrhythmic agent, γ-disopropyl-amino-α-phenyl-α-(2-pyridyl)-butyramide (SC-7031). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 136: 114–124
Morady F, Scheinman MM, Desai J, (1982) Disopyramide. Ann Intern Med 96: 334–343
Morganroth J (1984) Computer recognition of cardiac arrhythmias and statistical approaches to arrhythmia analysis. Ann NY Acad Sci 432: 117–128
Morganroth J, Somberg JC, Pool PE, Hsu P, Lee IK, Durkee J (1986) Comparative study of encainide and quinidine in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 9–16
Moss AJ, Davis HT, DeCamilla J, Bayer LW (1979) Ventricular ectopic beats and their relation to sudden and nonsudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction. Circulation 60: 998–1003
Mukharji J, Rude RE, Poole K, Gustavson N, Thomas LJ, Strauss HW, Jaffe AS, Muller JE, Roberts R, Raabe DS, Croft H, Passamani E, Braunwald E, Wilier- son JT, Milis Study Group (1984) Risk factors for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction: two-year follow-up. Am J Cardiol 54: 31–36
Myerburg R, Kessler K, Kiem I, Pefkaros K, Condi C, Cooper D, Castellanos A (1981 a) Relationship between plasma levels of procainamide, suppression of premature ventricular complexes and prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 64: 280–290
Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Pefkaros KC, Cooper D, Kiem I, Castellanos A (1981b) Effects of antiarrhythmic agents on premature ventricular contractions and on potentially lethal arrhythmias. In: Harrison DC (ed) Cardiac arrhythmias: a decade of progress. Hall, Boston, pp 571–584
Niarchos AP (1976) Disopyramide: serum level and arrhythmia conversion. Am Heart J 92: 57–64
Nicholson WJ, Martin CE, Gracey JG, Knoch MR (1979) Disopyramide-induced ven-tricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 43: 1053–1059
Platia EV (1986) Programmed stimulation (PES)—directed drug therapy for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias: long-term implications of altering therapy. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 313
Platia EV, Reid PR (1984) Comparison of programmed electrical stimulation and am-bulatory electrocardiographic ( Holter) monitoring in the management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 4: 493–500
Podrid PJ (1984) Can antiarrhythmic drugs cause arrhythmia? J Clin Pharmacol 24: 313–319
Podrid PJ (1985) Can antiarrhythmic drugs prevent sudden death? In: Reiser H J, Horowitz LN (eds) Mechanism and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias; relevance of basic studies to clinical management. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, pp 341–361
Podrid PJ, Schoeneberger A, Lown B, Lampert S, Matos T, Porterfiela J, Raeder E, Corrigan E (1983) Use of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia as a guide to antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Am Heart J 105: 181–188
Poser RF, Podrid PJ, Lombardi F, Lown B (1985) Aggravation of arrhythmia induced with antiarrhythmic drugs during electrophysiologic testing. Am Heart J 110: 9–16
Pratt C, Francis M, Luck J, Wyndham C, Miller R, Quinones M (1983) Analysis of ambulatory electrocardiograms in 15 patients during spontaneous ventricular fibrillation with special reference to preceding arrhythmic events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 789–797
Pratt CM, Young JB, Francis MJ, Taylor AA, Norton HJ, English L, Mann DE, Ko- pelen H, Quinones MA, Roberts R (1984) Comparative effect of disopyramide and ethmozine in suppressing complex ventricular arrhythmias by use of a double- blind, placebo-controlled, longitudinal crossover design. Circulation 69: 288–297
Pratt CM, Hallstrom AP, Coromilas J, Romhilt DW, CAPS Investigators (1986) Apparent “arrhythmia reduction” by antiarrhythmic therapy in post-infarction patients: a natural history of the placebo group in the cardiac arrhythmia pilot study (CAPS). Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 214
Puech P (1970) Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias with disopyramide. Minerva Med 61: 3763–3768
Rae AP, Sokoloff NM, Webb CR, Spielman SR, Greenspan AM, Horowitz LN (1985) Limitations of failure of procainamide during electrophysiologic testing to predict response to other medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 410
Raftery EB, Cashman PMM (1976) Long-term recording of the electrocardiogram in a normal population. Postgrad Med J 52 (Suppl 7): 32–37
Reidenberg MM, Drayer DE, Levy M, Warner H (1975) Polymorphic acetylation of procainamide in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17: 722–730
Roden DM, Hoffman BF (1985) Action potential prolongation and induction of abnormal automaticity by low quinidine concentrations in canine Purkinje fibers. Circ Res 56: 857–867
Roden MR, Gelband H, Hoffman BF (1972) Canine electrocardiographic and cardiac electrophysiologic changes induced by procainamide. Circulation 46: 528–536
Roden DM, Reele SB, Higgins SB, Wilkinson GR, Smith RF, Oates JA, Woosley RC (1980) Antiarrhythmic efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of N-acetyloprocain- amide in human subjects: comparison with procainamide. Am J Cardiol 46: 463–468
Roden DM, Thompson KA, Hoffman BF, Woosley RL (1986) Clinical features and basic mechanisms of quinidine-induced arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 8:73A–78 A
Rodstein M, Wolloch L, Gubner RS (1971) Mortality study of the significance of ex-trasystoles in an insured population. Circulation 44: 617–625
Ross D, Vohra J, Cole P, Hunt D, Sloman G (1978) Electrophysiology of disopyramide in man. Aust NZ J Med 8: 377–383
Routledge PA, Stargel WW, Wagner GS, Shand DG (1980) Increased alpha-l-acid glycoprotein and lidocaine disposition in myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 93: 701–704
Ruskin JN, Dimarco JP, Garan H (1980) Electrophysiologic observations and selec-tions of long-term antiarrhythmic therapy. N Engl J Med 303: 607–13
Salerno DM, Hodges M, Granrud G, Sharkey (1983) Comparison of flecainide with quinidine for suppression of chronic stable ventricular ectopic depolarizations. Ann Intern Med 98: 455–460
Salerno DM, Grandrud G, Dugbar D, Sharkey P, Krejci J, Fifield J, Riendl S, Maiden R, Hodges M (1986) Feasibility of long-term drug therapy for ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 213
Sami M, Harrison DC, Kreamer H, Houston N, Shimasaki C, Debusk RF (1981) Antiarrhythmic efficacy of encainide and quinidine: validation of a model for drug assessment. Am J Cardiol 48: 147–156
Schaeffer AH, Greene ML, Reid PR (1978) Suppression of the repetitive ventricular response: a index of long term antiarrhythmic effectiveness of aprindine for ventricular tachycardia in man. Am J Cardiol 42: 1007–1012
Schaffer WA, Cobb LA (1975) Recurrent ventricular fibrillation and modes of death in survivors of out of hospital ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 293: 259–262
Schenck-Gustafsson K, von Bahr C, Dahlqvist R, Edhag O (1986) Long-term effects related to dose and concentration of disopyramide in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 74 (Suppl II): 101
Searle Laboratories (1977) Norpace (disopyramide phosphate), an antiarrhythmic drug. Investigational brochure, Searle Laboratories, Chicago Sellers TD, Campbell WF, Bashore TM, Gallagher JJ (1977) Effects of procainamide and quinidine sulfate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation 55: 15–22
Selzer A (1982) Quinidine in perspective: the rise and fall of quinidine. Heart Lung 11: 20–23
Senges J, Lengfelder W, Jauernig R, Czygan E, Brachmann J, Rizos I, Kubler W (1982) Comparative effects of Sotalol, metoprolol and quinidine on sustained ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 66(Suppl I I ): 11–142 (Abstr)
Singh JB, Rasul AM, Shah A, Adams E, Flessas A, Kocot SL (1984) Efficacy of mex- iletine in chronic ventricular arrhythmias compared with quinidine: a single-blind, randomized trial. Am J Cardiol 53: 84–87
Skale BT, Miles WM, Heger JJ, Zipes DP, Prystowsky EN (1986) Survivors of cardiac arrest: prevention of recurrence by drug therapy as predicted by electrophysiologic testing or electrocardiographic monitoring. Am J Cardiol 57: 113–119
Slater W, Podrid P, Lampert S, Lown B (1986) Are there clinical predictors for arrhythmia aggravation? J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 158A
Sondermark T, Jonsson B, Olsson A, Oro L, Wallin M, Edhag D, Sjogrew A, Daniels- son M, Rosenhamer G (1975) Effect of quinidine on maintaining sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter. A multicenter study from Stockholm. Br Heart J 37: 486–492
Sokolow M, Ball RE (1956) Factors influencing conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation with special reference to serum quinidine concentration. Circulation 14: 568–583
Spurrel RAJ, Thorburn CW, Camm J, Sowton E, Deuchar DC (1975) Effects of dis- opyramide on electrical physiological properties of the specialized conduction system in man and on the accessory atrioventricular pathway in Wolff-Parkinson- White syndrome. Br Med J 37: 861–867
Strasberg B, Kanakis C, Dhingra RC, Rosen KM (1978) Myotonia dystrophica and mitral valve prolapse. Chest 78: 845–848
Strasberg B, Sclarousky S, Erdberg A, Duffy CE, Lam W, Swiryn S, Agmon J, Rosen KM (1981) Procainamide-induced polymorphous ventricular tachycardia, Am J Cardiol 47: 1309–1314
Steinbrecher VP, Fitchett DH (1980) Torsade de pointes, a cause of syncope with atrioventricular block. Arch Intern Med 140: 1223–1226
Swerdlow CD, Yu JO, Jacobson E, Mann S, Winkle RA, Griffin JC, Ross DL, Mason JW (1983) Safety and efficacy of intravenous quinidine. Am J Med 75: 36–41
Swiryn S, Bauernfeind RA, Wyndham CRC, Dhingra RC, Paliled E, Strasberg B, Rosen KM (1981) Effects of oral disopyramide phosphate on induction of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 64: 169
Taggart W, Holyoak W (1983) Steady-state biovailability of two sustained-release quinidine preparations. Clin Ther 5: 357
Tzivoni P, Keren A, Cohen AM, Loebel H, Zahavi I, Chanzbraun A, Stern S (1984) Magnesium therapy for torsades de pointes. Am J Cardiol 53: 528–530
Vandenbosch R, Lisin N, Andriange M et al. (1975) Experimentation clinique du disopyramide administré par voie intraveineuse. Acta Cardiol (Brüx) 30:267–278 Vaughan Williams EM ( 1980 ) Antiarrhythmic action and the puzzle of perhexiline. Academic, London
Velebit V, Podrid PJ, Lown B, Cohen BH, Graboys TB (1982) Aggravation and provocation of ventricular arrhythmias by antiarrhythmic drugs. Circulation 65:886 Vismara LA, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT (1975) Relation of ventricular arrhythmias in the late phase of acute myocardial infarction to sudden death after hospital discharge. Am J Med 59: 6–12
Vismara LA, Vera Z, Miller RR, Mason DT (1977) Efficacy of disopyramide phosphate in the treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 39: 1027–1034
Vlasses P, Rocci M, Porini K, Greenspan A, Ferguson R (1983) Immediate-release and sustained-release procainamide: bioavailability at steady state in cardiac patients. Ann Intern Med 98: 613–614
Wald RW, Waxman MB, Colman JM (1981) Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia. A complication of disopyramide shared with quinidine. J Electrocardiol 14: 301–308
Waxman HL, Buxton AE, Sadonski LM, Josephson ME (1983) The response to pro-cainamide during electrophysiologic study for sustained ventricular tachyarrhyth-mias predicts the response to other medications. Circulation 67: 30–37
Wellens HJJ, Bäk FWM, Brugada P (1982) Ventricular tachycardia—the clinical problem. In: Josephson ME (ed) Ventricular tachycardia: Mechanisms and management. Futura, Mount Kisco, NY, pp 1–19
Wellens HJJ, Brugade P, Abdollah H (1984) Drug therapy of patients with arrhythmias associated with bypass tracts. Ann NY Acad Sci 432: 272–278
Wenckebach KF (1914) Die unregelmässige Herztätigkeit und ihre klinische Bedeutung. Engelman, Leipzig West TC, Amory DW (1960) Single fiber recording of the effects of quinidine at atrial and pacemaker sites in the isolated right atrium of the rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 130: 183–193
Wilkinson PR, Desai J, Hollister J, Gonzalez R, Abbott JA, Scheinmann MM (1982) Electrophysiologic effects of disopyramide in patients with atrioventricular nodal dysfunction. Circulation 66: 1211–1215
Willius FA, Keys TE (1942) A remarkably early reference to the use of cinchona in cardiac arrhythmia. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 17: 294–296
Winkle RA, Gradman AH, Fitzgerald JW (1978) Antiarrhythmic drug effect assessed from ventricular arrhythmia reduction in the ambulatory electrocardiogram and treadmill test: comparison of propranolol, procainamide and quinidine. Am J Cardiol 42: 473
Woodcock BG, Rietbrock N (1982) Digitalis-quinidine interactions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 3: 118–122
Woosley RL, Cerskus I, Roden DM (1984) Antiarrhythmic therapy: clinical pharma-cology update. J Clin Pharmacol 24: 295–305
Woske H, Beiford J, Fastier FN, Brooks CMcC (1953) The effect of procaine amide on excitability, refractoriness and conduction in the mammalian heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 107: 134–139
Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P (1985) Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 27: 335–371
Zainal N, Griffith JW, Carmichael DJS, Besterman EM, Kidner PH, Gillham ED, Summers GD (1977) Oral disopyramide for the prevention of arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to open wards. Lancet 2: 887–889
Zema M (1984) Serum drug concentrations and adverse effects in cardiac patients after administration of a new controlled-release disopyramide preparation. Ther Drug Monit 6: 192–198
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Campbell, T.J. (1989). Clinical Use of Class Ia Antiarrhythmic Drugs. In: Vaughan Williams, E.M. (eds) Antiarrhythmic Drugs. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 89. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73666-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73666-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-73668-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73666-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive