Metabolism and Toxicity of Metals

Abstract

Uptake, distribution, and excretion of different metals and metal compounds and their toxic effects are highly variable. Most research has focused on a limited number of essential metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se) and nonessential metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, and As). For these metals metabolism and toxicity in humans and animals are now fairly well established. A number of extensive and comprehensive reviews dealing with these metals are available. Discussion today concentrates not so much on the types of toxic effects that these metals may induce, but rather under which circumstances and at what exposure levels these effects occur. There are, however, several other metals (e.g., Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, Al, Sn, V, and Sb) which may produce severe toxic effects in humans under certain conditions. More research is needed to evaluate the kind of health hazards that may be involved in connection with these less studied metals.