Abstract
Bottom-up assembly of nanostructured materials, such as metallic nanowires and carbon nanotubes, has proven to be a facile way of building electronic devices or sensing platforms with unparallel ease of device dimension control. Electric field assisted manipulation of roughly 320 nm diameter \(6\,\mu \mathrm{m}\) long nanowires with composition of Au–Ag–Au under ac bias across the lithographically defined parallel electrodes forms the basis of bottom-up assembly approach followed in this study. Nanowires were first aligned electrofluidically under ac bias of 10 Vpp and 1 kHz across 5 and \(6\,\mu \mathrm{m}\) separated electrodes. Chemical etching of the Ag segment in the nanowires aligned across the predefined electrodes resulted in reduction of the dimension of the electrode separation from \(5\,\mu \mathrm{m}\) to 50–100 nm. The alignment yield of \(6\,\mu \mathrm{m}\) Au–Ag–Au striped nanowires across gold electrodes was as high as 70%. The nanowires-based device was employed to the capture and electrical characterization of preferably a single 100 nm Au nanosphere in the nanogap.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
I. Amlani, A.M. Rawlett, L. Nagahara, K.R. Tsui. An approach to transport measurements of electronic molecules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2761–2763 (2002)
C.L. Asbury, G. van den Engh. Trapping of DNA in nonuniform oscillating electric fields. Biophys. J. 74, 1024–1030 (1998)
M.A. Banger, C.M. Hangarter, B. Yoo, Y. Rheem, W. Chen, A. Mulchandani, N.V. Myung. Magnetically assembled multisegmented Nanowires and their applications. Electroanalysis. 21, 61–67 (2009)
A. Bezryadin,C. Dekker, G. Schmid. Electrostatic trapping of single conducting nanoparticles between nanoelectrodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 1273–1275 (1997)
K.H. Bhatt, O.D. Velev. Control and modeling of the dielectrophoretic assembly of on-chip nanoparticle wires. Langmuir. 20, 467–476 (2004)
E. Braun, Y. Eichen, U. Sivan, G. Ben-Yoseph, DNA-templated assembly and electrode attachment of a conducting silver wire. Nature 391, 775–778 (1998)
Y. Cui, Q. Wei, C.M. Lieber, Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science. 293, 1289–1292 (2001)
S.A. Dayeh, C. Soci, P.K.L. Yu, E.T. Yu, D. Wang, Influence of surface states on the extraction of transport parameters from InAs nanowire field effect transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 16212-1–16212-3 (2007)
F. Dewarrat, M. Calame, C. Schonenberger, Orientation and Positioning of DNA molecules with an electric field technique. Single Mol. 3, 189–193 (2002)
C. Durkan, M.A. Scheider, M.E. Welland, Analysis of failure mechanisms in electrically stresses Au nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 1280–1286 (1999)
P.R.C. Gascoyne, J. Vykoukal, Particle separation by dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 23, 1973–1983 (2002)
W.A. Germishuizen, C. Walti, R. Wirtz, M.B. Johnston, M. Pepper, A.G. Davies, A.P.J. Middleberg, Selective dielectrophoretic manipulation of surface immobilized DNA molecules. Nanotechnology 14, 896–902 (2003)
J.K. Gimzewski, C. Joachim, Nanoscale science of single molecules using local probes. Science 283, 1683–1688 (2002)
C. Gurtner, E. Tu, N. Jamshidi, R.W. Haigis, T.J. Onofrey, C.F. Edman, R. Sosnowski, B. Wallace, M.J. Heller, Microelectronic array devices and techniques for electric field enhanced DNA hybridization in low-conductance buffers. Electrophoresis 23, 1543–1550 (2002)
V. Haguet, D. Martin, L. Marcon, T. Heim, D. Stievand, Combines nanogap nanoparticles nanosensor for electrical detection of biomolecular interactions between polypeptides. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1312–1215 (2004)
B. Hartzell, B. McCord, D. Asare, H. Chen, J.J. Heremans, V. Soghomonian, Comporative current-voltage characteristcs of nicked and repaired DNA. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4800 (2003)
B. He, T.J. Morrow, C.D. Keating, Nanowire sensors for multiplexed detection of biomolecules. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 12, 522–528 (2008)
M.J. Heller, E. Tu, R. Martinsons, R.R. Anderson, C. Gurtner, A. Forster, R. Sosnowski: Active microelectronic array systems for DNA hybridization, genotyping, pharmacogenomics and nanofabrication Applications. In: Dekker, M. (eds.) Integrated Microfabricated Devices, pp. 223–270, Heller and Guttman, Chap. 10 (2002)
R. Holzel, N. Gajovic-Eichelmann, F.F. Bier, Oriented and vectorial immobilization of linear M13 dsDNA between interdigitaded electrodes-towards single molecule DNA nanostructures. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18, 555–564 (2003)
J. Homola, S.S. Yee, G. Gauglitz, Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review. Sens. Actuators B 54, 3 (1998)
Y. Huang, X. Duan, Q. Wei, C.M. Lieber, One-dimensional nanostructures into functional Networks. Science 291, 630–633 (2001)
Y. Huang, J. Mo Yang, P.J. Hopkins, S. Kassagne, M. Tirido, A.H. Forster, H. Reese, Separations of simulants of biological warfare agents from blood by a miniaturized dielectrophoresis device. Biomed. Microdevices 5, 217–225 (2003)
M.P. Hughes, Strategies for dielectrophoretic separation in laboratory-on-a-chip systems. Electrophoresis 23, 2569–2582 (2002)
A. Javey, S. Nam, R.S. Friedman, H. Yan, C.M. Lieber, Layer-by-layer assembly of nanowires for three-dimensional, multifunctional electronics. Nano Lett. 7, 773–777 (2007)
T.B. Jones, Electromechanics of Particles (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995)
Y.V. Kervennic, H.S.J. van der Zant, A.F. Morpurgo, L. Gurevich, L.P. Kouwenhoven, Nanometer-spaced electrodes with calibrated separation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 321–323 (2002)
S.I. Khondaker, Z. Yao, Fabrication of nanometer spaced electrodes using gold nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 4613 (2002)
D.L. Klein, P.L. McEuen, J.E. Bowen Katari, R. Roth, A.P. Alivisatos, An approach to electrical studies of single nanocrystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2574 (1996)
J.F. Klemic, E. Stern, M.A. Reed, Hotwiring biosensors. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 294–295 (2001)
R. Krahne, A. Yacoby, A. Shtrikman, I. Bar-Joseph, T. Dadosh, J. Sperling, Fabrication of nanoscale gaps in integrated circuits. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 730–733 (2002)
R. Krahne, T. Dadosh, Y. Gordin, A. Yacoby, A. Shtrikman, D. Mahalu, J. Sperling, I. Bar-Joseph, Nanoparticles and nanogaps: controlled positioning and fabrication. Phys. E 17, 498–502 (2003)
C.Z. Li, H.X. He, A. Bogozi, J.S. Bunch, N.J. Tao, Molecular detection based on conductance quantization of nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 1333–1335 (2000)
K. Liu, P.H. Avouris, J. Bucchignano, R. Martel, S. Sun, J. Michi, Simple fabrication scheme for sub-10nm electrode gaps using electron beam lithography. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 865–867 (2002)
R. Mariella, MEMS for bio-assays. Biomed. Microdevices 4, 77–87 (2002)
H. Morgan, M.P. Hughes, N.G. Green, Separation of submicron bioparticles by dielectrophoresis. Biophys. J. 77, 516–525 (1999)
A.F. Morpurgo, C.M. Marcus, D.B. Robinson, Controlled fabrication of metallic electrodes with atomic separation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2084–2086 (1999)
A. Motayed, M. He, A.V. Davydov, J. Melngailis, S.N. Mohammad, Realization of reliable GaN nanowire transistors utilizing dielectrophoretic alignment technique. J. Appl. Phys. 100, 114310-9 (2006)
S.R. Nicewarner-Pena, R.G. Freeman, B.D. Reiss, L. He, D.J. Pena, I.D. Walton, R. Cromer, C.D. Keating, M.J. Natan, Submicrometer metallic barcodes. Science 294, 137–141 (2001)
S. Niyogi, C. Hangarter, R.M. Thamankar, Y. Chiang, R. Kawakami, N.V. Myung, R.C. Haddon, Magnetically assembled multiwalled carbon nanotubes on ferromagnetic contacts. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 19818–19824 (2004)
J. Park, A.N. Pasupathy, J.I. Goldsmith, A.V. Soldatov, C. Chang, Y. Yaish, J.P. Sethna, H.D. Abruna, D.C. Ralph, P.L. McEun, Wiring up single molecules. Thin Solid Films 438–439, 457–461 (2003)
H. Park, A.K.L. Lim, A.P. Alivisatos, J. Park, P.L. McEuen, Fabricatiom of metallic electrodes with nanometer separation by electromigration. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 301–303 (1999)
S.J. Park, A. Taton, C.A. Mirkin, Array based electrical detection of DNA with nanoparticle probes. Science 295, 1503 (2002)
R. Pethig, V. Bressler, Y. Chen, K.M. Tate, Dielectrophoretic studies of the activation of human T lymphocytes using a newly developed cell profiling system. Electrophoresis 23, 2057–2063 (2002)
H.A. Pohl, Dielectrophoresis (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978)
D. Porath, Y. Levi, M. Tarabiah, O. Millo, Tunneling spectroscopy of isolated C60 molecules in the presence of charging effects. Phys. Rev. B 56, 9829–9833 (1997)
D. Porath, A. Bezryadin, S. Vries, C. Dekker, Direct measurements of electrical transport through DNA molecules. Nature 403, 635–638 (2000)
S. Raychaudhuri, S.A. Dayeh, D. Wang, E.T. Yu, Precise semiconductor nanowire placement through dielectrophoresis. Nano Lett. 9, 2260–2266 (2009)
M.A. Reed, C. Zhou, C.J. Muller, T.P. Burgin, J.M. Tour, Conductance of molecular junctions. Science 278(5336), 252–254 (1997)
B.D. Reiss, R. Griffith Freeman, I.D. Walton, S.M. Norton, P.C. Smith, W.G. Stamos, C.D. Keating, M.J. Natan, Electrochemical synthesis and optical readout of striped metal rods with submicron features. J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 522, 95–103 (2002)
P.A. Smith, C.D. Nordquist, T.N. Jackson, T.S. Mayer, B.R. Martin, J. Mbindyo, T.E. Mallouk, Electric-field assisted assembly of metallic nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1399–1401 (2000)
R. Sordan, M. Burghard, K. Kern, Removable template route to metallic nanowires and nanogaps. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2073–2075 (2001)
C.P.T. Svensson, T. Martensson, J. Tragardh, C. Larsson, M. Rask, D. Hessman, J. Samuelson, J. Ohlsson, Monolithic GaAs/InGaP nanowire light emitting diodes on silicon. Nanotechnology 19, 305201–305207 (2008)
M. Tanase, D.M. Silevitch, A. Hultgreen, L.A. Bauer, P.C. Searson, G.J. Meyer, D.H. Reich, Magnetic trapping and self-assembly of multicomponent nanowires. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 8549–8551 (2002)
C. Thelander, L.E. Fröberg, C. Rehnstedt, L. Samuelson, L.-E. Wernersson, Vertical enhancement-mode InAs nanowires field-effect transistor with 50 nm wrap gate. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29, 206–208 (2008).
O.D. Velev, E.W. Kaler, In situ assembly of colloidal particles into miniaturized biosensors. Langmuir 15, 3693–3698 (1999)
D. Wang, S. Jin, Y. Wu, C.M. Lieber, Large-scale hierarchical organization of nanowire arrays for integrated nanosystems. Nano Lett. 3, 1255–1259 (2003)
M. Washizu, O. Kurosawa, Electrical manipulation of DNA in microfabricated structures. IEEE Trans. Indust. Appl. 26, 1165–1172 (1990)
M. Washizu, O. Kurosawa, I. Arai, S. Suziki, N. Shimamoto, Application of electrostatic stretch-and positioning of DNA. IEEE Trans. Indust. Appl. 31, 447–456 (1995)
S. Weiss Fluorescence spectroscopy of single biomolecules. Science 283, 1676–1683 (1999)
H. Zhou, M. Wissinger, J. Fallert, R. Hauschild, R. Stelzl, C. Klingshirn, H. Kalt, Ordered, uniform-sized ZnO nanolaser arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 181112-1–181112-3 (2007)
Acknowledgements
This chapter was prepared partly from nanowires-based nanoelectronics research at Penn State University, State College, PA. The author acknowledges great help of Dr. Mingwei Lie for microfabrication and invaluable contributions and research idea of professors Christine Keating and Theresa Mayer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kizil, R. (2013). Fabrication of Low Dimensional Nanowire-Based Devices using Dieletrophoresis. In: Ünlü, H., Horing, N. (eds) Low Dimensional Semiconductor Structures. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28424-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28424-3_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28423-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28424-3
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)