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Sedimente als Lebensraum

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Untersuchung und Bewertung von Sedimenten

Zusammenfassung

Sedimente bilden Habitate für zahlreiche Organismen und Biozönosen, die in oder auf dem Sediment leben und allgemein als Benthos bezeichnet werden. Neben dem Benthos, dessen tierischer Anteil sich aus der Endofauna (oder Infauna) und Epifauna zusammensetzt, sind Sedimente Lebensraum für bakterielle, pflanzliche und tierische Mikroorganismen. Der Groβteil der Organismen besiedelt die oberen Zentimeter des Sediments, während die tieferen Schichten nur von wenigen Spezialisten bewohnt wird. Diese Stratifikation der Sedimente ist weitgehend Resultat mikrobieller Aktivitäten wie Sauerstoffverbrauch beim Abbau von organischen Stoffen, Denitrifikation oder Schwefelwasserstoffproduktion durch bakterielle Sulfatreduktion. Bakterien kommen auf Grund ihrer geringen Gröβe, ihren vielfältigen Ernährungsmöglichkeiten und Stoffwechselaktivitäten nahezu ubiquitär vor. Ein mariner Sedimentausschnitt mit der Fläche von 1 cm2 bis zu einer Sedimenttiefe von 10 cm weist etwa 4×1010 Bakterienzellen auf (Fenchel, 1992). Die gleiche Zahl wird für Süβwassersedimente pro ml angegeben (Schallenberg & Kalff, 1993). Eigene Untersuchungen am oligotrophen Brunnsee (Bayern) ergaben selbst im Profundal (16 mWassertiefe) eine mittlere Bakteriendichte von 109-1010 Bakterienzellen pro ml (Bergtold & Traunspurger, in Vorbereitung). Bakterien spielen eine bedeutende Rolle im Sediment bei allen wichtigen Stoffkreisläufen, Wichtige mikrobielle Prozesse sowie ihre zeitliche und räumliche Varianz sind z.B. bei (1992) für einen winzigen Bruchteil eines Sediments beschrieben (vgl. auch Review: Bonner et al., 1990).

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  1. Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Umweltschutztechnik, Eiβendorfer Str. 40, 21073, Hamburg

    Wolfgang Calmano

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Ahlf, W. et al. (2001). Sedimente als Lebensraum. In: Calmano, W. (eds) Untersuchung und Bewertung von Sedimenten. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56483-3_2

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