Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aging Immunity and the Impact of Physical Exercise

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Immunology of Aging

Abstract

Regular physical exercise is associated with increased longevity and a lower risk of developing several age-associated diseases. In addition, regular exercise has been purported as a simple lifestyle intervention to counteract the deleterious effects of age-associated changes in immunity known as immunosenescence. Etiology of immunosenescence is multifaceted and can impact on both arms of the immune system. Since 1990, several longitudinal ageing studies using aerobic- and/or resistance-based exercise provided growing information on the benefits of exercise in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Regular exercise can improve responses to vaccines, NK-cell function, neutrophil phagocytic activity, and T-cell proliferation. It also reduces circulatory inflammatory mediators and inflammatory response to bacterial challenge. These findings provide a strong indication that habitual exercise has immune regulatory properties and may help delay the onset of immunosenescence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agius E, Lacy KE, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Jagger AL, Papageorgiou AP, Hall S, Reed JR, Curnow SJ, Fuentes-Duculan J, Buckley CD et al (2009) Decreased TNF-alpha synthesis by macrophages restricts cutaneous immunosurveillance by memory CD4+ T cells during aging. J Exp Med 206:1929–1940

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A, Gupta S (2011) Impact of aging on dendritic cell functions in humans. Ageing Res Rev 10:336–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Cao JN, Su H, Osann K, Gupta S (2007) Altered innate immune functioning of dendritic cells in elderly humans: a role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-signaling pathway. J Immunol 178:6912–6922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Tay J, Gupta S (2008) Biology of dendritic cells in aging. J Clin Immunol 28:14–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A, Tay J, Ton S, Agrawal S, Gupta S (2009) Increased reactivity of dendritic cells from aged subjects to self-antigen, the human DNA. J Immunol 182:1138–1145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A, Sridharan A, Prakash S, Agrawal H (2012) Dendritic cells and aging: consequences for autoimmunity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 8:73–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allavena P, Garlanda C, Borrello MG et al (2008) Pathways connecting inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 18(1):3–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almanzar G, Schwaiger S, Jenewein B et al (2005) Long-term cytomegalovirus infection leads to significant changes in the composition of the CD8+ T cell repertoire, which may be the basis for an imbalance in the cytokine production profile in elderly persons. J Virol 79(6):3675–3683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida-Oliveira A, Smith-Carvalho M, Porto LC, Cardoso-Oliveira J, Ribeiro Ados S, Falcao RR, Abdelhay E, Bouzas LF, Thuler LC, Ornellas MH et al (2011) Age-related changes in natural killer cell receptors from childhood through old age. Hum Immunol 72:319–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Rodriguez L, Lopez-Hoyos M, Garcia-Unzueta M, Amado JA, Cacho PM, Martinez-Taboada VM (2012) Age and low levels of circulating vitamin D are associated with impaired innate immune function. J Leukoc Biol 91:829–838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anane LH, Edwards KM, Burns VE et al (2009) Mobilization of gammadelta T lymphocytes in response to psychological stress, exercise, and beta-agonist infusion. Brain Behav Immun 23(6):823–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong L, Medford AR, Hunter KJ, Uppington KM, Millar AB (2004) Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 on monocytes in human sepsis. Clin Exp Immunol 136:312–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft GS, Horan MA, Ferguson MW (1998) Aging alters the inflammatory and endothelial cell adhesion molecule profiles during human cutaneous wound healing. Lab Invest 78:47–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A et al (2010) Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 20(8):608–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow CE, LaMonte MJ, Fitzgerald SJ et al (2006) Cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of hypertension incidence among initially normotensive healthy women. Am J Epidemiol 163(2):142–150

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett DB, Firth CM, Phillips AC et al (2012) The age-related increase in low-grade systemic inflammation (Inflammageing) is not driven by cytomegalovirus infection. Aging Cell 11(5):912–915

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bate SL, Dollard SC, Cannon MJ (2010) Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1988–2004. Clin Infect Dis 50(11):1439–1447

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baylis D, Bartlett DB, Syddall HE et al (2013) Immune-endocrine biomarkers as predictors of frailty and mortality: a 10-year longitudinal study in community-dwelling older people. Age (Dordr) 35:963–971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belge KU, Dayyani F, Horelt A, Siedlar M, Frankenberger M, Frankenberger B, Espevik T, Ziegler-Heitbrock L (2002) The proinflammatory CD14+CD16+DR++ monocytes are a major source of TNF. J Immunol 168:3536–3542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein ED, Gardner EM, Abrutyn E et al (1998) Cytokine production after influenza vaccination in a healthy elderly population. Vaccine 16(18):1722–1731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beshgetoor D, Arrues S, McGuire K (2004) Effect of competitive training on T cell mediated immune function in Master’s female athletes. Int J Sports Med 25(7):553–558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beziat V, Descours B, Parizot C, Debre P, Vieillard V (2010) NK cell terminal differentiation: correlated stepwise decrease of NKG2A and acquisition of KIRs. PLoS One 5:e11966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigley AB, Lowder TW, Spielmann G et al (2012) NK cells have an impaired response to acute exercise and a lower expression of the inhibitory receptors KLRG1 and CD158a in humans with latent cytomegalovirus infection. Brain Behav Immun 26(1):177–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigley AB, Spielmann G, LaVoy ECP, Simpson RJ (2013) Can exercise-related improvements in immunity influence cancer prevention and prognosis in the elderly? Maturitas 76:51–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas SK, Mantovani A (2010) Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immunol 11:889–896

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair SN, Jackson AS (2001) Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(5):762–764

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW 3rd et al (1996) Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA 276(3):205–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Born J, Uthgenannt D, Dodt C, Nunninghoff D, Ringvolt E, Wagner T, Fehm HL (1995) Cytokine production and lymphocyte subpopulations in aged humans. An assessment during nocturnal sleep. Mech Ageing Dev 84:113–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borrego F, Alonso MC, Galiani MD, Carracedo J, Ramirez R, Ostos B, Pena J, Solana R (1999) NK phenotypic markers and IL2 response in NK cells from elderly people. Exp Gerontol 34:253–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner S, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Weinberger B et al (2010) Persistent viral infections and immune ageing. Ageing Res Rev 10(3):362–369

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen BK (2000) Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: effects of exercise on the immune system in the elderly population. Immunol Cell Biol 78:523–531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruunsgaard H, Andersen-Ranberg K, Jeune B et al (1999) A high plasma concentration of TNF-alpha is associated with dementia in centenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 54(7):M357–M364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher SK, Chahal H, Nayak L, Sinclair A, Henriquez NV, Sapey E, O'Mahony D, Lord JM (2001) Senescence in innate immune responses: reduced neutrophil phagocytic capacity and CD16 expression in elderly humans. J Leukoc Biol 70:881–886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell PT, Wener MH, Sorensen B et al (2008) Effect of exercise on in vitro immune function: a 12-month randomized, controlled trial among postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol 104(6):1648–1655

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JP, Edwards KM, Ring C et al (2010) The effects of vaccine timing on the efficacy of an acute eccentric exercise intervention on the immune response to an influenza vaccine in young adults. Brain Behav Immun 24(2):236–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2011) Update: influenza activity—United States, 2010–11 season, and composition of the 2011–12 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60:7

    Google Scholar 

  • Cesari M, Penninx BW, Pahor M et al (2004) Inflammatory markers and physical performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59(3):242–248

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatta GS, Dale DC (1996) Aging and haemopoiesis. Implications for treatment with haemopoietic growth factors. Drugs Aging 9:37–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherkas LF, Hunkin JL, Kato BS et al (2008) The association between physical activity in leisure time and leukocyte telomere length. Arch Intern Med 168(2):154–158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang LM, Chen YJ, Chiang J, Lai LY, Chen YY, Liao HF (2007) Modulation of dendritic cells by endurance training. Int J Sports Med 28:798–803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chidrawar SM, Khan N, Chan YL, Nayak L, Moss PA (2006) Ageing is associated with a decline in peripheral blood CD56bright NK cells. Immun Ageing 3:10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiplunkar S, Dhar S, Wesch D et al (2009) Gammadelta T cells in cancer immunotherapy: current status and future prospects. Immunotherapy 1(4):663–678

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chubak J, McTiernan A, Sorensen B et al (2006) Moderate-intensity exercise reduces the incidence of colds among postmenopausal women. Am J Med 119(11):937–942

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Church TS, Earnest CP, Thompson AM et al (2010) Exercise without weight loss does not reduce C-reactive protein: the INFLAME study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(4):708–716

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colbert LH, Visser M, Simonsick EM et al (2004) Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52(7):1098–1104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cretel E, Veen I, Pierres A, Bongrand P, Gavazzi G (2010) Immunosenescence and infections, myth or reality? Med Mal Infect 40:307–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cros J, Cagnard N, Woollard K, Patey N, Zhang SY, Senechal B, Puel A, Biswas SK, Moshous D, Picard C et al (2010) Human CD14dim monocytes patrol and sense nucleic acids and viruses via TLR7 and TLR8 receptors. Immunity 33:375–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JM, Kohut ML, Colbert LH et al (1997) Exercise, alveolar macrophage function, and susceptibility to respiratory infection. J Appl Physiol 83(5):1461–1466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JM, Murphy EA, Brown AS et al (2004) Effects of moderate exercise and oat beta-glucan on innate immune function and susceptibility to respiratory infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286(2):R366–R372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davison G, Allgrove J, Gleeson M (2009) Salivary antimicrobial peptides (LL-37 and alpha-defensins HNP1-3), antimicrobial and IgA responses to prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 106(2):277–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Fernandez-Garcia B, de Luxan-Delgado B, Rodriguez-Gonzalez S, Garcia-Macia M, Suarez FM, Solano JJ, Rodriguez-Colunga MJ, Coto-Montes A (2012) Long-term training induces a healthy inflammatory and endocrine emergent biomarker profile in elderly men. Age (Dordr) 34:761–771

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Maria A, Moretta L (2011) Revisited function of human NK cell subsets. Cell Cycle 10:1178–1179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Martinis M, Modesti M, Ginaldi L (2004) Phenotypic and functional changes of circulating monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from elderly persons. Immunol Cell Biol 82:415–420

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DelaRosa O, Pawelec G, Peralbo E et al (2006) Immunological biomarkers of ageing in man: changes in both innate and adaptive immunity are associated with health and longevity. Biogerontology 7(5–6):471–481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Della Bella S, Bierti L, Presicce P, Arienti R, Valenti M, Saresella M, Vergani C, Villa ML (2007) Peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocytes are differently regulated in the elderly. Clin Immunol 122:220–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dopheide JF, Obst V, Doppler C, Radmacher MC, Scheer M, Radsak MP, Gori T, Warnholtz A, Fottner C, Daiber A et al (2012) Phenotypic characterisation of pro-inflammatory monocytes and dendritic cells in peripheral arterial disease. Thromb Haemost 108:1198–1207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drela N, Kozdron E, Szczypiorski P (2004) Moderate exercise may attenuate some aspects of immunosenescence. BMC Geriatr 4:8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne PJ, Faint JM, Gudgeon NH et al (2002) Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that re-express CD45RA are apoptosis-resistant memory cells that retain replicative potential. Blood 100(3):933–940

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duzova H, Karakoc Y, Emre MH et al (2009) Effects of acute moderate and strenuous exercise bouts on IL-17 production and inflammatory response in trained rats. J Sports Sci Med 8(2):219–224

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards KM, Burns VE, Reynolds T et al (2006) Acute stress exposure prior to influenza vaccination enhances antibody response in women. Brain Behav Immun 20(2):159–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards KM, Burns VE, Allen LM et al (2007) Eccentric exercise as an adjuvant to influenza vaccination in humans. Brain Behav Immun 21(2):209–217

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elenkov IJ (2004) Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1024:138–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elosua R, Bartali B, Ordovas JM et al (2005) Association between physical activity, physical performance, and inflammatory biomarkers in an elderly population: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(6):760–767

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ershler WB, Sun WH, Binkley N et al (1993) Interleukin-6 and ageing: blood levels and mononuclear cell production increase with advancing age and in vitro production is modifiable by dietary restriction. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 12(4):225–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evenson KR, Stevens J, Cai J et al (2003) The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on cancer mortality in women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35(2):270–277

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahlman M, Boardley D, Flynn MG et al (2000) Effects of endurance training on selected parameters of immune function in elderly women. Gerontology 46(2):97–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ et al (2005) Randomized controlled trial of exercise and blood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. J Appl Physiol 98(4):1534–1540

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farag SS, VanDeusen JB, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA (2003) Biology and clinical impact of human natural killer cells. Int J Hematol 78:7–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson FG, Wikby A, Maxson P et al (1995) Immune parameters in a longitudinal study of a very old population of Swedish people: a comparison between survivors and nonsurvivors. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50(6):B378–B382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferlazzo G, Pack M, Thomas D, Paludan C, Schmid D, Strowig T, Bougras G, Muller WA, Moretta L, Munz C (2004) Distinct roles of IL-12 and IL-15 in human natural killer cell activation by dendritic cells from secondary lymphoid organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:16606–16611

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrando-Martinez S, Romero-Sanchez MC, Solana R, Delgado J, de la Rosa R, Munoz-Fernandez MA, Ruiz-Mateos E, Leal M (2013) Thymic function failure and C-reactive protein levels are independent predictors of all-cause mortality in healthy elderly humans. Age (Dordr) 35:251–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer CP, Berntsen A, Perstrup LB et al (2007) Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with physical inactivity independent of obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 17(5):580–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn MG, Fahlman M, Braun WA et al (1999) Effects of resistance training on selected indexes of immune function in elderly women. J Appl Physiol 86(6):1905–1913

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsey RJ, Thompson JM, Ernerudh J et al (2003) Plasma cytokine profiles in elderly humans. Mech Ageing Dev 124(4):487–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortin CF, McDonald PP, Lesur O, Fulop T Jr (2008) Aging and neutrophils: there is still much to do. Rejuvenation Res 11:873–882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi C, Bonafe M, Valensin S et al (2000) Inflamm-ageing. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 908:244–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, Giunta S, Olivieri F, Sevini F, Panourgia MP, Invidia L, Celani L, Scurti M et al (2007) Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 128:92–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulop T Jr, Foris G, Worum I, Leovey A (1985) Age-dependent alterations of Fc gamma receptor-mediated effector functions of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 61:425–432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulop T Jr, Fouquet C, Allaire P, Perrin N, Lacombe G, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Gagne D, Wagner JR, Khalil A et al (1997) Changes in apoptosis of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes with aging. Mech Ageing Dev 96:15–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gano LB, Donato AJ, Pierce GL et al (2011) Increased proinflammatory and oxidant gene expression in circulating mononuclear cells in older adults: amelioration by habitual exercise. Physiol Genomics 43(14):895–902

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatmaitan BG, Chason JL, Lerner AM (1970) Augmentation of the virulence of murine coxsackie-virus B-3 myocardiopathy by exercise. J Exp Med 131(6):1121–1136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gayoso I, Sanchez-Correa B, Campos C et al (2011) Immunosenescence of human natural killer cells. J Innate Immun 3(4):337–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geissmann F, Gordon S, Hume DA, Mowat AM, Randolph GJ (2010) Unravelling mononuclear phagocyte heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 10:453–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giunta B, Fernandez F, Nikolic WV et al (2008) Inflammageing as a prodrome to Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 5:51

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez CR, Nomellini V, Faunce DE, Kovacs EJ (2008) Innate immunity and aging. Exp Gerontol 43:718–728

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin K, Viboud C, Simonsen L (2006) Antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly: a quantitative review. Vaccine 24(8):1159–1169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant RW, Mariani RA, Vieira VJ et al (2008) Cardiovascular exercise intervention improves the primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in previously sedentary older adults. Brain Behav Immun 22(6):923–932

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Della Bella S, Iorio AM et al (2009) Immunosenescence and vaccine failure in the elderly. Aging Clin Exp Res 21(3):201–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gueldner SH, Poon LW, La Via M et al (1997) Long-term exercise patterns and immune function in healthy older women. A report of preliminary findings. Mech Ageing Dev 93(1–3):215–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guichard C, Pedruzzi E, Dewas C, Fay M, Pouzet C, Bens M, Vandewalle A, Ogier-Denis E, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Elbim C (2005) Interleukin-8-induced priming of neutrophil oxidative burst requires sequential recruitment of NADPH oxidase components into lipid rafts. J Biol Chem 280:37021–37032

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haaland DA, Sabljic TF, Baribeau DA et al (2008) Is regular exercise a friend or foe of the ageing immune system? A systematic review. Clin J Sport Med 18(6):539–548

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannoun C, Megas F, Piercy J (2004) Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Virus Res 103(1–2):133–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayhoe RP, Henson SM, Akbar AN, Palmer DB (2010) Variation of human natural killer cell phenotypes with age: identification of a unique KLRG1-negative subset. Hum Immunol 71:676–681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heron M, Tejada-Vera B (2009) Deaths: leading causes for 2005. Natl Vital Stat Rep 58(8):1–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho CS, Lopez JA, Vuckovic S, Pyke CM, Hockey RL, Hart DN (2001) Surgical and physical stress increases circulating blood dendritic cell counts independently of monocyte counts. Blood 98:140–145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman-Goetz L, Quadrilatero J (2003) Treadmill exercise in mice increases intestinal lymphocyte loss via apoptosis. Acta Physiol Scand 179(3):289–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hojman P, Dethlefsen C, Brandt C et al (2011) Exercise-induced muscle-derived cytokines inhibit mammary cancer cell growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301(3):E504–E510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hume DA, Ross IL, Himes SR, Sasmono RT, Wells CA, Ravasi T (2002) The mononuclear phagocyte system revisited. J Leukoc Biol 72:621–627

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang KA, Kim HR, Kang I (2009) Ageing and human CD4(+) regulatory T cells. Mech Ageing Dev 130(8):509–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilback NG, Fohlman J, Friman G (1989) Exercise in coxsackie B3 myocarditis: effects on heart lymphocyte subpopulations and the inflammatory reaction. Am Heart J 117(6):1298–1302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jing Y, Shaheen E, Drake RR, Chen N, Gravenstein S, Deng Y (2009) Aging is associated with a numerical and functional decline in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, whereas myeloid dendritic cells are relatively unaltered in human peripheral blood. Hum Immunol 70:777–784

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jylha M, Paavilainen P, Lehtimaki T et al (2007) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein as predictors of mortality in nonagenarians: the vitality 90+ study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62(9):1016–1021

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadoglou NP, Iliadis F, Angelopoulou N et al (2007a) The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14(6):837–843

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kadoglou NP, Perrea D, Iliadis F et al (2007b) Exercise reduces resistin and inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(3):719–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapasi ZF, Catlin PA, Joyner DR et al (2000) The effects of intense physical exercise on secondary antibody response in young and old mice. Phys Ther 80(11):1076–1086

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapasi ZF, Ouslander JG, Schnelle JF et al (2003) Effects of an exercise intervention on immunologic parameters in frail elderly nursing home residents. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58(7):636–643

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapasi ZF, McRae ML, Ahmed R (2005) Suppression of viral specific primary T cell response following intense physical exercise in young but not old mice. J Appl Physiol 98(2):663–671

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai T, Akira S (2007) Signaling to NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptors. Trends Mol Med 13:460–469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawanishi N, Yano H, Yokogawa Y, Suzuki K (2010) Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Exerc Immunol Rev 16:105–118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keylock KT, Lowder T, Leifheit KA et al (2007) Higher antibody, but not cell-mediated, responses to vaccination in high physically fit elderly. J Appl Physiol 102(3):1090–1098

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch S, Larbi A, Ozcelik D et al (2007) Cytomegalovirus infection: a driving force in human T cell immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1114:23–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama S, Shu M, Saito K et al (2007) Even low-intensity and low-volume exercise training may improve insulin resistance in the elderly. Intern Med 46(14):1071–1077

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S et al (2009) Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 301(19):2024–2035

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohut ML, Boehm GW, Moynihan JA (2001) Moderate exercise is associated with enhanced antigen-specific cytokine, but not IgM antibody production in aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 122(11):1135–1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohut ML, Arntson BA, Lee W et al (2004) Moderate exercise improves antibody response to influenza immunization in older adults. Vaccine 22(17–18):2298–2306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW et al (2006) Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 20(3):201–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger K, Lechtermann A, Fobker M et al (2008) Exercise-induced redistribution of T lymphocytes is regulated by adrenergic mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 22(3):324–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullo IJ, Khaleghi M, Hensrud DD (2007) Markers of inflammation are inversely associated with VO2 max in asymptomatic men. J Appl Physiol 102(4):1374–1379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Sharma A (2010) Neutrophils: Cinderella of innate immune system. Int Immunopharmacol 10:1325–1334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster GI, Khan Q, Drysdale P, Wallace F, Jeukendrup AE, Drayson MT, Gleeson M (2005) The physiological regulation of toll-like receptor expression and function in humans. J Physiol 563:945–955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lande R, Gilliet M (2010) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: key players in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1183:89–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F (2001) Regulation of T cell immunity by dendritic cells. Cell 106:263–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larbi A, Douziech N, Fortin C, Linteau A, Dupuis G, Fulop T Jr (2005) The role of the MAPK pathway alterations in GM-CSF modulated human neutrophil apoptosis with aging. Immun Ageing 2:6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Garff-Tavernier M, Beziat V, Decocq J, Siguret V, Gandjbakhch F, Pautas E, Debre P, Merle-Beral H, Vieillard V (2010) Human NK cells display major phenotypic and functional changes over the life span. Aging Cell 9:527–535

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P (2006) Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 83(2):456S–460S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lio D, Scola L, Crivello A et al (2002) Gender-specific association between −1082 IL-10 promoter polymorphism and longevity. Genes Immun 3(1):30–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Chen P, Wang R, Yuan Y, Li C (2012) Effect of Tai Chi exercise on immune function in middle-aged and elderly women. J Sports Med Doping Stud 2(119):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Verges S, Milush JM, Pandey S, York VA, Arakawa-Hoyt J, Pircher H, Norris PJ, Nixon DF, Lanier LL (2010) CD57 defines a functionally distinct population of mature NK cells in the human CD56dimCD16+ NK-cell subset. Blood 116:3865–3874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowder T, Padgett DA, Woods JA (2005) Moderate exercise protects mice from death due to influenza virus. Brain Behav Immun 19(5):377–380

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowder T, Padgett DA, Woods JA (2006) Moderate exercise early after influenza virus infection reduces the Th1 inflammatory response in lungs of mice. Exerc Immunol Rev 12:97–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowder T, Dugger K, Deshane J et al (2010) Repeated bouts of aerobic exercise enhance regulatory T cell responses in a murine asthma model. Brain Behav Immun 24(1):153–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludlow AT, Zimmerman JB, Witkowski S et al (2008) Relationship between physical activity level, telomere length, and telomerase activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40(10):1764–1771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz CT, Moore MB, Bradley S, Shelton BJ, Lutgendorf SK (2005) Reciprocal age related change in natural killer cell receptors for MHC class I. Mech Ageing Dev 126:722–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch J, Helmrich SP, Lakka TA et al (1996) Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med 156(12):1307–1314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malm C (2004) Exercise immunology: the current state of man and mouse. Sports Med 34(9):555–566

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantovani A, Pierotti MA (2008) Cancer and inflammation: a complex relationship. Cancer Lett 267(2):180–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariani E, Monaco MC, Cattini L, Sinoppi M, Facchini A (1994) Distribution and lytic activity of NK cell subsets in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 76:177–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariani E, Meneghetti A, Neri S, Ravaglia G, Forti P, Cattini L, Facchini A (2002) Chemokine production by natural killer cells from nonagenarians. Eur J Immunol 32:1524–1529

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin SA, Pence BD, Woods JA (2009) Exercise and respiratory tract viral infections. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 37(4):157–164

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzoccoli G, Vendemiale G, De Cata A et al (2011) Change of gammadeltaTCR-expressing T cells in healthy ageing. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 24(1):201–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL (2004) TLR4 is lower in resistance-trained older women and related to inflammatory cytokines. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:1876–1883

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Phillips MD et al (2005) Chronic resistance exercise training improves natural killer cell activity in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(10):1315–1318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL, Coen PM (2006) Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61:388–393

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mege JL, Mehraj V, Capo C (2011) Macrophage polarization and bacterial infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 24:230–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merino A, Buendia P, Martin-Malo A, Aljama P, Ramirez R, Carracedo J (2011) Senescent CD14+CD16+ monocytes exhibit proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic activity. J Immunol 186:1809–1815

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michishita R, Shono N, Inoue T, Tsuruta T, Node K (2008) Associations of monocytes, neutrophil count, and C-reactive protein with maximal oxygen uptake in overweight women. J Cardiol 52:247–253

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mooren FC, Bloming D, Lechtermann A et al (2002) Lymphocyte apoptosis after exhaustive and moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 93(1):147–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mooren FC, Volker K, Klocke R, Nikol S, Waltenberger J, Kruger K (2012) Exercise delays neutrophil apoptosis by a G-CSF-dependent mechanism. J Appl Physiol 113:1082–1090

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nickel T, Emslander I, Sisic Z, David R, Schmaderer C, Marx N, Schmidt-Trucksass A, Hoster E, Halle M, Weis M et al (2012) Modulation of dendritic cells and toll-like receptors by marathon running. Eur J Appl Physiol 112:1699–1708

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicklas BJ, Hsu FC, Brinkley TJ et al (2008) Exercise training and plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 56(11):2045–2052

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC (1997a) Immune response to heavy exertion. J Appl Physiol 82(5):1385–1394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC (1997b) Risk of upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: an epidemiologic and immunologic perspective. J Athl Train 32(4):344–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Markoff PA et al (1990) The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections. Int J Sports Med 11(6):467–473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gusewitch G et al (1993) Physical activity and immune function in elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25(7):823–831

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC, Henson DA, Sampson CS et al (1995) The acute immune response to exhaustive resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 16(5):322–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieman DC, Dumke CI, Henson DA et al (2003) Immune and oxidative changes during and following the Western States Endurance Run. Int J Sports Med 24(7):541–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieto-Vazquez I, Fernandez-Veledo S, Kramer DK et al (2008) Insulin resistance associated to obesity: the link TNF-alpha. Arch Physiol Biochem 114(3):183–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyugen J, Agrawal S, Gollapudi S, Gupta S (2010) Impaired functions of peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations in aged humans. J Clin Immunol 30:806–813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa K, Oka J, Yamakawa J et al (2003) Habitual exercise did not affect the balance of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in elderly people. Mech Ageing Dev 124(8–9):951–956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okutsu M, Yoshida Y, Zhang X et al (2008) Exercise training enhances in vivo tuberculosis purified protein derivative response in the elderly. J Appl Physiol 104(6):1690–1696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S et al (1999) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol 515(Pt 1):287–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padgett DA, Sheridan JF, Dorne J et al (1998) Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(12):7231–7235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panda A, Qian F, Mohanty S, van Duin D, Newman FK, Zhang L, Chen S, Towle V, Belshe RB, Fikrig E et al (2010) Age-associated decrease in TLR function in primary human dendritic cells predicts influenza vaccine response. J Immunol 184:2518–2527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passlick B, Flieger D, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW (1989) Identification and characterization of a novel monocyte subpopulation in human peripheral blood. Blood 74:2527–2534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Larbi A et al (2009) Cytomegalovirus and human immunosenescence. Rev Med Virol 19(1):47–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawelec G, Akbar A, Beverley P et al (2010) Immunosenescence and Cytomegalovirus: where do we stand after a decade? Immun Ageing 7:13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H (2003) Possible beneficial role of exercise in modulating low-grade inflammation in the elderly. Scand J Med Sci Sports 13(1):56–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen M, Bruunsgaard H, Weis N et al (2003) Circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6-relation to truncal fat mass and muscle mass in healthy elderly individuals and in patients with type-2 diabetes. Mech Ageing Dev 124(4):495–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perna FM, LaPerriere A, Klimas N et al (1999) Cardiopulmonary and CD4 cell changes in response to exercise training in early symptomatic HIV infection. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31(7):973–979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters EM, Bateman ED (1983) Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections. An epidemiological survey. S Afr Med J 64(15):582–584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters T, Weiss JM, Sindrilaru A, Wang H, Oreshkova T, Wlaschek M, Maity P, Reimann J, Scharffetter-Kochanek K (2009) Reactive oxygen intermediate-induced pathomechanisms contribute to immunosenescence, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Mech Ageing Dev 130:564–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen AM, Pedersen BK (2005) The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 98(4):1154–1162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips MD, Flynn MG, McFarlin BK et al (2010) Resistance training at eight-repetition maximum reduces the inflammatory milieu in elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(2):314–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plackett TP, Boehmer ED, Faunce DE, Kovacs EJ (2004) Aging and innate immune cells. J Leukoc Biol 76:291–299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plowden J, Renshaw-Hoelscher M, Gangappa S, Engleman C, Katz JM, Sambhara S (2004) Impaired antigen-induced CD8+ T cell clonal expansion in aging is due to defects in antigen presenting cell function. Cell Immunol 229:86–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Przybyla B, Gurley C, Harvey JF, Bearden E, Kortebein P, Evans WJ, Sullivan DH, Peterson CA, Dennis RA (2006) Aging alters macrophage properties in human skeletal muscle both at rest and in response to acute resistance exercise. Exp Gerontol 41:320–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radom-Aizik S, Zaldivar F Jr, Leu SY, Galassetti P, Cooper DM (2008) Effects of 30 min of aerobic exercise on gene expression in human neutrophils. J Appl Physiol 104:236–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rall LC, Roubenoff R, Cannon JG et al (1996) Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in ageing and chronic inflammation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28(11):1356–1365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raso V, Benard G, DA Silva Duarte AJ et al (2007) Effect of resistance training on immunological parameters of healthy elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(12):2152–2159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reis e Sousa C, Hieny S, Scharton-Kersten T, Jankovic D, Charest H, Germain RN, Sher A (1997) In vivo microbial stimulation induces rapid CD40 ligand-independent production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells and their redistribution to T cell areas. J Exp Med 186:1819–1829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw M, Rockwell J, Engleman C, Gewirtz A, Katz J, Sambhara S (2002) Cutting edge: impaired Toll-like receptor expression and function in aging. J Immunol 169:4697–4701

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyna SM, Ghosh S, Tantiwong P, Meka CS, Eagan P, Jenkinson CP, Cersosimo E, Defronzo RA, Coletta DK, Sriwijitkamol A et al (2008) Elevated toll-like receptor 4 expression and signaling in muscle from insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes 57:2595–2602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romagnani C, Della Chiesa M, Kohler S, Moewes B, Radbruch A, Moretta L, Moretta A, Thiel A (2005) Activation of human NK cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and its modulation by CD4+ T helper cells and CD4+ CD25hi T regulatory cells. Eur J Immunol 35:2452–2458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ru W, Peijie C (2009) Modulation of NKT cells and Th1/Th2 imbalance after alpha-GalCer treatment in progressive load-trained rats. Int J Biol Sci 5(4):338–343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakaguchi S, Miyara M, Costantino CM et al (2010) FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):490–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon P (2001) Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clin Psychol Rev 21(1):33–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sambhara S, Switzer I, Kurichh A et al (1998) Enhanced antibody and cytokine responses to influenza viral antigens in perforin-deficient mice. Cell Immunol 187(1):13–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Correa B, Morgado S, Gayoso I, Bergua JM, Casado JG, Arcos MJ, Bengochea ML, Duran E, Solana R, Tarazona R (2011) Human NK cells in acute myeloid leukaemia patients: analysis of NK cell-activating receptors and their ligands. Cancer Immunol Immunother 60:1195–1205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saurwein-Teissl M, Lung TL, Marx F et al (2002) Lack of antibody production following immunization in old age: association with CD8(+)CD28(−) T cell clonal expansions and an imbalance in the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. J Immunol 168(11):5893–5899

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaun MI, Dipp T, Rossato Jda S, Wilhelm EN, Pinto R, Rech A, Plentz RD, Homem de Bittencourt PI, Reischak-Oliveira A (2011) The effects of periodized concurrent and aerobic training on oxidative stress parameters, endothelial function and immune response in sedentary male individuals of middle age. Cell Biochem Funct 29:534–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw AC, Joshi S, Greenwood H et al (2010) Ageing of the innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 22(4):507–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw AC, Panda A, Joshi SR et al (2011) Dysregulation of human Toll-like receptor function in ageing. Ageing Res Rev 10(3):346–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearer GM (1997) Th1/Th2 changes in ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 94(1–3):1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu K, Kimura F, Akimoto T et al (2008) Effect of moderate exercise training on T-helper cell subpopulations in elderly people. Exerc Immunol Rev 14:24–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu K, Suzuki N, Imai T et al (2011) Monocyte and T cell responses to exercise training in elderly subjects. J Strength Cond Res 25(9):2565–2572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu I, Yoshida Y, Katsuno T, Minamino T (2013) Adipose tissue inflammation in diabetes and heart failure. Microbes Infect 15:11–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin YA, Lee JH, Song W et al (2008) Exercise training improves the antioxidant enzyme activity with no changes of telomere length. Mech Ageing Dev 129(5):254–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinkai S, Kohno H, Kimura K et al (1995) Physical activity and immune senescence in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27(11):1516–1526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shodell M, Siegal FP (2002) Circulating, interferon-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells decline during human ageing. Scand J Immunol 56:518–521

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal FP, Kadowaki N, Shodell M, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly PA, Shah K, Ho S, Antonenko S, Liu YJ (1999) The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science 284:1835–1837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sim YJ, Yu S, Yoon KJ et al (2009) Chronic exercise reduces illness severity, decreases viral load, and results in greater anti-inflammatory effects than acute exercise during influenza infection. J Infect Dis 200(9):1434–1442

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson RJ (2011) Ageing, persistent viral infections, and immunosenescence: can exercise “make space”? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 39(1):23–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson RJ, Florida-James GD, Cosgrove C et al (2007) High-intensity exercise elicits the mobilization of senescent T lymphocytes into the peripheral blood compartment in human subjects. J Appl Physiol 103(1):396–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson RJ, Cosgrove C, Ingram LA, Florida-James GD, Whyte GP, Pircher H, Guy K (2008) Senescent T-lymphocytes are mobilised into the peripheral blood compartment in young and older humans after exhaustive exercise. Brain Behav Immun 22:544–551

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson RJ, McFarlin BK, McSporran C, Spielmann G, o Hartaigh B, Guy K (2009) Toll-like receptor expression on classic and pro-inflammatory blood monocytes after acute exercise in humans. Brain Behav Immun 23:232–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE et al (1999) Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA 281(18):1722–1727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TP, Kennedy SL, Fleshner M (2004) Influence of age and physical activity on the primary in vivo antibody and T cell-mediated responses in men. J Appl Physiol 97(2):491–498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solana R, Mariani E (2000) NK and NK/T cells in human senescence. Vaccine 18:1613–1620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solana R, Villanueva JL, Pena J, De la Fuente M (1991) Cell mediated immunity in ageing. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 99:1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solana R, Tarazona R, Gayoso I, Lesur O, Dupuis G, Fulop T (2012) Innate immunosenescence: effect of aging on cells and receptors of the innate immune system in humans. Semin Immunol 24:331–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souza PM, Jacob-Filho W, Santarem JM et al (2008) Progressive resistance training in elderly HIV-positive patients: does it work? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 63(5):619–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielmann G, McFarlin BK, O’Connor DP et al (2011) Aerobic fitness is associated with lower proportions of senescent blood T cells in man. Brain Behav Immun 25(8):1521–1529

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sridharan A, Esposo M, Kaushal K, Tay J, Osann K, Agrawal S, Gupta S, Agrawal A (2011) Age-associated impaired plasmacytoid dendritic cell functions lead to decreased CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity. Age (Dordr) 33:363–376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stout-Delgado HW, Du W, Shirali AC et al (2009) Ageing promotes neutrophil-induced mortality by augmenting IL-17 production during viral infection. Cell Host Microbe 6(5):446–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun JC, Lanier LL (2011) NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8(+) T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 11:645–657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzui M, Kawai T, Kimura H, Takeda K, Yagita H, Okumura K, Shek PN, Shephard RJ (2004) Natural killer cell lytic activity and CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) cell distributions during and after intensive training. J Appl Physiol 96:2167–2173

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syu GD, Chen HI, Jen CJ (2012) Differential effects of acute and chronic exercise on human neutrophil functions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44:1021–1027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taaffe DR, Harris TB, Ferrucci L et al (2000) Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein with physical performance in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful ageing. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55(12):M709–M715

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi M, Miyashita M, Kawanishi N, Park JH, Hayashida H, Kim HS, Nakamura Y, Sakamoto S, Suzuki K (2013) Low-volume exercise training attenuates oxidative stress and neutrophils activation in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 113(5):1117–1126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarazona R, Gayoso I, Alonso C, Peralbo E, Casado J, Sanchez-Correa B, Morgado S, Solana R (2009) NK cells in human ageing. In: Handbook on Immunosenescence. Springer, Netherlands, pp 531–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiainen K, Hurme M, Hervonen A et al (2010) Inflammatory markers and physical performance among nonagenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65(6):658–663

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman KL, Flynn MG, Coen PM, Markofski MM, Pence BD (2008) Exercise training-induced lowering of inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes: a role in the anti-inflammatory influence of exercise? J Leukoc Biol 84:1271–1278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchakin PN, Parish DC, Dane FC et al (2011) Fatigue in medical residents leads to reactivation of herpes virus latency. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2011:571340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Usui T, Yoshikawa T, Orita K et al (2011) Changes in salivary antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulin A and cortisol after prolonged strenuous exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(9):2005–2014

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine RJ, Misic MM, Rosengren KS et al (2009) Sex impacts the relation between body composition and physical function in older adults. Menopause 16(3):518–523

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Duin D, Shaw AC (2007) Toll-like receptors in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 55(9):1438–1444

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Duin D, Allore HG, Mohanty S et al (2007) Prevaccine determination of the expression of costimulatory B7 molecules in activated monocytes predicts influenza vaccine responses in young and older adults. J Infect Dis 195(11):1590–1597

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva JL, Solana R, Alonso MC, Pena J (1990) Changes in the expression of HLA-class II antigens on peripheral blood monocytes from aged humans. Dis Markers 8:85–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vivier E, Raulet DH, Moretta A, Caligiuri MA, Zitvogel L, Lanier LL, Yokoyama WM, Ugolini S (2011) Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells. Science 331:44–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Pyne DB et al (2011) Position statement. Part two: maintaining immune health. Exerc Immunol Rev 17:64–103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Xie Y, Zhu LJ et al (2010) An association between immunosenescence and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells: a systematic review. Biomed Environ Sci 23(4):327–332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Song H, Tang X et al (2012) Effect of exercise training intensity on murine T-regulatory cells and vaccination response. Scand J Med Sci Sports 22(5):643–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt K, Wilk E, Buyny S, Buer J, Schmidt RE, Jacobs R (2006) Gene and protein characteristics reflect functional diversity of CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells. J Leukoc Biol 80:1529–1541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenisch C, Patruta S, Daxbock F, Krause R, Horl W (2000) Effect of age on human neutrophil function. J Leukoc Biol 67:40–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson LD, Zaldivar FP, Schwindt CD et al (2009) Circulating T-regulatory cells, exercise and the elite adolescent swimmer. Pediatr Exerc Sci 21(3):305–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong CM, Lai HK, Ou CQ et al (2008) Is exercise protective against influenza-associated mortality? PLoS One 3(5):e2108

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods JA, Ceddia MA, Wolters BW et al (1999) Effects of 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise training on immune function in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 109(1):1–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods J, Lu Q, Ceddia MA, Lowder T (2000) Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: exercise-induced modulation of macrophage function. Immunol Cell Biol 78:545–553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods JA, Keylock KT, Lowder T et al (2009) Cardiovascular exercise training extends influenza vaccine seroprotection in sedentary older adults: the immune function intervention trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 57(12):2183–2191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu D, Meydani SN (2008) Age-associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E intervention. J Leukoc Biol 84:900–914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Beckman I, Bradley J (1993) Age-related changes in the expression of IL-2 and high-affinity IL-2 binding sites. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 102(3):224–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan H, Kuroiwa A, Tanaka H et al (2001) Effect of moderate exercise on immune senescence in men. Eur J Appl Physiol 86(2):105–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh SH, Chuang H, Lin LW et al (2006) Regular tai chi chuan exercise enhances functional mobility and CD4CD25 regulatory T cells. Br J Sports Med 40(3):239–243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh SH, Chuang H, Lin LW et al (2009) Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise improves T cell helper function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with an increase in T-bet transcription factor and IL-12 production. Br J Sports Med 43(11):845–850

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Guillaume Spielmann PhD, Austin B. Bigley, Emily C. LaVoy & Richard J. Simpson PhD

Authors
  1. Guillaume Spielmann PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Austin B. Bigley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Emily C. LaVoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Richard J. Simpson PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard J. Simpson PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran

    Ahmad Massoud

  2. Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spielmann, G., Bigley, A.B., LaVoy, E.C., Simpson, R.J. (2014). Aging Immunity and the Impact of Physical Exercise. In: Massoud, A., Rezaei, N. (eds) Immunology of Aging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39495-9_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39495-9_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-39494-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-39495-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation