Abstract
The property of proteins to form stable foams is important in the production of a variety of foods. Foam can be defined as a two-phase system consisting of air cells separated by a thin continuous liquid layer called the lamellar phase. Food foams are usually very complex systems, including a mixture of gases, liquids, solids, and surfactants. The size distribution of air bubbles in foam influences the foam product’s appearance and textural properties; foams with a uniform distribution of small air bubbles imparts body, smoothness, and lightness to the food. Proteins in foams contribute to the uniform distribution of fine air cells in the structure of foods. Body and smoothness of food foams is related to the formation of air bubbles that allow volatilization of flavors with enhanced palatability of the foods.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Kinsella, J. E. (1981). Functional properties of proteins: possible relationships between structure and function in foams, Food Chem, 7: 273.
Purdon, A. D. (1980). The temperature dependence of surface tension and critical micelle concentration of egg lysolecithin, Colloid Polym. Sci, 258: 1062.
Kitabatake, N. and Doi, E. (1982). Surface tension and foaming of protein solutions, J Food Sci,47: 1218.
Graham, D. and Phillips, M. (1975). Foams (R. J. Ackers, ed.), Academic Press, London, p. 237.
MacRitchie, F. (1978). Proteins at interfaces, Adv. Protein Chem, 32: 383.
Graham, D. E. and Phillips, M. C. (1980). Proteins at liquid interfaces. I. Kinetics of adsorption and surface denaturation, J. Colloid Interface Sci, 70: 403.
Graham, D. E. and Phillips, M. C. (1979). Proteins at liquid interfaces. III. Molecular structure of adsorbed films, J. Colloid Interface Sci,70: 427.
Cherry, J. P. and McWatters, K. H. (1981). Whippability and aeration, In Protein Functionality in Foods, ACS Symposium Series 147 (J. P. Cherry, ed.), Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington, D. C.
Poole, S., West, S. I., and Walters, C. L. (1984). Protein-protein interactions: their importance in the foaming of heterogeneous protein systems, J. Sci. Food Agric, 35: 701.
Townsend, A. M. and Nakai, S. (1983). Relationships between hydrophobicity and foaming characteristics of food proteins, J. Food Sci, 48: 588.
Kim, S. H. and Kinsella, J. E. (1987). Surface active properties of food proteins: effects of reduction of disulfide bonds on film properties and foam stability of glycinin, J. Food Sci,52: 128.
Hayakawa, S. and Nakai, S. (1985). Relationship of hydrophobicity and net charge to the solubility of milk and soy proteins, J. Food Sci,50: 486.
Kato, A. and Nakai, S. (1980). Hydrophobicity determined by a fluorescence probe method and its correlation with surface properties of proteins, Biochem. Biophys. Acta,624: 13.
Kato, A., Tsutsui, N., Matsudomi, N., and Kobayashi, K. (1981). Effects of partial denaturation on surface properties of ovalbumin and lysozyme, Agric. Biol. Chem,45: 2755.
Kato, A., Osako, Y., Matsudomi, N., and Kobayashi, K. (1983). Changes in the emulsifying and foaming properties of proteins during heat denaturation, Agric. Biol. Chem,47: 33.
Kim, S. H. and Kinsella, J. E. (1985). Surface activity of food proteins: Relationships between surface pressure development, viscoelasticity of interfacial films and foam stability of bovine serum albumin, J. Food Sci,50: 1526.
Graham, D. E., Levy, S., and Phillips, M. S. (1976). The conformation of proteins at interfaces and their role in stabilizing emulsions, In Theory and Practice of Emulsion Technology (A. L. Smith, ed.), Academic Press, London, p. 57.
Graham, D. E. and Phillips, M. C. (1976). The conformation of proteins at the air-water interface and their role in stabilizing foams, In Foams (R. J. Akers, ed.), Academic Press, New York, p. 131.
Bolnedi, V., and Zayas, J. F. (1993). Foaming properties of wheat germ protein flour in comparison to plant and animal proteins in model system. Annual IFT Meeting 1993. Book of Abstracts, p. 160.
Baldwin, R. E. (1986). In Egg Science and Technology, 3rd edit. (W. J. Stadelman and O. J. Cotterill, eds.), AVI Publi. Co., Inc., Westport, CT, p. 345.
Kinsella, J. E. (1976). Functional properties of proteins in foods: a survey, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr,7: 219.
Lee, J. C. and Timasheff, S. N. (1981). The stabilization of proteins by sucrose, J. Biol. Chem,256: 7193.
Bergquist, D. H. (1986). In Egg Science and Technology,3rd edit. (W. J. Stadelman and O. J. Cotterill, eds.), AVI Publi. Co., Inc., Westport, CT, p. 285.
Poole, S., West, S. I., and Fry, J. C. (1986). Lipid tolerant protein foaming systems, Food Hydrocolloids,1: 45.
Kinsella, J. E. and Whitehead, D. M. (1989). Proteins in whey: Chemical, physical, and functional properties, Adv. Food Nutr. Res, 33: 343.
Hailing, P. J. (1981). Protein-stabilized foams and emulsions, CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr,13: 155.
Phillips, M. C. (1981). Protein conformation at liquid interfaces and its role in stabilizing emulsions and foams, Food Technol,35: 50.
Elizalde, B. E., Giaccaglia, D., Pilosof, A. M. R., and Bartholomai, G. B. (1991). Kinetics of liquid drainage from protein-stabilized foams, J. Food Sci,56: 24.
Phillips, L. G., Hague, Z., and Kinsella, J. E. (1987). A method for the measurement of foam formation and stability, J. Food Sci,52: 1074.
Kosaric, N. and Ng, D. C. M. (1983). Some functional properties of milk protein calcium co-precipitates, Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J, 16 (2): 141.
Mangino, M. E., Huffman, L. M., and Regester, G. O. (1988). Changes in the hydrophobicity and functionality of whey during the processing of whey protein concentrate, J. Food Sci,53: 1684.
To, B., Helbio, N. B., Nakai, S., and Ma, C. Y. (1985). Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J, 18 (2): 150.
Slack, A. W., Amundson, C. H., and Hill, Jr., C. G. (1986). Foaming and emulsifying characteristics of fractionated whey protein, J Food Proc. Pres, 10: 81.
Morr, C. V. and Foegeding, E. A. (1990). Composition and functionality of commercial whey and milk protein concentrates and isolates: A status report, Food Technol, 4: 100.
Burgess, K. J. and Kelly, J. (1979). Technical note: selected functional properties of a whey protein isolate, J Food Technol, 14: 325.
Liao, S. and Mangino, M. (1987). Characterization of the compositional, physiochemical and functional properties of acid whey protein concentrates, J Food Sci, 52: 1033.
De Wit, J. N. (1989). Functional properties of whey proteins, In Developments in Dairy Chemistry v., 4, Functional milk proteins, Elsevier Appl. Sci., London, New York, p. 285.
Waniska, R. D. and Kinsella, J. E. (1985). Surface properties of ß-lactoglobulin: Adsorption and rearrangement during film formation, J Agric. Food Chem, 33: 1143.
Jackman, R. L. and Yada, R. Y. (1988). Functional properties of whey-potato protein composite blends in a model system, J. Food Sci, 53: 1427.
Britten, M. and Lavoie, L. (1992). Foaming properties of proteins as affected by concentration, J Food Sci,57: 1219.
Tornberg, E., Granfeldt, Y., and Hakansson, C. (1982). A comparison of the interfacial behavior of three food proteins adsorbed at air-water and oil-water interfaces, J Sci. Food Agric, 33: 904.
Murphy, J. M. and Fox, P. F. (1990). Functional properties of as-/K-caseinate-or [3-rich casein fractions, Food Chem,39: 211.
Lee, S. Y., Morr, C. V., and Ha, E. Y. W. (1992). Structural and functional properties of caseinate and whey protein isolate as affected by temperature and pH. J Food Sci,57: 1210.
Phillips, L. G., Davis, M. J., and Kinsella, J. E. (1989). The effects of various milk proteins on the foaming properties of egg white, Food Hydrocolloids, 3: 163.
Fox, P. F. (1989). The milk protein system, In Developments in Dairy Chemistry - 4 (P. F. Fox, ed.), Elsevier Applied Science, New York.
Tornberg, E. (1978). The interfacial behavior of three food proteins studied by the drop volume technique, J Sci. Food Agric, 29: 762.
Patel, M. T. and Kilara, A. (1990). Studies on whey protein concentrates. 2. Foaming and emulsifying properties and their relationships with physicochemical properties, J Dairy Sci, 73 (10): 2731.
Harper, W. J. (1984). Model food system approaches for evaluating whey protein functionality, J Dairy Sci, 67: 2745.
Peltonen-Shalaby, R. and Mangino, M. E. (1986). Compositional factors that affect the emulsifying and foaming properties of whey protein concentrates, J Food Sci, 51: 91.
Schmidt, D. G. and Van Hooydonk, A. C. M. (1980). A scanning electron microscopical investigation of the whipping of cream, Scanning Electron Microsc, 111: 653.
Morr, C. V. (1985). Composition, physicochemical and functional properties of reference whey protein concentrate, J Food Sci,50: 1406.
Phillips, L. G., Yang, S. T., Schulman, W., and Kinsella, J. E. (1989). Effects of lysozyme, clupeine, and sucrose on the foaming properties of whey protein isolate and ßlactoglobulin, J Food Sci, 54: 743.
Phillips, L. G., Schulman, W., and Kinsella, J. E. (1990). pH and heat treatment effects on foaming of whey protein isolate, J. Food Sci,55: 1116.
Le Meste, M. L., Colas, B., Simatos, D., Closs, B., Courthaudon, J. L., and Lorient, D. (1990). Contribution of protein flexibility to the foaming properties of casein, J Food Sci, 55: 1445.
Poole, S., West, S. I., and Fry, J. C. (1987). Charge structural requirements of basic proteins for foam enhancement, Food Hydrocolloids,1: 227.
Hsu, K. H. and Fennema, O. (1989). Changes in the functionality of dry whey protein concentrate during storage, J Dairy Sci, 72: 829.
Morr, C. V. (1987). Effect of HTST pasteurization of milk, cheese whey and cheese whey OF retentate upon the composition, physicochemcial and functional properties of whey protein concentrates, J. Food Sci, 52: 312.
Akita, E. M. and Nakai, S. (1990). Lipophilization of ß-lactoglobulin: Effect on hydrophobicity, conformation and surface functional properties, J. Food Sci, 55: 711.
Hague, Z. and Kito, M. (1983). Lipophilization of asp-casein. 2. Conformational and functional effects, J. Agric. Food chem, 31: 1231.
Johnson, T. M. and Zabik, M. E. (1981). Response surface methodology for analysis of protein interactions in angel food cakes, J Food Sci, 46: 1226.
Kitabatake, N. and Doi, E. (1987). Conformational change of hen egg ovalbumin during foam formation detected by 5,5’-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), J. Agric. Food Chem, 35: 953.
Johnson, T. M. and Zabik, M. E. (1981). Egg albumen protein interactions in an angel food cake system, J. Food Sci, 46: 1231.
Johnson, T. M. and Zabik, M. E. (1981). Ultrastructural examination of egg albumen protein foams, J. Food Sci, 46: 1237.
Poole, S., West, S. I., and Walters, C. L. (1984). Protein-protein interactions: Their importance in the foaming of heterogeneous protein systems, J. Sci. Food Agric, 35: 701.
Tsutsui, T. (1988). Functional properties of heat-treated egg yolk low density lipoprotein, J Food Sci, 53: 1103.
Dyer-Hyrdon, J. N., and Nnanna, I. A. (1993). Cholesterol content and functionality of plasma and granules fractionated from egg yolk. J. Food Sci, 58: 1277.
Wootton, M., Hong, N. T., and Pham Thi, H. L. (1981). A study of the denaturation of egg white proteins during freezing using differential scanning calorimetry, J Food Sci, 46: 1336.
Ma, C. Y., Harwalkar, V. R., Poste, L. M., and Sahasrabudhe, M. R. (1993). Effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical and functional properties of frozen liquid egg products. Food Research Internat, 26: 247.
Freeland-Graves, J. H. and Peckham, G. C. (1979). Foundations of Food Preparation, 30: 264.
Van Elswyk, M. E., Sams, A. R., and Hargis, P. S. (1992). Composition, functionality, and sensory evaluation of eggs from hens fed dietary menhaden oil, J Food Sci,, 57: 342.
Shahidi, F., Naczk, M., Rubin, L. J., and Diosady, L. L. (1984). Functional properties of blood globin, J Food Sci, 49: 370.
Etheridge, P. A., Hickson, D. W., Young, C. R., Landmann, W. A., and Dill, C. W. (1981). Functional and chemical characteristics of bovine plasma proteins isolated as a metaphosphate complex, J Food Sci, 46: 1782.
Watanabe, M., Shimada, A, Yazawa, E., Kato, T., and Arai, S., (1981). Proteinaceous surfactants produced from gelatin by enzymatic modification: application to preparation of food items, J. Food Sci, 46: 1738.
Kim, S. H. and Kinsella, J. E. (1986). Effects of reduction with dithiothreitol on the molecular properties of soy glycinin, J Agric. Food Chem, 34: 623.
Horiuchi, T., Fukushima, D., Sugimato, M., and Hattori, T. (1978). Studies on enzyme-modified proteins as foaming agents: effect of structure on foam stability. Food Chem, 3: 35.
Manak, L. J., Lawhon, J. T., and Lusas, E. W. (1980). Functioning potential of soy, cottonseed, and peanut protein isolates produced by industrial membrane systems, J. Food Sci, 45: 236.
Schaffner, D. W. and Beuchat, L. R. (1986). Functional properties of freeze-dried powders of unfermented and fermented aqueous extracts of legume seeds, J Food Sci, 51: 629.
Paulson, A. T., Tung, M. A., Garland, M. R., and Nakai, S. (1984). Functionality of modified plant proteins in model food systems, Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. 1, 17 (4): 202.
Hague, Z., Matoba, T., and Kito, M. (1982). Incorporation of fatty acid into food protein: palmitoyl soybean glycinin, J. Agric. Food Chem, 30: 481.
Sung, H. Y., Chen, H. J., Liu, T. Y., and Su, J. C. (1983). Improvement of the functionality of soy protein by introduction of new thiol groups through a papaincatalyzed acylation, J. Food Sci, 48: 708.
Kim, S. H. and Kinsella, J. E. (1987). Surface active properties of proteins: Effects of progressive succinylation on film properties and foam stability of glycinin, J. Food Sci, 52: 1341.
Chen, B. H. Y. and Morr, C. V. (1985). Solubility and foaming properties of phytatereduced soy protein isolate, J. Food Sci, 50: 1139.
McWatters, K. H., Cherry, J. P., and Holmes, M. R. (1976). Influence of suspension medium and pH on functional and protein properties of defatted peanut meal, J. Agric. Food Chem, 24 (3): 517.
Kim, N. S., Kim Y. J., and Nam, Y. J. (1992). Characteristics and functional properties of protein isolates from various peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, J. Food Sci, 57: 406.
MOnteiro, P. V., and Prakash, V. (1994). Functional properties of homogeneous protein fractions from peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.). J Agric. Food Chem, 42: 274.
Kohnhorst, A. L., Smith, D. M., Uebersax, M. A., and Bennink, M. R. (1990). Compositional, nutritional and functional properties of meals, flours and concentrates from navy and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), J. Food Quality, 13: 435.
Idouraine, A., Yensen, S. B., and Weber, C. W. (1991). Tepary bean flour, albumin and globulin fractions functional properties compared with soy protein isolate, J. Food Sci, 56: 1316.
Sathe, S. K., Deshpande, S. S., and Salunkhe, D. K. (1983). Functional properties of black gram (Phaseolus Mungo L.) proteins, Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol, 16: 69.
Sosulski, F. W. and McCurdy, A. R. (1987). Functionality of flours, protein fractions and isolates from field peas and faba bean, J. Food Sci, 52: 1010.
Han, J. Y. and Khan, K. (1990). Functional properties of pin-milled and air-classified dry edible bean fractions, Cereal Chem, 67 (4): 390.
Narayana, K. and Narasinga Rao, M. S. (1984). Effect of acetylation and succinylation on the functional properties of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) flour, J. Food Sci, 49: 547.
Nath, J. P. and Narasinga Rao, M. S. (1981). Functional properties of guar proteins, J. Food Sci, 46: 1255.
Tasneem, R. and Subramanian, N. (1986). Functional properties of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal protein isolates, J. Agric. Food Chem, 34: 850.
Tasneem, R., Ramamani, S., and Subramanian, N. (1982). Functional properties of guar seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal detoxified by different methods, J. Food Sci, 47: 1323.
Swanson, B. G. (1990). Pea and lentil protein extraction and functionality, J.A.O.C.S, 67 (50): 276.
Koyoro, H. and Powers, J. R. (1987). Functional properties of pea globulin fractions, Cereal Chem, 64 (2): 97.
Sumner, A. K., Nielsen, M. A., and Youngs, C. G. (1981). Production and evaluation of pea protein isolate, J. Food Sci, 46: 346.
Canella, M., Castriotta, G., Bernardi, A., and Boni, R. (1985). Functional properties of individual sunflower albumin and globulin, Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol, 18: 288.
Rossi, M. and Germondari, I. (1982). Production of a food-grade protein meal from defatted sunflower. II. Functional properties evaluation, Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol, 15: 313.
Canella, M. (1978). Whipping properties of sunflower protein dispersions, Lebensm.Wiss. u.-Technol, 11: 259.
Canella, M., Bernardi, A., Castriotta, G., and Russomanno, G. (1984). Functional properties of fermented sunflower meal, Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol, 17: 146.
Kabirullah, M. and Wills, R. B. H. (1981). Functional properties of sunflower protein following partial hydrolysis with proteases, Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol, 14: 232.
Kabirullah, M. and Wills, R. B. H. (1982). Functional properties of acetylated and succinylated sunflower protein isolate, J. Food Technol, 17: 235.
Bera, M. and Mukherjee, R. K. (1989). Solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties of rice bran protein concentrte, J. Food Sci, 54: 142.
Dev, D. K. and Mukherjee, R. K. (1986). Functional properties of rapeseed protein products with varying phytic acid contents, J. Agric. Food Chem, 34: 775.
Kinsella, J. E. (1981). Functional properties of proteins: possible relationships between structure and function in foams, Food Chem, 7: 273.
Thompson, L. U., Liu, R. F. K., and Jones, J. D. (1982). Functional properties and food applications of rapeseed protein concentrate, J Food Sci, 47: 1175.
Berardi, L. C. and Cherry, J. P. (1981). Functional properties of co-precipitated protein isolates from cottonseed, soybean and peanut flours, Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol J, 14 (4): 283.
Rahma, E. H. and Narasinga Rao, M. S. (1983). Effect of limited proteolysis on the functional properties of cottonseed flour, J. Agric. Food Chem, 31: 356.
Ma, C. Y. and Harwalkar, V. R. (1984). Chemical characterization and functionality assessment of oat protein fraction, J. Agric. Food Chem, 32 (1): 144.
Ma, C. Y. (1983) Preparation, composition and functional properties of oat protein isolates, Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J, 16 (3): 201.
Ma, C. Y. (1983). Chemical characterization and functionality assessment of protein concentrates from oats, Cereal Chem, 60 (1): 36.
Oomah, B. D. and Mathieu, J. J. (1987). Functional properties of commercially produced wheat flour solubles, Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J, 20 (2): 81.
Wilde, P. J., Clark, D. C., and Marion, D. (1983). Influence of competitive adsorption of a lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine on the functional properties of puroindoline, a lipid-binding protein isolated from wheat flour. J. Agric Food Chem, 41:1570
Betschart, A. A., Fong, R. Y., and Hanamoto, M. M. (1979). Safflower protein isolates: functional properties in simple systems and breads, J. Food Sci, 44: 1022.
Paredes-Lopez, O. and Ordorica-Falomir, C. (1986). Functional properties of safflower protein isolates: water absorption, whipping and emulsifying characteristics, J. Sci. Food Agric, 37: 1104.
Madhusudhan, K. T. and Singh, N. (1985). Effect of heat treatment on the functional properties of linseed meal, J. Agric. Food Chem, 33: 1222.
Knorr, D. (1980). Functional properties of potato protein concentrates, Lebensm.-Wiss. u.-Technol, 13: 297.
Wojnowska, I., Poznanski, S., and Bednarski, W. (1981). Processing of potato protein concentrates and their properties, J Food Sci, 47: 167.
Wiseman, M. O. and Price, R. L. (1987). Functional properties of protein concentrates from pressed jojoba meal, Cereal Chem, 64 (2): 94.
Knuckles, B. E. and Kohler, G. O. (1982). Functional properties of edible protein concentrates from alfalfa, J. Agric. Food Chem, 30 (4): 748.
Devi, M. A. and Venkataraman, L. V. (1984). Functional properties of protein products of mass cultivated blue-green algae Spirulina platensis, J. Food Sci, 49: 24.
Huang, Y. T. and Kinsella, J. E. (1987). Effects of phosphorylation on emulsifying and foaming properties and digestibility of yeast protein, J Food Sci, 52: 1984.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zayas, J.F. (1997). Foaming Properties of Proteins. In: Functionality of Proteins in Food. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59116-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59116-7_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63856-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59116-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive