Skip to main content

Virtual Clinical Therapy

  • Chapter
Digital Human Modeling

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 4650))

Abstract

Virtual Reality (VR) is more than a fancy technology: it is an advanced tool for assessment and clinical therapy. On one side, it can be described as an advanced form of human–computer interface that allows the user to interact with and become immersed in a computer-generated environment in a naturalistic fashion. On the other side, VR can also be considered as an advanced imaginal system: an experiential form of imagery that is as effective as reality in inducing emotional responses. The chapter outlines the current state of research in this area. In particular, it focuses its analysis both on the concept of “presence” and on the main applications of VR in clinical psychology: anxiety disorders, eating disorders and obesity, pain reduction. The open source “NeuroVR” VR system (http://www.neurovr.org) and its potential clinical applications are also introduced.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Burdea, G.C., Coiffet, P.: Virtual Reality Technology, 2nd edn. Wiley-IEEE Press, New Brunswick (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Riva, G.: Virtual reality in psychotherapy: review. CyberPsychology & Behavior 8, 220–230 (2005) discussion 231–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Schultheis, M.T., Rizzo, A.A.: The Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Psychology 46, 296–311 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Botella, C., Perpiña, C., Baños, R.M., Garcia-Palacios, A.: Virtual reality: a new clinical setting lab. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 58, 73–81 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Vincelli, F.: From imagination to virtual reality: the future of clinical psychology. CyberPsychology & Behavior 2, 241–248 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Botella, C., Quero, S., Banos, R.M., Perpina, C., Garcia Palacios, A., Riva, G.: Virtual reality and psychotherapy. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 99, 37–54 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wiederhold, B.K., Wiederhold, M.D.: Three-year follow-up for virtual reality exposure for fear of flying. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 6, 441–446 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Wiederhold, B.K., Rizzo, A.: Virtual reality and applied psychophysiology. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 30, 183–185 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Emmelkamp, P.M.: Technological innovations in clinical assessment and psychotherapy. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 74, 336–343 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Glantz, K., Durlach, N.I., Barnett, R.C., Aviles, W.A.: Virtual reality (VR) and psychotherapy: Opportunities and challenges. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 6, 87–105 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Cesa, G., Conti, S., Castelnuovo, G., Mantovani, F., Molinari, E.: Is severe obesity a form of addiction? Rationale, clinical approach, and controlled clinical trial. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 9, 457–479 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Cesa, G., Conti, S., Molinari, E.: Six-month follow-up of in-patient Experiential-Cognitive Therapy for binge eating disorders. CyberPsychology & Behavior 6, 251–258 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rothbaum, B.O., Hodges, L.F., Ready, D., Graap, K., Alarcon, R.D.: Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62, 617–622 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Optale, G.: Male Sexual Dysfunctions and multimedia Immersion Therapy. CyberPsychology & Behavior 6, 289–294 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hoffman, H.G.: Virtual-Reality Therapy: Patients can get relief from pain or overcome their phobias by immersing themselves in computer-generated worlds. Scientific American (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Vidal, M., Amorim, M.A., Berthoz, A.: Navigating in a virtual three-dimensional maze: how do egocentric and allocentric reference frames interact? Cognitive Brain Research 19, 244–258 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Vidal, M., Lipshits, M., McIntyre, J., Berthoz, A.: Gravity and spatial orientation in virtual 3D-mazes. Journal of Vestibular Research 13, 273–286 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lambrey, S., Berthoz, A.: Combination of conflicting visual and non-visual information for estimating actively performed body turns in virtual reality. International Journal of Psychophysiology 50, 101–115 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Rinaldi, S., Molinari, E.: Virtual reality based experiential cognitive treatment of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 30, 221–230 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Molinari, E.: Virtual-reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in binge eating disorders: a preliminary controlled study. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 6, 224–234 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Perpiña, C., Botella, C., Baños, R.M.: Virtual reality in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review 11, 261–278 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Viaud-Delmon, I., Ivanenko, Y.P., Berthoz, A., Jouvent, R.: Adaptation as a sensorial profile in trait anxiety: a study with virtual reality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 14, 583–601 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Viaud-Delmon, I., Berthoz, A., Jouvent, R.: Multisensory integration for spatial orientation in trait anxiety subjects: absence of visual dependence. European Psychiatry 17, 194–199 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Morganti, F.: Virtual interaction in cognitive neuropsychology. In: Riva, G., Botella, C., Legéron, P., Optale, G. (eds.) Cybertherapy: Internet and Virtual Reality as Assessment and Rehabilitation Tools for Clinical Psychology and Neuroscience, pp. 85–101. Ios Press, Amsterdam (2004), http://www.cybertherapy.info/pages/book3.htm

  25. Rizzo, A., Schultheis, M.T., Kerns, K., Mateer, C.: Analysis of assets for virtual reality applications in neuropsychology. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 14, 207–239 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Schultheis, M.T., Himelstein, J., Rizzo, A.A.: Virtual reality and neuropsychology: upgrading the current tools. J. Head Trauma Rehabil 17, 378–394 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Tarr, M.J., Warren, W.H.: Virtual reality in behavioral neuroscience and beyond. Nature Neuroscience (Suppl.5), 1089–1092 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., Mantovani, F.: Transformation of flow in rehabilitation: the role of advanced communication technologies. Behavior Research Methods 38, 237–244 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Coelho, C., Tichon, J., Hine, T.J., Wallis, G., Riva, G.: Media Presence and Inner Presence: The Sense of Presence in Virtual Reality Technologies. In: Riva, G., Anguera, M.T., Wiederhold, B.K., Mantovani, F. (eds.) From Communication to Presence: Cognition, Emotions and Culture towards the Ultimate Communicative Experience. Festschrift in honor of Luigi Anolli, pp. 25–45. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2006), http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume8.html

  30. Biocca, F.: Communication within virtual reality: Creating a space for research. Journal of Communication 42, 5–22 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Schloerb, D.: A Quantitative Measure of Telepresence. Presence: Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 4, 64–80 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sadowski, W.J., Stanney, K.M.: Measuring and managing presence in virtual environments. In: Stanney, K.M. (ed.) Handbook of Virtual Environments Technology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lombard, M., Ditton, T.: At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line] 3 (1997), http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lombard.html

  34. Loomis, J.M.: Distal attribution and presence. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 1, 113–118 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Sheridan, T.B.: Musing on telepresence and virtual presence. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 1, 120–125 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Sheridan, T.B.: Further musing on the psychophysics of presence. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 5, 241–246 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Marsh, T., Wright, P., Smith, S.: Evaluation for the design of experience in virtual environments: modeling breakdown of interaction and illusion. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 4, 225–238 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Slater, M., Wilbur, S.: A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 603–616 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Riva, G., Davide, F., IJsselsteijn, W.A. (eds.): Being There: Concepts, effects and measurements of user presence in synthetic environments. Emerging Communication: Studies on New Technologies and Practices in Communication. Ios Press, Amsterdam (2003), http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume5.html

  40. Moore, K., Wiederhold, B.K., Wiederhold, M.D., Riva, G.: Panic and agoraphobia in a virtual world. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 5, 197–202 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Waterworth, J.A., Waterworth, E.L.: Focus, Locus, and Sensus: The three dimensions of virtual experience. Cyberpsychology and Behavior 4, 203–213 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Mantovani, G., Riva, G.: ”Real” presence: How different ontologies generate different criteria for presence, telepresence, and virtual presence. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 8, 538–548 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Schubert, T., Friedman, F., Regenbrecht, H.: The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 10, 266–281 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zahoric, P., Jenison, R.L.: Presence as being-in-the-world. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 7, 78–89 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Riva, G., Davide, F. (eds.): Communications through Virtual Technologies: Identity, Community and Technology in the Communication Age. Emerging Communication: Studies on New Technologies and Practices in Communication. Ios Press, Amsterdam (2001), http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume1.html

  46. Waterworth, J.A., Waterworth, E.L.: The meaning of presence. Presence-Connect 3 (2003), http://presence.cs.ucl.ac.uk/presenceconnect/articles/Feb2003/jwworthFeb1020031217/jwworthFeb1020031217.html

  47. Spagnolli, A., Varotto, D., Mantovani, G.: An ethnographic action-based approach to human experience in virtual environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 59, 797–822 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Spagnolli, A., Gamberini, L.: Immersion/Emersion: Presence in hybrid environments. In: Presence 2002: Fifth Annual International Workshop, Universidade Ferdinando Pessoa, Porto (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Alcañiz, M., Baños, R., Botella, C., Rey, B.: The EMMA Project: Emotions as a Determinant of Presence. PsychNology Journal 1, 141–150 (2003), http://www.psychnology.org/pnj141(142)_alcaniz_banos_botella_rey_abstract.htm

    Google Scholar 

  50. Retaux, X.: Presence in the environment: theories, methodologies and applications to video games. PsychNology Journal 1, 283–309 (2003), http://www.psychnology.org/pnj281(283)_retaux_abstract.htm

    Google Scholar 

  51. Nova, N.: A Review of How Space Affords Socio-Cognitive Processes during Collaboration. PsychNology Journal 3, 118–148 (2005), http://www.psychnology.org/pnj113(112)_nova_abstract.htm

    Google Scholar 

  52. Riva, G., Waterworth, J.A.: Presence and the Self: A cognitive neuroscience approach. Presence-Connect 3 (2003), http://presence.cs.ucl.ac.uk/presenceconnect/articles/Apr2003/jwworthApr72003114532/jwworthApr72003114532.html

  53. Riva, G., Waterworth, J.A., Waterworth, E.L.: The Layers of Presence: a bio-cultural approach to understanding presence in natural and mediated environments. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 7, 405–419 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Riva, G.: Being-in-the-world-with: Presence meets Social and Cognitive Neuroscience. In: Riva, G., Anguera, M.T., Wiederhold, B.K., Mantovani, F. (eds.) From Communication to Presence: Cognition, Emotions and Culture towards the Ultimate Communicative Experience. Festschrift in honor of Luigi Anolli, pp. 47–80. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2006), http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume8.html

  55. Damasio, A.: The Feeling of What Happens: Body, Emotion and the Making of Consciousness. Harcourt Brace and Co, Inc., San Diego (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Sperber, D., Wilson, D.: Relevance: Communication and Cognition, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Marsh, T.: Staying there: an activity-based approach to narrative design and evaluation as an antidote to virtual corpsing. In: Riva, G., Davide, F., IJsselsteijn, W.A. (eds.) Being There: Concepts, effects and measurements of user presence in synthetic environments, pp. 85–96. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Blackemore, S.J., Decety, J.: From the perception of action to the understanding of intention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2, 561–567 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Winograd, T., Flores, F.: Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood (1986)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  60. Csikszentmihalyi, M.: Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Csikszentmihalyi, M.: Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. HarperCollins, New York (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ghani, J.A., Deshpande, S.P.: Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in Human-Computer Interaction. The Journal of Psychology 128, 381–391 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Morganti, F., Riva, G.: Ambient Intelligence in Rehabilitation. In: Riva, G., Davide, F., Vatalaro, F., Alcañiz, M. (eds.) Ambient Intelligence: The evolution of technology, communication and cognition towards the future of the human-computer interaction, pp. 283–295. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2004), http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume6.html

    Google Scholar 

  64. Riva, G.: The psychology of Ambient Intelligence: Activity, situation and presence. In: Riva, G., Davide, F., Vatalaro, F., Alcañiz, M. (eds.) Ambient Intelligence: The evolution of technology, communication and cognition towards the future of the human-computer interaction, pp. 19–34. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2004), http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume6.html

    Google Scholar 

  65. Waterworth, E.L., Häggkvist, M., Jalkanen, K., Olsson, S., Waterworth, J.A.: The Exploratorium: An environment to explore your feelings. PsychNology Journal 1, 189–201 (2003), http://www.psychnology.org/File/PSYCHNOLOGY_JOURNAL_181_183_WATERWORTH.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  66. Massimini, F., Delle Fave, A.: Individual development in a bio-cultural perspective. American Psychologist 55, 24–33 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Castelnuovo, G., Lo Priore, C., Liccione, D., Cioffi, G.: Virtual Reality based tools for the rehabilitation of cognitive and executive functions: the V-STORE. PsychNology Journal 1, 311–326 (2003), http://www.psychnology.org/pnj311(313)_castelnuovo_lopriore_liccione_cioffi_abstract.htm

    Google Scholar 

  68. Csikszentmihalyi, M., LeFevre, J.: Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56, 815–822 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Lessiter, J., Freeman, J., Keogh, E., Davidoff, J.: A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory. Presence: Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 10, 282–297 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Johansson, B.B.: Brain plasticity and stroke rehabilitation. The Willis lecture. Stroke 31, 223–230 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hoffman, H.G., Patterson, D.R., Magula, J., Carrougher, G.J., Zeltzer, K., Dagadakis, S., Sharar, S.R.: Water-friendly virtual reality pain control during wound care. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, 189–195 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Hoffman, H.G., Richards, T., Coda, B., Richards, A., Sharar, S.R.: The illusion of presence in immersive virtual reality during an fMRI brain scan. CyberPsychology & Behavior 6, 127–131 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Hoffman, H.G., Richards, T.L., Coda, B., Bills, A.R., Blough, D., Richards, A.L., Sharar, S.R.: Modulation of thermal pain-related brain activity with virtual reality: evidence from fMRI. Neuroreport 15, 1245–1248 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hoffman, H.G., Patterson, D.R., Carrougher, G.J.: Use of virtual reality for adjunctive treatment of adult burn pain during physical therapy: a controlled study. Clinical Journal of Pain 16, 244–250 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Riva, G., Botella, C., Légeron, P., Optale, G. (eds.): Cybertherapy: Internet and Virtual Reality as Assessment and Rehabilitation Tools for Clinical Psychology and Neuroscience. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2004), http://www.cybertherapy.info/pages/book3.htm

    Google Scholar 

  76. Riva, G. (ed.): Virtual reality in neuro-psycho-physiology: Cognitive, clinical and methodological issues in assessment and rehabilitation. IOS Press, Amsterdam (1997), http://www.cybertherapy.info/pages/book1.htm

    Google Scholar 

  77. Seligman, M.E.P., Csikszentmihalyi, M.: Positive psychology. American Psychologist 55, 5–14 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Riva, G., Gaggioli, A. (2008). Virtual Clinical Therapy. In: Cai, Y. (eds) Digital Human Modeling. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 4650. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89430-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89430-8_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-89429-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-89430-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics