Contributions to earlier editions by R. Schleyerbach, K.U. Weithmann and R.R. Bartlett.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References and Further Reading
Aanonsen LM, Lei S, Wilcox GL (1990) Excitatory amino acid receptors and nociceptive neurotransmission in rat spinal cord. Pain 41:309–321
Aanonsen LM, Wilcox GL (1987) Nociceptive action of excitatory amino acids in the mouse: effects of spinally administered opioids, phencyclidine and sigma agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 243:9–19
Abbadie C, Taylor BK, Peterson MA, Basbaum AI (1997) Differential contribution of the two phases of the formalin test to the pattern of c-fos expression in the rat spinal cord: studies with remifentanile and lidocaine. Pain 69:101–110
Abbott FV et al (1986) A dose-ratio comparison of μ and κ agonists in formalin and thermal pain. Life Sci 39:2017–2024
Abbott FV, Franklin KBJ (1986) Noncompetitive antagonism of morphine analgesia by diazepam in the formalin test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:319–321
Abbott FV, Franklin KBJ, Ludwick RJ, Melzack R (1981) Apparent lack of tolerance in the Formalin test suggests different mechanisms for morphine analgesia in different types of pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:637–640
Abbott FV, Franklin KBJ, Westbrook RF (1995) The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats. Pain 60:91–102
Abbott FV, Melzack R (1982) Brainstem lesions dissociate neural mechanisms of morphine analgesia in different kinds of pain. Brain Res 251:149–155
Abbott FV, Melzack R, Samuel C (1982) Morphine analgesia in the tail-flick and Formalin pain tests is mediated by different neural systems. Exp Neurol 75:644–651
Abraham KE, McGinty JF, Brewer KL (2001) The role of kainic acid/AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the regulation of mRNA expression and the onset of pain-related behavior following excitotoxic spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 104:863–874
Abt H, Emmerich M, Miltenyi S, Radbruch A, Tesch H (1989) CD20 positive human B lymphocytes separated with the magnetic cell sorter (MACS) can be induced to proliferation and antibody secretion in vitro. J Immunol Meth 125:19–28
Acarin L, González B, Castellano B (2000) Oral administration of the anti-inflammatory substance triflusal results in the downregulation of constitutive transcription factor NF-κB in the postnatal rat brain. Neurosci Lett 288:41–44
Achiron A, Miron S, Lavie V, Margali R, Biegon A (2000) Dexanabinol (HU-211) effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 102:26–31
Ackerman N, Tomolonis A, Miram L, Kheifets J, Martinez S, Carter A (1980) Three day pleural inflammation: A new model to detect drug effects on macrophage accumulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215:588–595
Ács G, Lee J, Marquez VE, Wang S, Milne GW, Du L, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM (1995) Resiniferatoxin-amide and analogues as ligands for protein kinase C and vanilloid receptors and determination of their biological activities as vanilloids. J Neurochem 65:301–318
Ács G, Palkovits M, Blumberg PM (1994) [3H]resiniferatoxin binding by the human vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 23:185–190
Adachi KI (1994) A device for automatic measurement of writhing and its application to the assessment of analgesic agents. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 32:79–84
Adachi KI, Ishii Y (1979) Vocalization response to close-arterial injection of bradykinin and other algesic agents in guinea pigs and its application to quantitative assessment of analgesic agents. J Pharm Exp Ther 209:117–124
Adcock IM, Chung KF, Karamori G, Ito K (2006) Kinase inhibitors and airway inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 533:118–132
Adler MW (1981) Mini-Symposium on Opiate Receptors. Life Sci 28:1543–1584
Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Takada Y, Jackson‐Bernitsas D, Ahn KS, Sethi G, Ichikawa H (2006) TNF blockade: an inflammatory issue. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 56:161–186
Aggarwal BB, Takada Y, Shishodia S, Gutierrrez AM, Oommen OV, Ichikawa H, Baba Y, Kumar A (2004) Nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B. Role in biology and medicine. Indian J Exp Biol 42:341–353
Agnholt J, Dahlerup JF, Kaltoft K (2003) The effect of etanercept and infliximab on the production of tumor necrosis factor α, interferon-γ and GM-CSF in in vivo activated intestinal T lymphocyte cultures. Cytokine 23:76–85
Ahluwalia A, Maggi CA, Santicioli P, Lecci A, Giuliani S (1994) Characterization of the capsaicin‐sensitive component of cyclophosphamide‐induced inflammation in the rat urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol 111:1017–1022
Ainscow EK, Brand MD (1999) Top-down control analysis of ATP turnover, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 263:671–685
Akassoglou K, Douni E, Bauer J, Lassmann H, Kollias G, Probert L (2003) Exclusive tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling by the p75TNF receptor triggers inflammatory ischemia in the CNS of transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:709–714
Akeson A, Bohnke R, Schroeder K, Kastner P, Seligmann B, Robinson J (1996a) An ex vivo method for studying inflammation in cynomolgus monkeys: analysis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 36:155–161
Akeson AL, Woods CW, Hsieh LC, Bohnke RA, Ackermann BL, Chan KY, Robinson JL, Yanofsky SD, Jacobs JW, Barrett RW, Bowlin TL (1996b) AF12198, a novel low molecular weight antagonist, selectively binds type I interleukin (IL)-1 receptor and blocks in vivo responses to IL-1. J Biol Chem 271:30517–30523
Akiyama H, Kanzaki H, Abe Y, Tada H, Arata J (1994) Staphylococcus aureus infection on experimental croton oil-inflamed skin in mice. J Dermatol Sci 8:1–10
Akiyama K, Gee KW, Mosberg HI, Hruby VJ, Yamamura HI (1985) Characterization of [3H][2-D-penicillamine,5-D-penicillamine]-enkephalin binding to δ-opiate receptors in the rat brain and neuroblastoma‐glioma hybrid cell line (NG 108–15). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2543–2547
Alexander SPH, Peters JA (2000) 2000 Receptor and Ion Channel Nomenclature Supplement. Trends Pharmacol Sci pp 70–71
Alexenko AP, Ealy AD, Roberts RM (1999) The cross-species antiviral activities of different IFN-τ subtypes on bovine, murine, and human cells: contradictory evidence for therapeutic potential. J Interferon Cytokine Res 19:1335–1341
Alexenko AP, Leaman DW, Li J, Roberts RM (1997) The anti-proliferative and antiviral activities of IFN-τ variants in human cells. J Interferone Cytokine Res 17:769–779
Aley KO, Reichling DB, Levine JD (1996) Vincristine hyperalgesia in the rat: a model of painful vincristine neuropathy in humans. Neuroscience 73:259–265
Alfieri A, Gardner C (1997) The NK1 antagonist GR203040 inhibits cyclophosphamide‐induced damage in the rat and ferret bladder. Gen Pharmacol 29:245–250
Alfieri A, Gardner C (1998) Effects of GR203940, an NK-1 antagonist, on radiation- and cisplatin‐induced tissue damage in the ferret. Gen Pharmacol 31:741–746
Alla SA, Buschko J, Quitterer U, Maidhof A, Haasemann M, Breipohl G, Knolle J, Müller-Esterl W (1993) Structural features of human bradykinin B2 receptor probed by agonists, antagonists, and anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Biol Chem 268:17277–17285
Allen SJ, Dawbarn D (2006) Clinical relevance of the neurotrophins and their receptors. Clin Sci 110:175–191
Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, Salvesen G, Thornberry NA, Wong WW, Yuan JY (1996) Human ICE/CED3 nomenclature. Cell 87:171
Alpermann HG, Magerkurth KO (1972) Messanordnung zur Bestimmung der Wirkung von Antiphlogistika. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 22:1078–1088
Alpermann HG, Sandow J, Vogel HG (1982) Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur topischen und systemischen Wirksamkeit von Prednisolon-17-ethylcarbonat-21-propionat. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 32:633–638
Alreja M, Mutalik P, Nayar U, Machanda SK (1984) The formalin test: a tonic pain model in the primate. Pain 20:97–105
Amann R, Schuligoi R, Herzeg G, Donnerer J (1955) Intraplantar injection of nerve growth factor into the rat hind paw: local edema and effects on thermal nociceptive threshold. Pain 64:323–329
Amann R, Schuligoi R, Lanz I, Peskar BA (1996) Effect of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on nerve growth factor‐induced thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 306:89–91
Amanuma F, Wakaumi C, Tanaka M, Muramatsu M, Aihara H (1984) The analgesic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on acetylcholine‐induced writhing in mice. Folia Pharmacol Japon 84:543–551
Ameri A, Simmet T (2000) Effects of 2-arachidonylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid, on neuronal activity in rat hippocampal slices. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 361:265–272
Anderson CD, Groth O (1984) The influence on the dermal cellular infiltrate of topical steroid applications and vehicles in guinea pig skin: normal skin, allergic and toxic reactions. Contact Dermatitis 10:193–200
Anderson GD, Hauser SD, McGarity KL, Bremer ME, Isakson PC, Gregory SA (1996) Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 reverses inflammation and expression of COX-2 and interleukin 6 in rat adjuvant arthritis. J Clin Invest 97:2672–2679
Anonymous (2002) Omalizumab: anti-IgE antibody E25, E25, humanized anti-IgE MAb, IGE 025, monoclonal antibody E25, Olizumab, Xolair, rhuMAb-E25. BioDrugs 16:380–386
Appell KC, Chung TDY, Solly KJ, Chelsky D (1998) Biological characterization of neurokinin antagonists discovered through screening of a combinatorial library. J Biomol Screening 3:19–27
Ardati A, Henningsen RA, Higelin J, Reinscheid RK, Cinelli O, Monsma FJ (1997) Interaction of [3H]orphanin FQ and 125I-Tyr14-orphanin FQ with the orphanin FQ receptor: kinetics and modulation by cations and guanine nucleotides. Mol Pharmacol 51:816–824
Arend WP (1991) Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. A new member of the interleukin 1 family. J Clin Invest 88:1445–1451
Arend WP, Malyak M, Guthridge CJ, Gabay C (1998) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: role in biology. Annu Rev Immunol 16:27–55
Arndt JO, Mikat M, Parasher C (1984) Fentanyl's analgesic, respiratory, and cardiovascular actions in relation to dose and plasma concentrations in unanesthetized dogs. J Anesth 61:355–361
Arrigoni‐Martelli E, Schatti P, Selva D (1971) The influence of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs on nystatin induced oedema. Pharmacology 5:215–224
Ashcroft RG, Lopez PA (2000) Commercial high speed machines open new opportunities in high throughput flow cytometry. J Immunol Meth 243:13–24
Atkins PC, Norman ME, Zweiman B (1978) Antigen‐induced neutrophil chemotactic activity in man. J Allergy Clin Immunol 62:149–155
Atkinson RM, Jenkins L, Tomich EG, Woollett EA (1962) The effects of some anti-inflammatory substances on carrageenin‐induced granulomata. J Endocrinol 25:87–93
Aupperle KR, Bennett BL, Boyle DL, Tak PP, Manning AM, Firestein GS (1999) NF-κB regulation by IκB kinase in primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J Immunol 163:427–433
Authier N, Coudore F, Eschalier A, Fialip J (1999) Pain related behavior during vincristine‐induced neuropathy in rats. NeuroReport 10:965–968
Authier N, Gillet JP, Fialip J, Eschalier A, Coudore F (2003) A new animal model of vincristine‐induced nociceptive peripheral neuropathy. NeuroToxicology 24:797–805
Bahar M, Nunn JF, Rosen M, Flecknell P (1984) Differential sensory and motor blockade after spinal cocaine in the rat and marmoset. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1:31–36
Bailey SC, Asghar F, Przekop PA, Kurtz ES (1995) A novel contact hypersensitivity model for rank-ordering formulated corticosteroids. Inflamm Res 44, Suppl 2:S162–163
Baker D, O'Neill JK, Gschmeissner SE, Wilcox CE, Butter C, Turk JL (1990) Induction of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Biozzi mice. J Neuroimmunol 28:261–270
Baker D, Pryce G, Croxford JL, Brown P, Pertwee RG, Huffman HW, Layward L (2000) Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature 202:84–87
Bakker RA, Weiner DM, ter Laak T, Beuming T, Zuiderveld OP, Edelbroek M, Hacksell U, Timmerman H, Brann MR, Leurs R (2004) 8R-lisuride is a potent stereospecific histamine H1-receptor partial agonist. Mol Pharmacol 65:538–549
Banik RK, Subieta AR, Wu C, Brennan TJ (2005) Increased nerve growth factor after rat plantar incision contributes to guarding behavior and heat hyperalgesia. Pain 117:68–76
Bannwarth B, Demotes‐Mainard F, Schæverbeke T, Dahais J (1993) Where are peripheral analgesics acting? Ann Rheum Dis 52:1–4
Banzinger R (1964) Animal techniques for evaluating narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. In: Nodine JH and Siegler PE (eds) Animal and Clinical Pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation. Year Book Medical Publ, Inc., pp 392–396
Barlocco D, Cignarella G, Giardina GAM, Toma L (2000) The opioid‐receptor-lie 1 (ORL-1) as a potential target for new analgesics. Eur J Med Chem 35:275–282
Barth F, Rinaldi‐Carmona M (1999) The development of cannabinoid antagonists. Curr Med Chem 6:745–755
Bartoszyk GD, Wild A (1989) B-vitamins potentiate the anti-nociceptive effect of diclofenac in carrageenin‐induced hyperalgesia in the rat tail pressure test. Neurosci Lett 101:95–100
Bascands JL, Pecher C, Rounaud S, Emond C, Tack JL, Bastie MJ, Burch R, Regoli D, Girolami JP (1993) Evidence for existence of two distinct bradykinin receptors on rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol 264:F548–F556
Baumann TK, Martenson ME (2000) Extracellular protons both increase the activity and reduce the conductance of capsaicin-gated channels. J Neurosci 20: RC80 (1–5)
Beattie DT, Beresford IJM, Connor HE, Marshall FH, Hawcock AB, Hagen RM, Bowers J, Birch PJ, Ward P (1995) The pharmacology of GR203040, a novel, potent and selective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 116:3149–3157
Beaujouan JC, Saffroy M, Torrens Y, Glowinski J (1997) Potency and selectivity of the tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist SR 14801. Eur J Pharmacol 319:307–316
Bebonnel G, de Montigny C (1996) Modulation of NMDA and dopaminergic neurotransmissions by sigma ligands: possible implications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Life Sci 58:721–733
Beck PW, Handwerker HO (1974) Bradykinin and serotonin effects on various types of cutaneous nerve fibres. Pflügers Arch 347:209–222
Bejanian M, Jones BL, Syapin PJ, Finn DA, Alkana RJ (1991) Brain temperature and ethanol sensitivity in mice: A radiotelemetric study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39:457–463
Belliveau PP (2005) Omaizumab: a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. Med Gen Med 7:27
Ben-Bassat J, Peretz E, Sulman FG (1959) Analgesimetry and ranking of analgesic drugs by the receptacle method. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 122:434–447
Bennett AD, Chastain KM, Hulseboscj CE (2000b) Alleviation of mechanical and thermal allodynia by CGRP8–37 in a rodent model of chronic central pain. Pain 86:163–175
Bennett AD, Everhart AW, Hulsebosch CE (2000a) Intrathecal administration of an NMDA or a non-NMDA receptor antagonist reduces mechanical but not thermal allodynia in a rodent model of chronic pain after spinal cord injury. Brain Res 859:72–82
Bennett AJ, West GB (1978) Measurement of the changes in vascular permeability in rat skin. J Pharmacol Meth 1:105–108
Bennett GJ (1993) An animal model of neuropathic pain: a review. Muscle Nerve 16:1040–1048
Bennett GJ, Xie YK (1988) A peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 33:87–108
Beresford IJM, Ball DI, Sheldrick RGL, Turpin MP, Walsh DM, Hawcock AB, Coleman RM, Tyers MB (1995) GR 159897, a potent, non-peptide antagonist at NK2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 272:241–248
Beresford IJM, Sheldrick RLG, Ball DI, Turpin MP, Walsh DM, Hawcock AB, Coleman RA, Hagan RM, Tyers MB (1995) GR159897, a potent non-peptide antagonist at tachykinin NK2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 272:241–248
Berg J, Christoph T, Widerna M, Bodenteich A (1997) Isoenzyme‐specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors: A whole cell assay system using the human erythroleukemic cell line HEL and the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 37:179–186
Bertorelli R, Corradini L, Rafiq K, Tupper J, Calò G, Ongini E (1999) Nociceptin and the ORL1 ligand [Phe1Ψ (CH2-NH)Gly2]nociceptin(1–13)NH2 exert anti-opioid effects in the Freund's adjuvant‐induced arthritic rat model of chronic pain. Br J Pharmacol 128:1252–1258
Bertorelli R, Fredduzzi S, Tarozzo G, Campanella M, Grundy R, Beltramo M, Reggiani A (2005) Endogenous and exogenous melanocortin antagonists induce anti-allodynic effects in a model of rat neuropathic pain. Behav Brain Res 157:55–62
Berzetei‐Gurske IP, Troll L (1992) The μ-opioid activity of κ-opioid receptor agonist compounds in the guinea pig ileum. Eur J Pharmacol 212:283–286
Besson JM, Chaouch A (1987) Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception. Physiol Rev 67:67–186
Bester H, Beggs S, Woolf CJ (2000) Changes in tactile stimuli‐induced behavior and c-Fos expression in the superficial dorsal horn and in parabrachial nuclei after sciatic nerve crush. J Comp Neurol 428:45–61
Beutler B, Greenwald D, Hulmes JD, Chang M, Pan YC, Mathison J, Ulevitch R, Cerami A (1985) Identity of tumor necrosis factor and the macrophage‐secreted factor catechin. Nature 316:552–554
Bevan S, Hothi S, Hughes G, James IF, Rang HP, Shah K, Walpole CJS, Yeats JC (1992) Capsazepine: A competitive antagonist of the sensory neuron excitant capsaicin. Br J Pharmacol 107:544–552
Bevan S, Yeats JC (1991) Protons activate a cation conductance in a subpopulation of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Physiol (Lond) 433:145–161
Bhalla TN, Bhargava KP (1980) Aconitine‐induced writhing as a method for assessing Aspirin-like analgesic activity. J Pharmacol Meth 3:9–14
Bhargava HN, Zhao GM (1996) Effects of competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor on the analgesic action of δ1 and δ2 opioid receptors in mice. Br J Pharmacol 119:1586–1590
Bianchi C, Franceschini J (1954) Experimental observations on Haffner's method for testing analgesic drugs. Br J Pharmacol 9:280–284
Bigoni R, Giuliani S, Calò G, Rizzi A, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Regoli D, Maggi CA (1999) Characterization of nociceptin receptors in the periphery: in vitro and in vivo studies. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 359:160–167
Bilkei-Gorzo A, Racz I, Valverde O, Otto M, Michel K, Sarstre M, Zimmer A (2005) Early age-related cognitive impairment in mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15670–15675
Bing JR (2003) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Is there an association with coronary or renal events? Curr Atheroscler Rep 5:114–117
Bingham S, Beswick PJ, Bountra C, Brown T, Campbell JP, Chessell IP, Clayton N, Collins SD, Davey PT, Goodland H, Gray N, Haslam C, Hatcher JP, Hunter AJ, Lucas F, Murkitt G, Naylor A, Pickup E, Sargent P, Summerfield SG, Stevens A, Stratton SC, Wiseman J (2005) The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor GW406381X [2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]pyrazol[1,5-b]pyridazine] is effective in animal models of neuropathic pain and central sensitization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 312:1161–1169
Bird TA, Saklatvala J (1986) Identification of a common class of high-affinity receptors for both types of porcine interleukin-1 on connective tissue cells. Nature 324:263–266
Bishop‐Bailey D, Warner TD (2003) PPARγ ligands induce prostaglandin production in vascular smooth muscle cells: indomethacin acts as a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor-γ antagonist. FASEB J 17:1925–1927
Björkman RL, Hedner T, Hallman KM, Henning M, Hedner J (1992) Localization of central antinociceptive effects of diclofenac in the rat. Brain Res 590:66–73
Blackburn-Munro G, Jensen BS (2003) The anticonvulsant retigabine attenuates nociceptive behavior in rat models of persistent and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 460:109–116
Blackham A, Woods FAM (1986) Immune complex mediated inflammation in the mouse peritoneal cavity. J Pharmacol Meth 15:77–85
Blake L, Graeme ML, Sigg EB (1963) Grid shock test for analgesic assay in mice. Med Exp 9:146–150
Blane GF (1968) A new laboratory model for evaluating analgesic and analgesic‐antagonist drugs. In: Soulairac A, Cahn J, Charpentier J (eds) Pain. Academic Press, London, New York, pp 218–222
Blanquart C, Barbier O, Fruchart JC, Staels B, Glineur C (2003) Peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptors: regulation of transcriptional activities and roles in inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 85:267–273
Blatt LM, Davis JM, Klein SB, Taylor MW (1996) The biological activity and molecular characterization of a novel synthetic interferon-alpha species, consensus interferon. J Interferon Cytokine Res 16:488–499
Block RI, Farinpour R, Schlechte JA (1991) Effects of chronic marijuana use on testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin and cortisol in men and women. Drug Alcohol Depend 28:121–128
Bloss JL, Hammond DL (1985) Shock titration in the rhesus monkey: effects of opiate and nonopiate analgesics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 235:423–430
Blumberg H, Wolf PS, Dayton HB (1965) Use of writhing test for evaluating activity of narcotic antagonists. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 118:763–766
Bobalik GR, Bastian JW (1967) Effects of various antiphlogistic agents on adjuvant‐induced exudate formation in rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 166:466–472
Bombardier C, Leine L, Reich A, Shapiro D, Burgos‐Vargas R, Davis B, Day R, Ferraz MB, Hawkey CJ, Hochberg MC, Kvien TK, Schnitzer TJ, for the VIGOR Study Group (2000) Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatic arthritis. New Engl J Med 343:1520–1528
Bomholt SF, Mikkelsen JD, Blackburn-Munro G (2005) Antinociceptive effects of the antidepressants amitriptyline, duloxetine, mirtazepine and citalopram in animal models of acute, resistant and neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 48:252–261
Bon K, Lantéri-Minet M, de Pommery J, Michiels JF, Menétrey D (1996) Cyclophosphamide cystitis as a model of visceral pain in rats. A survey of hindbrain structures involved in visceroception and nociception using the expression of c-Fos and Krox-24 proteins. Exp Brain Res 108:404–416
Bon K, Lichtensteiger CA, Wilson SG, Mogli JS (2003) Characterization of cycophosphamide cystitis, a model of visceral and referred pain, in the mouse: species and strain differences. J Urol 170:1008–1012
Bonnet J, Kucharczyk N, Robineau P, Lonchampt M, Dacquet C, Regoli D, Fauchère JL, Canet E (1996) A water soluble, stable dipeptide NK1 receptor‐selective neurokinin receptor antagonist with potent in vivo pharmacological effects: S18523. Eur J Pharmacol 310:37–46
Bonnet KA, Peterson KE (1975) A modification of the jump-flinch technique for measuring pain sensitivity in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 3:47–55
Bonta IL, Adolfs MJP, Parnham MJ (1979) Cannulated sponge implants in rats for the study of time-dependent pharmacological influences on inflammatory granulomata. J Pharmacol Meth 2:1–11
Boopathy R, Balasubramanian AS (1988) Purification and characterization of sheep platelet cyclooxygenase. Biochem J 239:371–377
Borgeat P, Samuelsson B (1979), Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Effect of ionophore A 23187. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:2148–2152
Boris A, Stevenson RH (1965) The effects of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on carrageenin‐induced exudate formation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 153:205–210
Bosio E, Beilharz MW, Watson MW, Lawson CM (1999) Efficacy of low-dose oral use of type I interferon in cytomegalovirus infections in vivo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 19:869–876
Botrel MA, Haak T, Legrand C, Concordet D, Chevalier R, Toutain PL (1994) Quantitative evaluation of an experimental inflammation induced with Freund's complete adjuvant in dogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 32:63–71
Bouaboula M, Rinaldi M, Carayon P, Carillon C, Delpech B, Shire D, Le Fur G, Casellas P (1993) Cannabinoid‐receptor expression in human leukocytes. Eur J Biochem 214:173–180
Boucek RJ, Noble NL (1955) Connective tissue. A technique for its isolation and study. AMA Arch Pathol 59:553–558
Boucher M, Meen M, Codron JP, Coudore F, Kemeny JL, Eschalier A (2000) Cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis in freely moving conscious rats: behavioural approach to a new model of visceral pain. J Urol 164:203–208
Boucher M, Meen M, Codron JP, Coudoré F, Kémény JL, Eschalier A (1997) Cyclophosphamide cystitis in rats: A new behavioral model of visceral pain. Fund Clin Pharmacol 11:160
Bourgoin S, Borgeat P, Poubelle PE (1991) Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM-CSF) primes human neutrophils for enhanced phosphatidylcholine breakdown by phospholipase D. Agents Actions 34:32–34
Bouthillier J, Deblois D, Marceau F (1987) Studies on the induction of pharmacological responses to des-Arg9-bradykinin in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 92:257–264
Bowen WD, Hellewell SB, McGarry KA (1989) Evidence for a multi-site model of the rat brain σ receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 163:309–318
Bowers RR, Birch ML, Thomas DW (1985) A biochemical study of the carrageenan‐induced granuloma in the rat lung. Conn Tiss Res 13:191–206
Boyden S (1962) The chemotactic effects of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med 115:453–466
Boyle SJ, Meecham KG, Hunter JC, Hughes J (1990) [3H]-CI-977: a highly selective ligand for the k-opioid receptor in both guinea-pig and rat forebrain. Mol Neuropharmacol 1:23–29
Boyum A (1976) Isolation of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages. Scand J Immunol 5 (Suppl 5):9–15
Bradford M (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–252
Bradford PG, Rubin RP (1986) The differential effects of nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate on the secretory response of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. Eur J Respir Dis 69 (Suppl 147):238–240
Braga da Motta JI, Cinha FQ, Vargaftig BB, Ferreira SH (1994) Drug modulation of antigen‐induced paw oedema in guinea-pigs: effects of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor and leucocyte depletion. Br J Pharmacol 112:111–116
Bragt PC, Bonta IL, Adolfs MJP (1980) Cannulated Teflon chamber implant in the rat: A new model for continuous studies on granulomatous inflammation. J Pharmacol Meth 3:51–61
Brambilla A, Prudentio A, Grippa N, Borsini F (1996) Pharmacological characterization of AMPA-induced biting behavior in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 305:115–117
Branceni D, Azadian‐Boulanger A, Jequier R (1964) L'inflammation expérimentale par un analogue de l'héparine. Un test d'activité antiinflammatoire. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 152:15–24
Brand MD (1996) Top down metabolic control analysis. J Theor Biol 182:351–360
Brand MD (1998) Top-down elasticity analysis and its application to energy metabolism in isolated mitochondria and intact cells. Mol Cell Biochem 184:13–20
Brasch H, Zetler G (1982) Caerulein and morphine in a model of visceral pain. Effects on the hypotensive response to renal pelvis distension in the rat. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 319:161–167
Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J (2003) Biologic therapies in the spondyloarthritis: new opportunities, new challenges. Curr Opin Rheumatol 15:394–407
Bray MA, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Shipley ME, Smith MJH (1980) Calcium ionophore A23187 induces release of chemokinetic and aggregating factors from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Br J Pharmacol 71:507–512
Brenner NJ, Stonesifer GY, Schneck KA, Burns HD, Ransom RW (1993) [125I]PIP HOE 140, a high affinity radioligand for bradykinin B2 receptors. Life Sci 53:1879–1886
Brideau C, Kargman S, Liu S, Dallob AL, Ehich EW, Rodger IW, Chan C-C (1996) A human whole blood assay for clinical evaluation of biochemical efficacy of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Inflamm Res 45:68–74
Bristow LJ, Young L (1994) Chromodacryorrhea and repetitive hind paw tapping. Models of peripheral and central tachykinin NK1 receptor activation in gerbils. Eur J Pharmacol 253:245–252
Broccardo M, Improta G, Tabacco A (1999) Central tachykinin NK3 receptors in the inhibitory action on rat colonic propulsion of a new tachykinin, PG-KII. Eur J Pharmacol 376:67–71
Brooks RR, Carpenter JF, Jones SM, Ziegler TC, Pong SF (1991) Canine carrageenin‐induced acute paw inflammation model and its response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Pharmacol Meth 25:275–283
Brune K, Alpermann H (1983) Non-acidic pyrazoles: inhibition of prostaglandin production, carrageenan oedema and yeast fever. Agents Actions 13:360–363
Bruns RF, Thomsen WJ, Pugsley TA (1983) Binding of leukotrienes C4 and D4 to membranes from guinea pig lung: regulation by ions and guanine nucleotides. Life Sci 33:645–653
Buell G, Schulz MF, Arkinstall SJ, Maury K, Missotten M, Adami N, Talabot F, Kawashima E (1992) Molecular characterization, expression and localization of human neurokinin-3 receptor. FEBS Lett 299:90–95
Burch RM, Connor JR, Bator JM, Weitzberg M, Laemont K, Noronha-Blob L, Sullivan JP, Steranka LR (1992) NPC 15669 inhibits the reverse passive Arthus reaction in rats by blocking neutrophil recruitment. J Pharm Exp Ther 263:933–937
Burch RM, DeHaas Ch (1990) A bradykinin antagonist inhibits carrageenan edema in rats. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 342:189–193
Burch RM, Farmer SG, Steranka LR (1990) Bradykinin receptor antagonists. Med Res Rev 10:237–239
Burch RM, Kyle DJ (1992) Minireview: Recent developments in the understanding of bradykinin receptors. Life Sci 50:829–838
Burch RM, Kyle DJ, Stormann TM (1993) Molecular Biology and Pharmacology of Bradykinin Receptors: The Pharmacological Classification of Kinins. RG Landes Comp., Austin, pp 6–18
Burke JR, Pattoli MA, Gregor KR, Brassil PJ, MacMaster JF, McIntyre KW, Yang X, Iotzova VS, Clarke W, Strnad J, Qiu Y, Zusi FC (2003) BMS-345541 is a highly selective inhibitor of IκB kinase that binds at an allosteric site of the enzyme and blocks NF-κB–dependent transcription in mice. J Biol Chem 278:1450–1456
Burkey TH, Ehlert FJ, Hososhata Y, Quok RM, Cowell S, Hosohata K, Stropova VD, Li X, Slate C, Nagase H, Porreca F, Hruby VJ, Roeske WR, Yamamura HI (1998) The efficacy of opioid receptor‐selective drugs. Life Sci 62:1531–1536
Burn JH, Finney DJ, Goodwin LG (1950) Chapter XIV: Anti-pyretics and analgesics. In: Biological Standardization. Oxford University Press, London, New York, pp 312–319
Burns RBP, Alioto NJ, Hurley KE (1968) Modification of the bradykinin‐induced writhing test for analgesia. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 175:41–55
Buscail L, Gourlet P, Cauvin A, de Neef P, Gossen D, Arimura A, Miyata A, Coy DH (1990) Presence of highly selective receptors for PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide) in membranes from the rat pancreatic acinar cell line AR 4-J. FEBS Lett 262:77–81
Bush IE, Alexander RW (1960) An improved method for the assay of antiinflammatory substances in rats. Acta Endocr (Kbh) 35:268–276
Butler DM, Scallon B, Meager A, Kissonerghis M, Corcoran A, Chernajovsky Y, Feldmann M, Ghrayeb J, Brennan FM (1994) TNF receptor fusion proteins are effective inhibitors of TNF-mediated cytotoxicity on human KYM-1D4 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cytokine 6:616–623
Butt SK, Dawson LG, Hall JM (1995) Bradykinin B1 receptors in the rabbit urinary bladder: induction of responses, smooth muscle contraction, and phopshatidylinositol hydrolysis. Br J Pharmacol 114:612–617
Buxbaum DM (1972) Analgesic activity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat and mouse. Psychopharmacology 25:275–280
Bíró T, Maurer M, Modarres S, Lewin NE, Brodie C, Ács G, Ács P, Paus R, Blumberg PM (1998) Characterization of functional vanilloid receptors expressed by mast cells. Blood 91:1332–1340
Bíró T, Ács G, Ács P, Modarres S, Bluber PM (1997) Recent advances in understanding of vanilloid receptors: a therapeutic target for treatment of pain and inflammation in skin. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2:56–60
Cabrero A, Laguna JC, Vázquez M (2002) Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors and the control of inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 1:243–248
Cadas H, Gaillet S, Beltramo M, Venance L, Piomelli D (1996) Biosynthesis of an endogenous cannabinoid precursor in neurons and its control by calcium and cAMP. J Neurosci 16:3934–3942
Cahill CM, Dray A, Coderre TJ (2003) Intrathecal nerve growth factor restores opioid effectiveness in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 45:543–552
Calixto JB, Medeiros R, Fernandes ES, Ferreira J, Caprini DA, Campos MM (2004) Kinin B1 receptors: key G-protein‐coupled receptors and their role in inflammatory and painful processes. Br J Pharmacol 143:803–818
Calvo JR, Montilla ML, Guerrero JM, Segura JJ (1994) Expression of VIP receptors in mouse peritoneal macrophages: Functional and molecular characterization. J Neuroimmunol 50:85–93
Calò G, Guerrini R, Bigoni R, Rizzi A, Marzola G, Okawa H, Bianchi C, Lambert DG, Salvadori S, Regoli D (2000) Characterization of [Nph1]nociceptin(1–13)NH2, a new selective nociceptin receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 129:1183–1193
Calò G, Rizzi A, Bodin M, Neugebauer W, Salvadori S, Guerrini R, Bianchi C, Regoli D (1997) Pharmacological characterization of nociceptin receptor: an in vitro study. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 75:713–718
Cambridge H, Ajuebor MN, Brain SD (1996) Investigation of 6-hydroxydopamine‐induced plasma extravasation in rat skin. Eur J Pharmacol 301:151–157
Campbell EA, Gentry CT, Patel S, Panesar MS, Walpole CJS, Urban L (1998) Selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists are anti-hyperalgesic in a model of neuropathic pain in the guinea pig. Neuroscience 87:527–532
Campell ND, Geller I (1968) Comparison of analgesic effects of O-(4-methoxy phenyl carbamoyl)-3-diethylaminopropiophenone oxime HCl (USVP E-142), pentazocine and morphine in cynomolgus monkeys. Fed Proc FASEB 27:653 (2465)
Campos MM, Souza GEP, Calixto JB (1996) Upregulation of B1 receptor mediating des-Arg9-BK-induced rat paw edema by systemic treatment with bacterial endotoxin. Br J Pharmacol 117:793–798
Camussi G, Tetta C, Bussolino F, Baglioni C (1990) Antiinflammatory peptides (antiflammins) inhibit synthesis of platelet‐activating factor, neutrophil aggregation and chemotaxis, and intradermal inflammatory reactions. J Exp Med 171:913–927
Carey F, Haworth D, Edmonds AE, Forder RA (1988) Simple procedure for measuring the pharmacodynamics and analgesic potential of lipoxygenase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Meth 20:347–356
Carey M, Smale ST (2000) Electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In: Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes: concepts, strategies, and techniques. Chap 13, Protocol 13.5:493–496 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA, 2000). Nature Methods 2:557–558
Carleson J, Alstergren P, Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S, Theodorsson E, Lundeberg T (1996) A model for experimental induction of acute temporomandibular joint inflammation in rats: Effects of substance P (SP) in neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity. Life Sci 59:1193–1201
Carlson RP, Datko LJ, Welch TM, Purvis WF, Shaw GW, Thompson JL, Brunner TR (1986) An automated microcomputer-based system for determining canine paw pressure quantitatively in the dog synovitis model. J Pharmacol Meth 15:95–104
Carlsson KH, Helmreich J, Jurna I (1986) Comparison of central antinociceptive and analgesic effects of the pyrazolone derivatives, metamizol (Dipyrone) and aminophenzone (“Pyramidon”). Schmerz – Pain – Douleur 3:93–100
Carlsson KH, Monzel W, Jurna I (1988) Depression of morphine and the non-opioid analgesic agents, metamizol (dipyrone), lysine acetyl salicylate, and paracetamol, of activity in rat thalamus neurons evoked by electrical stimulation of nociceptive afferents. Pain 32:313–326
Carmon A, Frostig R (1981) Noxious stimulation of animals by brief laser induced heat: advantages to pharmacological testing of analgesics. Life Sci 29:11–16
Carroll MN, Lim RKS (1960) Observations on the neuropharmacology of morphine and morphinelike analgesia. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 125:383–403
Carter DB, Deibel MR Jr, Dunn CJ, Tomich CSC, Laborde AL, Slightom JL, Berger AE, Bienkowski MJ, Sun FF, McEwan RN (1990) Purification, cloning, expression and biological characterization of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein. Nature (Lond) 344:633–638
Cascieri MA, Ber E, Fong TM, Sadowski S, Bansal A, Swain C, Seward E, Frances B, Burns D, Strader CD (1992) Characterization of the binding of a potent, selective, radioiodinated antagonist to the human neurokinin-1 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 42:458–463
Cascieri MA, Fong TM, Strader CD (1995) Molecular characterization of a common binding site for small molecules within the transmembrane domain of G-protein coupled receptors. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:179–185
Cashin CH, Dawson W, Kitchen EA (1977) The pharmacology of benoxaprofen (2-[4-chlorophenyl]-α-methyl-5-benzoxazole acetic acid), LRCL 3794, a new compound with anti-inflammatory activity apparently unrelated to prostaglandin synthesis. J Pharm Pharmacol 29:330–336
Cashin CH, Heading CE (1968) The assay for anti-pyretic drugs in mice, using intracerebral injection of pyretogenins. Br J Pharmacol 34:148–158
Castrillo A, de las Heras B, Hortelano S, Rodríguez B, Villar A, Boscá L (2001) Inhibition of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κ B) pathway by tetracyclic kaurene diterpenes in macrophages. J Biol Chem 276:15854–15860
Castro AC, Dang LC, Soucy F, Grenier L, Mazdiyasni H, Hottelet M, Parent L, Pien C, Palombella V, Adams J (2003) Novel IKK inhibitors: β-carbolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:2419–2422
Caterina MJ, Julius D (2001) The vanilloid receptor: A molecular gateway to the pain pathway. Ann Rev Neurosci 24:487–517
Caterina MJ, Leffler A, Malmberg AB, Martin WJ, Trafton J, Petersen-Zeitz KR, Koltzenburg M, Basbaum AI, Julius D (2000) Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor. Science 288:306–313
Caterina MJ, Rosen TA, Tomigaga M, Brake AJ, Julius D (1999) A capsaicin‐receptor homologue with a high threshold for noxious heat. Nature 398:436–441
Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D (1997) The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 389:816–824
Caudle RM, Perez FM, King C, Yu CG, Yezierski RP (2003) N-Methyl-D-aspartate subunit expression and phosphorylation following excitotoxic spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 349:37–40
Champion HC, Bivalacqua TJ, Wang R, Hellstrom WJG, Kadowitz PJ (1998) [Tyr1]nociceptin and nociceptin have similar naloxoneinsensitive erectile activity in the cat. J Androl 19:747–753
Champion HC, Wang R, Hellstrom WJG, Kadowitz PJ (1997) Nociceptin, a novel endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, has potent erectile activity in the cat. Am J Physiol 273 (Endocrinol Metab 36):E214–E219
Chan CC, Boyce S, Brideau C, Charleson S, Cromlish W, Ethier D, Evans J, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Forrest MJ, Gauthier JY, Gordon R, Gresser M, Guay J, Kargman S, Kennedy B, Leblanc Y, Léger S, Mancini J, O'Neill GP, Ouellet M, Patrick D, Percival H, Perrier H, Prasit P, Rodger I, Tagari P, Thérien M, Vickers P, Visco D, Wang Z, Webb J, Wong E, Xu LJ, Young RN, Zamboni R, Riendeau D (1999) Rofecoxib [Vioxx, MK-0966; 4-(4′-Methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-(5H)-furanone]: A potent and orally active cyclogenase-2 inhibitor. Pharmacological biochemical profiles. J Pharmacol Ex Ther 290:551–560
Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KLT, Evanson NK, Tomsik J, Elton TS (2002) COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13926–13931
Chang J, Blazek E, Skowronek M, Marinari L, Carlson RP (1987) The antiinflammatory action of guanabenz is mediated through 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibition. Eur J Pharm 142:197–205
Chang MM, Leeman SE, Niahl HD (1971) Amino acid sequence of substance P. Nature 232:86–88
Chaperon F, Thiebot MH (1999) Behavioral effects of cannabinoid agents in animals. Crit Rev Neurobiol 13:243–281
Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW, Chung JM, Yaksh TL (1994) Quantitative measurement of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. J Neurosci Methods 53:55–63
Chapman V, Buritova J, Honoré P, Besson JM (1996) Physiological contribution of neurokinin 1 receptor activation, and interactions with NMDA receptors, to inflammatory‐evoked spinal c-Fos expression. J Neurophysiol 76:1817–1827
Chapman V, Dickenson AH (1992) The spinal and peripheral roles of bradykinin and prostaglandins in nociceptive processing in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 219:427–433
Charlier R, Prost M, Binon F, Deltour G (1961) Étude pharmacologique d'un antitussif, le fumarate acide de phénéthyl-1 (propyne-2?yl)-4-propionoxy-4 pipéridine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 134:306–327
Charpentier J (1968) Analysis and measurement of pain in animals. A new conception of pain. In: Soulairac A, Cahn J, Charpentier J (eds) Pain. Acad Press, London New York, pp 171–200
Chaturvedi MM, Mukhopadhyay A, Aggarwal BB (2000) Assay for redox-sensitive transcription factor. Methods Enzymol 319:585–602
Chau TT (1989) Analgesic testing in animal models. In: Pharmacological Methods in the Control of Inflammation. Alan R Liss, Inc. pp 196–212
Chen JJ, Dewdney N, Lin X, Martin RL, Walker KAM, Huang J, Chu F, Eugui E, Mirkovich A, Kim Y, Sarma K, Arzeno H, van Wart HE (2003) Design and synthesis of orally active inhibitors of TNF synthesis as anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:3951–3954
Chen L, Pei G, Zhang W (2004) An overall picture of chemokine receptors: basic research and drug development. Curr Pharm Design 10:1045–1055
Chen S, Bacon KB, Li L, Garcia GE, Xia Y, Lo D, Thompson DA, Siani MA, Yamamoto T, Harrison JK, Feng L (1998) In vivo inhibition of CC and CX3C chemokine‐induced leukocyte infiltration and attenuation of glomerulonephritis in Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats by vMIP-II. J Exp Med 188:193–198
Cheng JB, Cheng EIP, Kohi F, Townley RG (1986) [3H]Leukotriene B4 binding to the guinea-pig spleen membrane preparation: a rich tissue source for a high-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor site. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 236:126–132
Cheng S, Afif H, Martel‐Pelletier J, Pelletier, Li X, Farrajota K, Lavigne M, Fahmi H (2004) Activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ inhibits interleukin-1β induced membrane‐associated prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts by interfering with Egr-1. J Biol Chem 279:22057–22065
Cheng YC, Prusoff WH (1973) Relationship between the inhibition constant (Ki) and the concentration of inhibitor which causes 50 percent inhibition (I50) of an enzymatic reaction. Biochem Pharmacol 22:3099–3108
Chernov HI, Wilson DE, Fowler F, Plummer AJ (1967) Non-specificity of the mouse writhing test. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 167:171–178
Childers S, Creese I, Snowman AM, Snyder SH (1979) Opiate receptor binding affected differentially by opiates and opioid peptides. Eur J Pharmacol 55:11–18
Chin J, et al (1987) Identification of a high affinity receptor for native interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β on normal human lung fibroblasts. J Exp Med 165:70–86
Chin JH, Domino EF (1961) Effects of morphine on brain potentials evoked by stimulation of the tooth pulp of the dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 132:74–86
Chipkin RE (1986) Inhibition of enkephalinase: The next generation of analgesics. Drugs Future 11:593–606
Chipkin RE, Berger JG, Billard W, Iorio LC, Chapman R, Barnett A (1988) Pharmacology of SCH 34826, an orally active enkephalinase inhibitor analgesic. J Pharm Exp Ther 245:829–838
Chipkin RE, Latranyi MB, Iorio LC, Barnett A (1983) Determination of analgesic drug efficacies by modification of the Randall and Selitto rat yeast paw test. J Pharmacol Meth 10:223–229
Chizh BA, Cumberbatch MJ, Headley PM (1994) A comparison of intravenous NBQX and GYKI 53655 as AMPA antagonists in the rat spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 112:843–846
Christensen D, Gautron M, Guilbaud G, Kayser V (2001) Effect of gabapentin and lamotrigine on mechanical allodynia-like behavior in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Pain 93:147–153
Christensen MD, Everhart AW, Pickelman JT, Hulsebosch CE (1996) Mechanical and thermal allodynia in chronic central pain following spinal cord injury. Pain 68:97–107
Christensen MD, Hulsebosch CE (1997a) Spinal cord injury and anti-NGF treatment results in changes in CGRP density and distribution in the dorsal horn in the rat. Exp Neurol 147:463–475
Christensen MD, Hulsebosch CE (1997b) Chronic central pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 14:517–537
Christman JW, Blackwell TS, Juurlink BH (2000a) Redox regulation of nuclear factor kappa B: therapeutic potential for attenuating inflammatory responses. Brain Pathol 10:153–162
Christman JW, Sadikot RT, Blackwell TS (2000b) The role of nuclear factor κB in pulmonary diseases. Chest 117:1482–1487
Ciccarelli E, Svoboda M, de Neef P, di Paolo E, Bollen A, Dubeaux C, Vilardage JP, Waelbroeck M, Robberecht P (1995) Pharmacological properties of two recombinant splice variants of the PACAP type I receptor transferred and stably expressed in CHO cells. Eur J Pharmacol 288:259–267
Ciccarelli E, Vilardaga JP, de Neef P, di Paolo E, Warelbroeck M, Bollen A, Robberecht P (1994) Properties of the VIP-PACAP type II receptor stably expressed in CHO cells. Regul Pept 54:397–407
Cirillo R, Astolfi M, Conte B, Lopez G, Parlani M, Terracciano R, Fincham CI, Manzini S (1998) Pharmacology of the peptidomimetic, MEN 11149, a new potent, selective and orally effective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 341:201–209
Cirino G, Peers SH, Wallace JL, Flower RJ (1989) A study of phospholipase A2-induced oedema in rat paw. Eur J Pharmacol 166:505–510
Civelli O, Nothacker HP, Reinscheid R (1998) Reverse physiology: discovery of the novel neuropeptide, orphanin FQ/nociceptin. Crit Rev Neurobiol 12:163–176
Clark CR, Birchmore B, Sharif NA, Hunter JC, Hill RG, Hughes J (1988) PD117302: a selective agonist for the κ-opioid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 93:618–626
Clark JA, Liu L, Price M, Hersh B, Edelson M, Pasternak GW (1989) Kappa opiate receptor multiplicity: Evidence for two U50,488 sensitive k1 subtypes and a novel κ3 subtype. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:461–468
Clark RB (2002) The role of PPARs in inflammation and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 71:388–400
Clarke P, Meintzer SM, Moffitt LA, Tyler KL (2003) Two distinct phases of virus-induced nuclear factor κB regulation enhance tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand‐mediated apoptosis in virus-infected cells. J Biol Chem 278:18092–18100
Clavelou P, Pajot J, Dallel R, Raboisson P (1989) Application of the formalin test to the study of orofacial pain in the rat. Neurosci Lett 103:349–353
Clement JG, Mills P, Brockway B (1989) Use of telemetry to record body temperature and activity in mice. J Pharmacol Meth 21:129–140
Cochran FR, Finch-Arietta MB (1989) Optimization of cofactors which regulate RBL-1 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 161:1327–1332
Coderre TJ, Xanthos DN, Francis L, Bennett GJ (2004) Chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP): a novel animal model of complex regional pain syndrome-Type I (CRPS-I; reflex sympathetic dystrophy) produced by prolonged hindpaw ischemia and reperfusion in the rat. Pain 112:94–105
Colagiovanni DB, Shopp GM (1996) Evaluation of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and tumor necrosis factor binding protein (TNF-BP) in a rodent abscess model of host resistance. Immunopharmacol Immuntoxicol 18:397–419
Colburn RW, Coombs DW, Degnan CC, Rogers LL (1989) Mechanical visceral pain model: chronic intermittent intestinal distension in the rat. Physiol Behav 45:191–197
Cole P, Rabasseda X (2004) The soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor Etanercept: a new strategy in the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic disease. Drugs Today 40:281–324
Coleman RA, Smith WL, Narumiya S (1994) VIII. International union of pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: Properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 46:205–229
Collier HOJ (1964) Analgesics. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. pp 183–203. Academic Press London, New York
Collier HOJ (1965) Multiple toe-pinch test for potential analgesic drugs. In: Keele, Smith (eds) Assessment of Pain in Man and Animals. Livingston, London, pp 262–270
Collier HOJ, Dinneen LC, Johnson CA, Schneider C (1968) The abdominal constriction response and its suppression by analgesic drugs in the mouse. Br J Pharmac Chemother 32:295–310
Collier HOJ, Lee IR (1963) Nociceptive responses of guinea-pigs to intradermal injections of bradykinin and kallidin-10. Br J Pharmacol 21:155–164
Collins PD, Connolly DT, Williams TJ (1993) Characterization of the increase in vascular permeability induced by vascular permeability factor in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 109:195–199
Colorado A, Slama JT, Stavinoha WB (1991) A new method for measuring auricular inflammation in the mouse. J Pharmacol Meth 26:73–77
Colpaert FC, Wu WP, Hao JX, Royer I, Sautel F, Wiesenfeld‐Hallin Z, Xu XJ (2004) High-efficacy 5-HT1A receptor activation causes a curative-like action on allodynia in rats with spinal cord injury. Eur J Pharmacol 497:29–33
Colquhoun A, Lawrence GM, Shamovsky IL, Riopelle RJ, Ross GM (2004) Differential activity of the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) antagonist PD90780 [7-(Benzolylamino)-4,9-dihydro-4-methyl-9-oxo-pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazoline-2-carboxylic Acid] suggests altered NGF-p75NTR interactions in the presence of TrkA. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310:505–511
Compton DR, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Martin BR (1992) Pharmacological evaluation of a series of bicyclic cannabinoid analogs: Classification as cannabimimetic agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:201–209
Compton DR, Rice KC, de Costa BR, Razdan RK, Melvin LS, Johnson MR, Martin BR (1993) Cannabinoid structure‐activity relationships: Correlation of receptor binding and in vivo activities. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:218–226
Connick JH, Hanlon G, Roberts J, France L, Fox PK, Nicholson CD (1992) Multiple σ binding sites in guinea-pig and rat brain membranes: G-protein interactions. Br J Pharmacol 107:726–731
Connor M, Vaughan CW, Chieng B, Christie MJ (1996a) Nociceptin receptor coupling to a potassium conductance in rat locus coeruleus neurones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 119:1614–1618
Connor M, Yeo A, Henderson G (1996b) Effect of nociceptin on Ca2+ channel current and intracellular Ca2+ in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. Br J Pharmacol 118:205–207
Copeland RA, Williams JM, Giannaras J, Nurnberg S, Covington M, Pinto D, Pick S, Trzaskos JM (1994) Mechanism of selective inhibition of the inducible isoform of prostaglandin G/H synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11202–11206
Corbett AD, Paterson SJ, Kosterlitz HW (1992) Selectivity of ligands for opioid receptors. In: Herz A, Akil H, Simon EJ (eds) Opioids I, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Vol 104/I, Chapter 26, pp 645–679. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Corrêa CR, Calixto JB (1993) Evidence for participation of B1 and B2 kinin receptors in formalin‐induced nociceptive response in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 110:193–198
Costa B, Colleoni M, Conti S, Parolaro D, Franke C, Trovato AE, Giagnoni G (2004) Oral anti-inflammatory activity of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis, in acute carrageenan‐induced inflammation in the rat paw. Naunyn‐Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 369:294–299
Costa B, Trovato AE, Colleoni M, Giagnoni G, Zarini E, Croci T (2005) Effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716, on nociceptive response and nerve demyelination in rodents with chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Pain 116:52–61
Costello AH, Hargreaves KM (1989) Suppression of carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia, hyperthermia and edema by a bradykinin antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 171:259–263
Costentin J, Vlaiculescu A, Chaillet P, Natan B, Aveaux D, Schwartz JC (1986) Dissociated effects of inhibitors of enkephalin‐metabolizing peptidases or naloxone on various nociceptive responses. Eur J Pharmacol 123:37–44
Cotton R, Kosterlitz HW, Paterson SJ, Rance MJ, Traynor JR (1985) The use of [3H]-[D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin as a highly selective ligand for the δ-binding site. Br J Pharmacol 84:927–932
Courteix C, Bardin M, Chantelauze C, Lavarenne L, Eschalier A (1994) Study of the sensitivity of the diabetes‐induced pain model in rats to a range of analgesics. Pain 57:153–160
Coutts AA, Brewster M, Ingram T, Razdan RK, Pertwee RG (2000) Comparison of novel cannabinoid partial agonist and SR 141716A in the guinea pig small intestine. Br J Pharmacol 129:645–652
Couvineau A, Rousset M, Laburthe M (1985) Molecular identification and structural requirement of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29. Biochem J 213:139–143
Cowan A (1990) Recent approaches in the testing of analgesics in animals. In: Modern Methods in Pharmacology, Vol 6, Testing and Evaluation of Drugs of Abuse. Wiley-Liss, Inc. pp 33–42
Croci T, Emonds-Alt X, Le Fur G, Manara L (1995) In vitro characterization of the non-peptide tachykinin NK-1 and NK-2-receptor antagonists, SR 140333 and SR 48968 in different rat and guinea-pig intestinal segments. Life Sci 56:267–275
Crofford LJ (1997) COX-1 and COX-2 tissue expression: implications and predictions. J Rheumatol 24, Suppl 49:15–19
Cromlish WA, Kennedy BP (1996) Selective inhibition of cyclogenase-1 and -2 using intact insect cell assays. Biochem Pharmacol 52:1777–1785
Crothers DM, Gartenberg MR, Shrader TE (1991) DNA bending in protein-DNA complexes. Methods Enzymol 208:118–146
Crummey A, Harper GP, Boyle EA, Mangan FR (1987) Inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema as a model for assessing topical anti-inflammatory compounds. Agents Actions 20:69–72
Cumberbatch MJ, Chizh BA, Headley PM (1994) AMPA receptors have an equal role in spinal nociceptive and non-nociceptive transmission. NeuroReport 5:877–880
Cunha TM, Verri WA Jr, Silva JS, Poole S, Cunha FQ, Ferreira SH (2005) A cascade of cytokines mediates mechanical inflammatory hypernociception in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:1755–1760
Cutrer FM, Moskowitz MA (1996) The actions of valproate and neurosteroids in a model of trigeminal pain. Headache 36:579–585
Cvetkovic RS, Keating G (2002) Anakinra. BioDrugs 16:303–311
D'Acquisto F, May MJ, Gosh S (2002) Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB): An emerging ther in antiinflammatory therapies. Mol Interventions 2:22–35
D'Amato (2006) Role of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) in the treatment of bronchial asthma and allergic respiratory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 533:302–307
D'Ambra TE, Estep KG, Bell MR, Eissenstat MA, Josef KA, Ward SJ, Haycock DA, Baizman ER, Casiano FM, Beglin NC, Chippari SM, Grego JD, Kullnig RK, Daley GT (1992) Conformationally restrained analogues of pravadoline: nanomolar potent, enatioselective, (aminoalkyl)indole agonists on the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem 35:124–135
D'Ambrosio D, Panina‐Bordignon P, Sinigaglia F (2003) Chemokine receptors in inflammation: an overview. J Immunol Meth 273:3–13
D'Armour FE, Smith DL (1941) A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 72:74–79
D'Orléans-Juste P, Dion S, Drapeau G, Regoli D (1986) Different receptors are involved in the endothelium‐mediated relaxation and the smooth muscle contraction of rabbit pulmonary artery in response to substance P and related neurokines. Eur J Pharmacol 125:37–44
Dallel R, Raboisson P, Clavelou P, Saade M, Woda A (1995) Evidence for a peripheral origin of the tonic nociceptive response to subcutaneous formalin. Pain 61:11–16
Dalziel RG, Bingham S, Sutton D, Grant D, Champion JM, Dennis SA, Quinn JP, Bountra C, Mark MA (2004) Allodynia in rats infected with varicella zoster virus – a small animal model for post-herpetic neuralgia. Brain Res Rev 46:234–242
Damas J, Remacle-Volon G (1992) Influence of a long-acting bradykinin antagonist, Hoe 140, on some acute inflammatory reactions in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 211:81–86
Daniel A, Jouvin JL (1984) Experimentally induced inflammation of the guinea pig palatal mucosa by injection of a microcrystalline suspension of monosodium urate. J Pharmacol Meth 12:155–166
Daoui S, Cognon C, Naline E, Emonds-Alt X, Advenier C (1998) Involvement of tachykinin NK3 receptors in citric-acid-induced cough and bronchial responses in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:42–48
Darland T, Heinricher MM, Grandy DK (1998) OrphaninFQ/ nociceptin: a role in pain and analgesia, but so much more. Trends Neurosci 21:215–221
Daugherty BL, Siciliano SJ, DeMartino JA, Malkowitz L, Sirotina A, Springer MS (1996) Cloning, expression, and characterization of the human eosinophil eotaxin receptor. J Exp Med 183:2349–2354
Davar G, Hama A, Deykin A, Vos B, Maciewicz R (1991) MK-801 blocks the development of thermal hyperalgesia in a rat model of experimental painful neuropathy. Brain Res 553:327–330
Davidson J, Flower RJ, Milton AS, Peers SH, Rotondo D (1991) Antipyretic actions of human recombinant lipocortin-1. Br J Pharmacol 102:7–9
Davies OL, Raventós J, Walpole AL (1946) A method for the evaluation of analgesic activity using rats. Br J Pharmacol 1:255–264
Davis AJ, Perkins MN (1994a) Induction of B1 receptors in vivo in a model of persistent mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuropharm 33:127–133
Davis AJ, Perkins MN (1994b) Involvement of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor mechanisms in cytokine‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia in rats. Br J Pharmacol 113:63–68
Davis AJ, Perkins MN (1996) Substance P and capsaicin‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat knee joint; the involvement of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 118:2206–2212
Davis JB, Gray J, Gunthorpe MJ, Hatcher JP, Davey PT, Overend P, Harries MH, Latcham J, Clapham C, Atkinson K, Hughes SA, Rances K, Grau E, Harper AJ, Pugh PL, Rogers DC, Bingham S, Randall A, Sheardown SA (2000) Vanilloid receptor-1 is essential for inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. Nature 405:183–187
Davis LA (2004) Omalizumab: a novel therapy for allergic asthma. Ann Pharmacother 38:1236–1242
De Brito FB (1989) Pleurisy and pouch models of acute inflammation. In: Pharmacological Methods in the Control of Inflammation. Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp 173–194
de Costa BR, Bowen WD, Hellewell, Walker JM, Thurkauf A, Jacobson AE, Rice KC (1989) Synthesis and evaluation of optically pure [3H]-(+)-pentazocine, a highly potent and selective ligand for σ receptors. FEBS Lett 251:53–58
De Esch IJ Thurmond RL, Jongejan A, Leurs R (2005) The histamine H4 receptor as a new therapeutic target for inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26:462–469
De Lucca GV, Kim UT, Vargo BJ, Duncia JV, Santella JB, Gardener DS, Zheng C, Liauw A, Wang Z, Emmett G, Wacker DA, Welch PK, Covington M, Stowell NC, Wadman EA, Das AM, Davies P, Yeleswaram S, Graden DM, Solomon KA, Newton RC, Trainor GL, Decicco CP, Ko SS (2005) Discovery of CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) antagonists with picomolar potency. J Med Chem 48:2194–2211
De Petrocellis L, Cascio MG, Di Marzo V (2004) The endocannabinoid system: a general view and latest additions. Br J Pharmacol 141:765–774
De Young LM, Kheifets JB, Ballaron SJ, Young JM (1989) Edema and cell infiltration in the phorbol ester-treated mouse ear are temporally separate and can be differentially modulated by pharmacologic agents. Agents Actions 26:335–341
De Young LM, Spires DA, Kheifets J, Terrell TG (1987) Biology and pharmacology of recombinant interleukin-1β-induced rat ear inflammation. Agents Actions 21:325–327
deLeo JA, Colburn RW, Coombs DW, Ellis MA (1989) The differentiation of NSAIDs and prostaglandin action using a mechanical visceral pain model in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 33:253–255
DeLeo JA, Coombs DW, Willenbring S, Colburn RW, Fromm C, Wagner R, Twitchell BB (1994) Characterization of a neuropathic pain model: sciatic cryoneurolysis in the rat. Pain 56:9–16
DePetrocellis L, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M, Davis JB, Finazzi-Agrò A, di Marczo V (2001) The activity of anandamide at vanilloid VR1 receptors requires facilitated transport across the cell membrane and is limited by intracellular metabolism. J Biol Chem
Debeir T, Sargovi HU, Cuello AC (1999) A nerve growth factor mimetic TrkA antagonist causes withdrawal of cortical cholinergic boutons in the adult rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:4067–4072
Decosterd I, Allchorne A, Woolf CJ (2002) Progressive tactile hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve crush: non-noxious mechanical stimulus‐induced neuropathic pain. Pain 100:155–162
Decosterd I, Woolf CJ (2000) Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain 87:149–158
Deeter LB, Martin LW, Lipton JM (1989) Antipyretic effect of central α-MSH summates with that of acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Brain Res Bull 23:573–575
Deffenu G, Pegrasso L, Lumachi B (1966) The use of bradykinin‐induced effects in rats as an assay for analgesic drugs. J Pharm Pharmac 18:135
Delafoy L, Raymond F, Doherty AM, Eschalier A, Diop L (2003) Role of nerve growth factor in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic hypersensitivity. Pain 105:489–497
Delany NS, Hurle M, Facer P, Alnadaf T, Plumpton C, Kinghorn I, See C-G, Costinan M, Anand P, Woolf CJ, Crowther D, Sanseau P, Tate SN (2001) Identification and characterization of a novel human vanilloid receptor-like protein, VRL-2. Physiol Genomics 4:165–174
Delay-Goyet P, Seguin C, Gacel G, Roques BP (1988) [3H]-[-D-Ser2 (O-tert-butyl),Leu5]enkephalyl-Thr6 and [D-Ser2(O-tert-butyl),Leu5]enkephalyl-Thr6(O-tert-butyl). Two new enkephalin analogs with both a good selectivity and high affinity towards δ-opioid binding sites. J Biol Chem 263:4124–4130
Delerive P, Fruchart JC, Staels B (2001) Peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptors in inflammation control. J Endocrinol 169:453–459
Deseure K, Koek W, Colpaerte FC, Adriansen H (2002) The 5-HT1A receptor agonist F 13640 attenuates mechanical allodynia in a rat model of trigeminal pain. Eur J Pharmacol 456:51–57
Devane WA, Dysarz FA, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett CA (1988) Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 34:605–613
Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G, Gibson D, Mandelbaum A, Etinger A, Mechoulam R (1992) Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258:1946–1949
Devchand PR, Keller H, Peters JM, Vasquez M, Gonzales FJ, Wahli W (1996) The PPARα-leukotriene B4 pathway in inflammatory control. Nature 384:39–43
Devor M, del Canho S, Raber P (2005) Heritability of symptoms in the neuroma model of neuropathic pain: replication and complementation analysis. Pain 116:294–301
Dewes R (1955) Auswertung antiphlogistischer Substanzen mit Hilfe des Hyaluronidase-Ödems. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 104:19–28
Dewey WL (1986) Cannabinoid pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 38:151–178
Dewey WL, Harris LS, Howes JF, Nuite JA (1970) The effect of various neurohumoral modulators on the activity of morphine and the narcotic antagonists in the tail-flick and the phenylquinone tests. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 175:435–442
Dhawan BN, Cesselin F, Rhaghubir R, Reisine T, Bradley PB, Portoghese PS, Hamon M (1996) International Union of Pharmacology. XII. Classification of opioid receptors. Pharmacol Rev 48:567–592
Dhawan BN, Raghubir R, Hamon M, NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Opioid Receptors (1998) Opioid receptors. The IUPHAR Compendium of Receptor Characterization and Classification. IUPHAR Media, London, UK, pp 218–226
Di Sabatino A, Ciccocioppo R, Cinque B, Millimaggi D, Morera R, Ricevuti L, Cifone MG, Corazza GR (2004) Defective mucosal T cell death is sustainably reverted by infliximab in a capsase dependent pathway in Crohn's disease. Gut 53:70–77
DiStefano PS, Johnson EM Jr (1988) Identification of a truncated form of the nerve growth factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:270–274
Dichtl W, Dulak J, Frick M, Alber HF, Schwarzacher SP, Ares MPS, Nilsson J, Pachinger O, Weidinger F (2003) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors regulate inflammatory transcription factors in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:58–63
Dickinson T, Fleetwood‐Walker SM (1999) VIP and PACAP: very important in pain? Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:324–329
Diep QN, Benkirane K, Amiri F, Cohn JS, Endemann D, Schiffrin EL (2004) PPARγ activator fenofibrate inhibits myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in angiotensin II-infused rats. J Mol Cell Biol 36:295–304
Dietz AB, Souan L, Knutson GJ, Bulur PA, Litzow MR, Vuk-Pavloviæ S (2004) Imatinib mesylate inhibits T-cell proliferation in vitro and delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo. Blood 104:1094–1099
Dinarello CA (1991) Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood 77:1627–1652
Dinarello CA (1996) Biological basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood 87:2095–2147
Dinarello CA (2000) Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest 118:503–508
Dion S, D'Orléans-Juste P, Drapeau G, Rhaleb NE, Rouissi N, Tousignant C, Regoli D (1987) Characterization of neurokinin receptors in various isolated organs by use of selective agonists. Life Sci 14:2269–2278
Dixon WJ (1980) Efficient analysis of experimental observations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 20:441–462
Dmitrieva N, McMahon SB (1996) Sensitization of visceral afferents by nerve growth factor in the adult rat. Pain 66:87–97
Dmitrieva N, Shelton D, Rice ASC, McMahon SB (1997) The role of nerve growth factor in a model of visceral inflammation. Neuroscience 78:449–459
Doggrell SA (2002) TACE inhibition: a new approach in treating inflammation. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 11:1003–1006
Dower SK, Wignall JM, Schooley K, McMahan CJ, Jackson JL, Prickett KS, Lupton S, Cosman D, Sims JE (1989) J Immunol 142:4314–4320
Dray A, Patel IA, Perkin MN, Rueff A (1992) Bradykinin‐induced activation of nociceptors: receptor and mechanistic studies on the neonatal rat spinal cord-tail preparation in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 107:1129–1134
Drew GM, Siddall PJ, Duggan AW (2004) Mechanical allodynia following contusion injury of the rat spinal cord is associated with loss of GABAergic inhibition in the dorsal horn. Pain 109:379–388
Drummond GR, Cocks TM (1995) Endothelium‐dependent relaxations mediated by inducible B1 and constitutive B2 kinin receptors in the bovine coronary artery. Br J Pharmacol 116:2473–2481
Dubinsky B, Gebre-Mariam S, Capetola RJ, Rosenthale ME (1987) The antialgesic drugs: Human therapeutic correlates of their potency in laboratory animal models of hyperalgesia. Agents Actions 20:50–60
Dubuisson D, Dennis SG (1977) The Formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain 4:161–174
Dumas J, Liégeois JF, Bourdon V (1997) Involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin in the hyperalgesia induced in rats by collagenase from clostridium histolyticum. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 355:566–570
Dunn CJ, Doyle DV, Willoughby DA (1993) Investigation of the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties of diphosphonates using a broad spectrum of immune and non-immune inflammatory reactions. Drug Dev Res 28:47–55
Dykstra LA (1979) Effects of morphine, pentazocine and cyclazocine alone and in combination with naloxone on electric shock titration in the squirrel monkey. J Pharm Exp Ther 211:722–732
Dykstra LA (1980) Nalorphine's effect under several schedules of electric shock titration. Psychopharmacology 70:69–72
Dykstra LA, Gmerek DE, Winger G, Woods JH (1987) Kappa opioids in rhesus monkeys. Diuresis, sedation, analgesia and discriminative stimulus effects. J Pharm Exp Ther 242:413–420
Dykstra LA, Macmillan DE (1977) Electric shock titration: Effects of morphine, methadone, pentazocine, nalorphine, naloxone, diazepam and amphetamine. J Pharm Exp Ther 202:660–669
Dykstra LA, Woods JH (1986) A tail withdrawal procedure for assessing analgesic activity in Rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Meth 15:263–269
Easthope S, Jarvis B (2001) Omalizumab. Drugs 61:353–260
Eberhardt W, Kilz T, Akool ES, Müller R, Pfeilschifter J (2005) Dissociated glucocorticoids equipotently inhibit cytokine- and cAMP-induced matrix degrading proteases in rat mesangial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 70:433–445
Eberhardt W, Schulze M, Engels C, Klasmeier E, Pfeilschifter J (2002) Glucocorticoid‐mediated suppression of cytokine‐induced matrix metalloprotease-9 expression in rat mesangial cells. Involvement of nuclear factor κB and Ets transcription factors. Mol Endocrinol 16:1752–1766
Eckhardt ET, Cheplovitz F, Lipo M, Govier WM (1958) Etiology of chemically induced writhing in mouse and rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 98:186–188
Eddy NB, Leimbach D (1953) Synthetic analgesics: II. Dithienylbutenyl- and dithienylbutylamines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 107:385–393
Eggerickx D, Raspe E, Bertrand D, Vassart G, Parmentier M (1992) Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a human bradykinin B2 receptor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187:1306–1313
Eguchi M (2004) Recent advances in selective opiod agonists and antagonists. Med Res Rev 24:182–212
Eltayeb S, Sunnemark D, Berg AL, Nordvall G, Malmberg Å, Lassmann H, Wallström E, Olsson T, Ericsson‐Dahlstrand A (2003) Effector stage CC chemokine receptor-1 selective antagonism reduces multiple sclerosis-like rat disease. J Neuroimmunol 142:75–85
Emele JF, Shanaman J (1963) Bradykinin writhing: A method for measuring analgesia. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 114:680–682
Emond C, Bascands JL, Pecher C, Cabos-Boutot G, Pradelles P, Regoli D, Girolami JP (1990) Characterization of a B2-bradykinin receptor in rat mesangial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 190:381–392
Emonds-Alt X, Advenier C, Cognon C, Croci T, Daoul S, Ducoux JP, Landl M, Maline E, Nellat G, Poncelet M, Proletto V, Von Broeck D, Vilain P, Soubrié P, Le Fur G, Maffrand JP, Brelière JC (1997) Biochemical and pharmacological activities of SR 144190, a new potent non-peptide tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist. Neuropeptides 31:449–458
Emonds-Alt X, Bichon D, Ducoux JP, Heaulme M, Miloux B, Poncelet M, Proietto V, Van Broeck D, Vilain P, Neliat G, Soubrié P, Le Fur G, Brelière JC (1995) SR 142801, the first potent non-peptide antagonist of the tachykinin NK3 receptor. Life Sci 56:27–32
Emonds-Alt X, Doutremepuich JD, Heaulme M, Neliat G, Santucci V, Steinberg R, Vilain P, Bichon D, Ducoux JP, Proietto V, van Broeck D, Soubrié P, le Fur G, Brelière JC (1993) In vitro and in vivo biological activities of SR140333, a novel potent non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 250:403–413
Erdö F, Török K, Szekely JI (1994) Measurement of interleukin-1 in zymosan air-pouch exudate in mice. Agents Actions 41:93–95
Eschalier A, Marty H, Trolese JF, Moncharmont L, Fialip J (1988) An automated method to analyze vocalization of unrestrained rats submitted to noxious stimuli. J Pharmacol Meth 19:175–184
Eschalier A, Montastruc JL, Devoice JL, Rigal F, Gaillard-Plaza G, Péchadre JC (1981) Influence of naloxone and methysergide on the analgesic effect of clomipramine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 74:1–7
Eugui EM, Delustro B, Rouhafza S, Wilhelm R, Allison AC (1993) Coordinate inhibition by some antioxidants of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 696:171–184
Evangelista S, Pirisino R, Perretti F, Fantozzi R, Brunelleschi S, Malmberg‐Aiello P, Bartolini A (1987) The pharmacological properties of 1,4-dihydro-1-ethyl-7-phenylpyrrol- (1,2-a)-pyrimidine-4-one, a new antipyretic and analgesic drug. Drugs Exp Clin Res 13:501–510
Evans AT, Formukong EA, Evans FJ (1987) Actions of cannabis constituents on enzymes of arachidonate metabolism: anti-inflammatory potential. Biochem Pharmacol 36:2035–2037
Evans PD, Hossack M, Thomson DS (1971) Inhibition of contact sensitivity in the mouse by topical application of corticosteroids. Br J Pharmacol 43:403
Evans TJ, Moyes D, Carpenter A, Martin R, Loetscher H, Lesslauer W, Cohen J (1994) Protective effect of 55- but not 75-kD soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor‐immunoglobulin G fusion proteins in an animal model of gram-negative sepsis. J Exp Med 180:2173–2179
Evans WO (1961) A new technique for the investigation of some analgesic drugs on a reflexive behavior in the rat. Psychopharmacologia 2:318–325
Evans WO (1962) A comparison of the analgesic potency of some analgesics as measured by the “Flinch-jump” procedure. Psychopharmacol 3:51–54
Evans WO, Bergner DP (1964) A comparison of the analgesic potencies of morphine, pentazocine, and a mixture of methamphetamine and pentazocine in the rat. J New Drugs 4:82–85
Facci L, Dal Torso R, Romanello S, Buriani A, Skaper SD, Leon A (1995) Mast cells express a peripheral cannabinoid receptor with differential sensitivity to anandamide and palmitoyletholamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3376–3380
Fahmi H, di Battista JA, Pelletier JP, Mineau F, Ranger P, Martell‐Peletier J (2001) Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ activators inhibit interleukin-1β induced nitric oxide and metalloproteinase 13 production in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 44:595–607
Fahrenkrug J (1979) Vasoactive intestinal peptide: Measurement, distribution and putative neurotransmitter function. Digestion 19:149–169
Faires JS, McCarty DJ (1962) Acute arthritis in man and dog after intrasynovial injection of sodium urate crystals. Lancet 2:682–685
Falcone RC, Hubbs SJ, Vanderloo JD, Prosser JC, Little J, Gomes B, Aharony D, Krell RD (1993) Characterization of bradykinin receptors in guinea pig gall bladder. J Pharm Exp Ther 266:1291–1299
Falinower S, Willer JC, Junien JL, Le Bars D (1994) A C-fiber reflex modulated by heterotopic noxious somatic stimuli in the rat. J Neurophysiol 72:194–213
Farmer SG, Burch RM, Meeker SA, Wilkins DE (1989) Evidence for a pulmonary B3 bradykinin receptor. Mol Pharmacol 36:1–8
Faust D, Akoglu B, Faust AC, Milovic V (2003) Human peritoneal macrophages in culture: a model for studying inflammatory disorders in vitro. Clin Exp Med 3:15–19
Feldberg W, Miles A (1953) Regional variations of increased permeability of skin capillaries induced by a histamine liberator and their relation to the histamine content in skin. J Physiol 120:205–213
Felder CC, Glass M (1998) Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:179–200
Felder CC, Joyce KE, Briley EM, Mansouri J, Mackie K, Blond O, Lay Y, Ma AL, Mitchell RL (1995) Comparison of the pharmacology and signal transduction of the human cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Mol Pharmacol 48:443–450
Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Foxwell BMJ, Maini RN (2001) The role of TNF-α and IL-1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Dir Autoimmun 3:188–199
Felley CP, Qian JM, Mantey S, Pradhan T, Jensen RT (1992) Chief cells possess a receptor with high affinity for PACAP and VIP that stimulates pepsinogen release. Am J Physiol 263 (Gastrointest Liver Physiol 26):G901–G907
Feres T, Paiva ACM, Paiva TB (1992) BK1 and BK2 bradykinin receptors in the rat duodenum smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 107:991–995
Fernandez EJ, Lolis E (2002) Structure, function, and inhibition of chemokines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 42:469–499
Ferrante A, Thong YH (1980) Optimal conditions for simultaneous purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from human blood by the Hypaque‐Ficoll method. J Immunol Meth 36:109–117
Ferreira SH, Lorenzetti BB, Corrêa FMA (1978b) Central and peripheral antialgesic action of aspirin-like drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 53:39–48
Ferreira SH, Lorenzetti BB, Cunha FQ, Poole S (1993b) Bradykinin release of TNF-α plays a key role in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Agents Actions 38:C7–C9
Ferreira SH, Lorenzetti BB, Poole S (1993a) Bradykinin initiates cytokine‐mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol 110:1227–1231
Ferreira SH, Nakamura M, DeAbreu Castro MS (1978a) The hyperalgesic effects of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandins 16:31–37
Field JL, Butt SK, Morton IKM, Hall JM (1994) Bradykinin B2 receptors and coupling mechanisms in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia caeci. Br J Pharmacol 113:607–613
Field JL, Hall JM, Morton IKM (1992) Putative novel bradykinin B3 receptors in the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia caeci and trachea. Recent Progress on Kinins. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 540–545
Figari IS, Mori NA, Palladino MA (1987) Regulation of neutrophil migration and superoxide production by recombinant tumor necrosis factors-α and -β: Comparison to recombinant interferon-γ and interleukin-1α. Blood 70:979–984
Filipsson K, Pacine G, Scheurink AJW, Ahren B (1998) PACAP stimulates insulin secretion but inhibits insulin sensitivity in mice. Am J Physiol 274; Endocrinol Metab 37:E834–E842
FitzGerald GA, Loll P (2001) COX in a crystal ball: current status and future promise of prostaglandin research. J Clin Invest 107:1335–1337
Fleisch A, Dolivo M (1953) Auswertung der Analgetica im Tierversuch. Helv Physiol Acta 11:305–322
Fleischmann R, Stern R, Iqbal I (2004) Anakinra. An inhibitor of IL-1 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 4:1333–1344
Flick DA, Gifford GE (1984) Comparison of in vitro cell cytotoxic assays for tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol Meth 68:167–175
Florentin D, Sassi A, Roques BP (1984) A highly sensitive fluorimetric assay for “enkephalinase”, a neutral metalloendopeptidase that releases tyrosine‐glycine‐glycine from enkephalins. Anal Biochem 141:62–69
Foong FW, Satoh M, Takagi H (1982) A newly devised reliable method for evaluating analgesic potencies of drugs on trigeminal pain. J Pharmacol Meth 7:271–278
Ford-Hutchinson AW, Walker JR, Smith MJH (1978) Assessment of anti-inflammatory activity by sponge implantation techniques. J Pharmacol Meth 1:3–7
Fortin JP, Marceau F (2006) Advances in the development of bradykinin receptor ligands. Curr Topics Med Chem 6:1353–1363
Fowler CJ, Fraser GL (1994) μ-, δ-, κ-Opiod receptors and their subtypes: a critical review with emphasis on radioligand binding experiments. Neurochem Int 24:401–426
Fried MG (1989) Measurement of protein-DNA interaction parameters by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Electrophoresis 10:366–376
Frimmer M, Müller FW (1962) Brauchbarkeit und Grenzen der Farbstoffmethoden zur Bestimmung vermehrter Durchlässigkeit der Haut-Capillaren. Med Exp 6:327–330
Fryer AD, Stein LH, Nie Z, Curtis DE, Evans CM, Hodgson ST, Jose PJ, Belmonte KE, Titch E, Jacoby DB (2006) Neuronal eotaxin and the effects of CCR3 antagonist on airway hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction. J Clin Invest 116:228–236
Fröde TS, Souza GEP, Calixto JB (2001) The modulatory role played by TNF-α and IL-1β in the inflammation responses induced by carrageenan in the mouse model of pleurisy. Cytokine 13:162–168
Fröde TS, Souza GEP, Calixto JB (2002) The effects of IL-6 and IL-10 and their specific antibodies in the acute inflammatory response induced by carrageenan in the mouse model of pleurisy. Cytokine 17:149–156
Fujihira E, Mori T, Nakazawa M, Ozawa H (1971) A simple method for evaluating analgesic efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Chem Pharm Bull 19:1506–1508
Fujii E, Irie K, Ogawa A, Ohba K, Muraki T (1996) Role of nitric oxide and prostaglandins in lipopolysaccharide‐induced increase in vascular permeability in mouse skin. Eur J Pharmacol 297:257–263
Fujioka N, Mukaida N, Harada A, Akiyama M, Kasahara T, Kuno K, Ooi A, Mai M, Matsushima K (1995) Preparation of specific antibodies against murine IL-1ra and the establishment of IL-1ra as an endogenous regulator of bacteria‐induced fulminant hepatitis in mice. J Leukocyte Biol 58:90–98
Fukawa K, Kawano O, Hibi M, Misaki M, Ohba S, Hatanaka Y (1980) A method for evaluating analgesic agents in rats. J Pharmacol Meth 4:251–259
Fung-Leung WP, Thurmond RL, Ling P, Karlsson L (2004) Histamine H4 receptor antagonists: the new antihistamines? Curr Opin Invest Drugs 5:1174–1183
Funk CD, Funk LB, Kennedy ME, Pong AS, Fitzgerald GA (1991) Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H synthase: cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal assignment. FASEB J 5:2304–2312
Furst DE, Keystone EC, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Antoni CE, Burmester GR, Crofford LJ, Kavanaugh A (2001) Updated consensus statement on tumor necrosis factor blocking agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic disorders.. Ann Rheum Dis 60:2–5
Félétou M, Germain M, Thurieau C, Fauchère JL, Canet E (1994) Agonistic and antagonistic properties of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, Hoe 140, in isolated blood vessels from different species. Br J Pharmacol 112:683–689
Gafvelin (1990) Isolation and primary structure of VIP from sheep brain. Peptides 11:703–706
Galizzi JP, Bodinier MC, Chapelain B, Ly SM, Coussy L, Giraud S, Neliat G, Jean T (1994) Up-regulation of [3H]-des-arg10-kallidin binding to the bradykinin B1 receptor by interleukin-1β in isolated smooth muscle cells: correlation with B1 agonist‐induced PGI2 production. Br J Pharmacol 113:389–394
Gallaher EJ, Egner DA, Swen J (1985) Automated remote temperature measurement in small animals using a telemetry/microcomputer interface. Comput Biol Med 15:103–110
Gavioli EC, Vaughan CW, Marzola G, Guerrini R, Mitchell VA, Zucchini S, De Lima TC, Rae GA, Salvadori S, Regoli D, Calo G (2004) Antidepressant-like effects of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist UFP-101: new evidence from rats and mice. Naunyn‐Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 369:547–553
Gbahou F, Vincent L, Humbert‐Claude M, Tardivel‐Lacombe J, Chabret C, Arrang JM (2006) Compared pharmacology of human histamine H3 and H4 receptors: structure‐activity relationships of histamine derivatives. Br J Pharmacol 147:744–754
Geller I, Axelrod LR (1968) Methods for evaluating analgesics in laboratory animals. In: Soulairac A, Cahn J, Charpentier J (eds) Pain. Acad Press, London New York, pp 153–163
Gemmel DK, Cottney J, Lewis AJ (1979) Comparative effects of drugs on four paw oedema models. Agents Actions 9:107–116
Geng Z, Rong Y, Lau BHS (1997) S-allyl cysteine inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa B in human T cells. Free Radical Biol Med 23:345–350
Gerard C, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M (1990) Nucleotide sequence of a human cannabinoid receptor cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res 18:7142
Gerard CM, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M (1991) Molecular cloning of a human cannabinoid receptor which is also expressed in testis. Biochem J 279:129–134
Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Hauser SD, Rangwala SH, Koboldt CM, Seibert K (1996) A single amino acid difference between cyclogenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 /COX-2) reverses the selectivity of COX-2 specific inhibitors. J Biol Chem 271:15810–15814
Gilbert SD, Clatk TC, Flores CM (2001) Antihyperalgesic activity of epibatidine in the formalin model of facial pain. Pain 89:159–165
Gitter BD, Bruns RF, Howbert JJ, Waters DC, Threlkeld PG, Cox LM, Nixon JA, Lobb KL, Mason NR, Stengel PW, Cockerham SL, Silbaugh SA, Gehlert DL, Schober DA, Iyengar S, Calligaro DO, Regoli D, Hipskind PA (1995) Pharmacological characterization of LY303870: A novel, potent and selective nonpeptide substance P (neurokinin-1) receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275:737–744
Giuliani D, Ottani A, Ferrari F (2000) Effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, HU 210, on ingestive behavior and body weight in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 391:275–279
Giuliani S, Maggi CA (1996) Inhibition of tachykinin release from peripheral endings of sensory nerves by nociceptin, a novel opioid peptide. Br J Pharmacol 118:1567–1569
Gladue RP, Cole SH, Roach ML, Tylaska LA, Nelson RT, Shepard RM, McNelsh JD, Ogborne KT, Neote KS (2006). The human specific CCR1 antagonist CP-481,715 inhibits cell infiltration and inflammatory responses in human DDR1 transgenic mice. J Immunol 176:3141–3138
Gloxhuber Ch (1976) A new inflammation model. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 26:43–45
Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL, Storer RJ, Edvinsson L, Connor HE (2002) Adenosine A1 receptor agonists inhibit trigeminovascular nociceptive transmission. Brain 125:1392–1401
Gobeil F, Regoli D (1994) Characterization of kinin receptors by bioassays. Braz J Med Biol Res 27:1781–1791
Goffe B (2004) Etanercept (Enbrel) – an update. Skin Ther Lett 9:1–4
Goldstein A (1987) Binding selectivity profiles for ligands of multiple receptor types: Focus on opioid receptors. TIPS 8:456–459
Goldstein A, Naidu A (1989) Multiple opioid receptors: ligand selectivity profiles and binding site signatures. Mol Pharmacol 36:265–272
Goldstein FJ, Malseed RT (1979) Evaluation of narcotic analgesic activity using a cat tail-flick procedure. J Pharmacol Meth 2:333–338
Golebiowski A, Towner J, Laufersweiler MJ, Brugel TA, Clark MP, Clark CM, Djung JF, Laughlin SK, Sabat MP, Bookland RG, VanRens JC, De B, Hsieh LC, Janusz MJ, Walter RL, Webster ME, Mekel MJ (2005) The development of monocyclic pyrazolone based cytokine synthesis inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:2285–3389
Goodman RR, Snyder SH (1982) Autoradiographic localization of kappa opiate receptors to deep layers of the cerebral cortex may explain unique sedative and analgesic effects. Life Sci 31:1291–1294
Gordon KB, Bonish BK, Patel T, Leonardi CL, Nickoloff BJ (2005) The tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor adalimumab rapidly reverses the decrease in epidermal Langerhans cell density in psoriatic plaques. Br J Dermatol 153:945–953
Gosh S, KarinM (2002) Missing pieces in the NF-κB puzzle. Cell 109:S81-S96
Gourlet P, Vandermeers A, Vertongen P, Rathe J, de Neef P, Cnudde J, Waelbroeck M, Robberecht P (1997b) Development of high affinity selective VIP1 receptor agonists. Peptides 18:1539–1545
Gourlet P, Vertongen P, Vandermeers A, Vandermeers-Piret MC, Rathe J, de Neef P, Waelbroeck M, Robberecht P (1997) The long-acting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide agonist RO 25–1553 ins highly selective of the VIP2 receptor subclass. Peptides 18:403–408
Gourlet P, de Neef P, Cnudde J, Waelbroeck M, Robberecht P (1997c) In vitro properties of a high affinity selective antagonist of the VIP1 receptor. Peptides 18:1555–1560
Gozes I, McCune SK, Jacobson L, Warren D, Moody TW, Fridkin M, Brenneman DE (1991) An antagonist to vasoactive intestinal peptide affects cellular functions in the central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257:959–966
Gracie JA, Forsey RJ, Chan WL, Gilmour A, Leung BP, Greer MR, Kennedy K, Carter R, Wei XQ, Xu D, Filed M, Foulis A, Liew FY, McInnes IB (1999) A proinflammatory role for IL-18 in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 104:1393–1401
Graham EA, Turpin MP, Stubbs CM (1993) P100 characterization of the tachykinin‐induced hindlimb thumping response in gerbils. Neuropeptides 4:228–229
Grainger DJ, Reckless J (2005) Broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitors (BSCIs) and their anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 65:1027–1034
Graneß A, Liebmann C (1994) Affinity cross-linking of bradykinin B2 receptors in guinea pig ileum membranes. Eur J Pharmacol 268:271–274
Gray WD, Osterberg A, Scuto TJ (1970) Measurement of the analgesic efficacy and potency of pentazocine by the D'Armour and Smith method. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 172:154–162
Green AF, Young PA (1951) A comparison of heat and pressure analgesiometric methods in rats. Br J Pharmacol 6:572–585
Gregg JM (1973) A surgical approach to the ophthalmic‐maxillary nerve trunks in the rat. J Dent Res 52:392–395
Greindl MG, Preat S (1976) A new model of active avoidance conditioning adequate for pharmacological studies. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 223:168–170
Grevel J, Yu V, Sadee W (1985) Characterization of a labile naloxone binding site in rat brain. J Neurochem 44:1647–1656
Griebel G, Stemmelin J, Scatton B (2005) Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant in models of emotional reactivity in rodents. Biol Psychiatry 57:261–267
Griesbacher T, Lembeck F (1987) Effect of bradykinin antagonists on bradykinin‐induced plasma extravasation, venoconstriction, prostaglandin E2 release, nociceptor stimulation and contraction of the iris sphincter muscle in the rabbit. Br J Pharmacol 92:333–340
Griesbacher T, Sutliff RL, Lembeck F (1994) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the bradykinin antagonist, icatibant (Hoe 140), against an extract from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Br J Pharmacol 112:1004–1006
Griffin G, Tao Q, Abood ME (2000) Cloning and pharmacological characterization of the rat CB2 cannabinoid receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:886–894
Griswold DE, Chabot‐Fletcher M, Webb EF, Martin L, Hillegass L (1995) Antiinflammatory activity of topical auranofin in arachidonic acid- and phorbol ester-induced inflammation in mice. Drug Dev Res 34:369–375
Griswold DE, DiLorenzo JA, Calabresi P (1974) Quantification and pharmacological dissection of oxazolone‐induced contact sensitivity in the mouse. Cell Immunol 11:198–204
Grob PM, David E, Warren TC, DeLeon RP, Farina PR, Homon CA (1990) Characterization of a receptor for human monocyte‐derived neutrophil chemotactic factor intereukin-8. J Biol Chem 265:8311–8316
Grotto M, Sulman FG (1967) Modified receptacle method for animal analgesimetry. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 165:152–159
Guard S, Watson S, Maggio JE, Too HP, Waitling KJ (1990) Pharmacological analysis of [3H]-senktide binding to NK3 tachykinin receptors in guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus and cerebral cortex membranes. Br J Pharmacol 99:767–773
Guerios S, Wang ZY, Bjorling DE (2006) Nerve growth factor mediates peripheral mechanical hypersensitivity that accompanies experimental cystitis in mice. Neurosci Lett 392:193–197
Guerrini R, Calò G, Rizzi A, Bigoni R, Bianchi C, Salvadori S, Regoli D (1998) A new selective antagonist of the nociceptin receptor. Br J Pharmacol 123:163–165
Guijarro LG, Rodriguez-Pena MS, Prieto JC (1991) Characterization of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in rat seminal vesicle. Am J Physiol 260 (Endocrinol Metab 23):E286–E291
Guillet MC, Molinié B, Laduron PM, Terlain B (1990) Effects of ketoprofen in adjuvant‐induced arthritis measured in a new telemetric model test. Eur J Pharmacol 183:2266–2267
Guitard X, Codony X, Ballarin N, Dordal A, Farre AJ (1998) E-5842: A new potent and preferential sigma ligand. Preclinical pharmacological profile. CNS Drug Rev 4:201–224
Gunthorpe MJ, Benham CD, Randall A, Davis JB (2002) The diversity in the vanilloid (TRPV) receptor family of ion channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:183–191
Gunthorpe MJ, Rami HK, Jerman JC, Smart D, Gill CH, Soffin EM, Luis Hannan S, Lappin SC, Egerton J, Smith GD, Worby A, Howett L, Owen D, Nasir S, Davies CH, Thompson M, Wyman PA, Randall AD, Davis JB (2004) Identification and characterization of SB-366791, a potent and selective vanilloid receptor (VR1/TRPV1) antagonist. Neuropharmacology 46:133–149
Gupta OP, Sharma N, Chand D (1994) Application of papaya-latex-induced rat paw inflammation: model for evaluation of slowly acting antiarthritic drugs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 31:95–98
Gupta S, Gollapudi S (2005) Molecular mechanisms of TNF-α-induced apoptosis in aging human T cell subsets. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:1934–1042
Gupta S, Hastak K, Afaq F, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H (2004) Essential role of caspases in epigallocatechin-3-gallate‐mediated inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB and induction of apoptosis. Oncogene 23:2507–2522
Guzman F, Braun C, Lim RKS (1962) Visceral pain and the pseudoaffective response to intra-arterial injection of bradykinin and other algesic agents. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 136:353–384
Gwak YS, Nam TS, Paik KS, Hulsebosch CE, Leem JW (2003) Attenuation of mechanical hyperalgesia following spinal cord injury by administration of antibodies to nerve growth factor in the rat. Neurosci Lett 336:117–120
Hackler L, Zadina JE, Ge L-G, Kastin AJ (1997) Isolation of relatively large amounts of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 from human brain cortex. Peptides 18:1635–1639
Haffner F (1929) Experimentelle Prüfung schmerzstillender Mittel. Dtsch Med Wschr 55:731–733
Hagan RM, Beresford IJM, Stables J, Dupere J, Stubbs CM, Elliott PJ, Sheldrick RLG, Chollet A, Kawashima E, McElroy AB, Ward P (1993) Characterization, CNS distribution and function of NK2 receptors studied using potent NK2 receptor antagonists. Regul Pept 46:9–19
Hagan RM, Ireland SJ, Jordan CC, Beresford IJM, Deal MJ, Ward P (1991) Receptor‐selective, peptidase resistant agonists at neurokinin NK-1 and NK-2 receptors: new tools for investigating neurokinin function. Neuropeptides 19:127–135
Hallé S, Gobeil F Jr, Ouelette J, Lambert C, Regoli D (2000) In vitro and in vivo effects of kinin B1 and B2 receptor agonists and antagonists in inbred control and cardiomyopathic hamsters. Br J Pharmacol 129:1641–2648
Halushka PV, Mais DE, Mayeux PR, Morinelli TA (1989) Thromboxane, prostaglandin and leukotriene receptors. Annu Rev Pharm Tox 10:213–239
Hamon M (1998) The new approach to opioid receptors. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 358 (Suppl 2):SA 5.3
Han JS, Bird GC, Li W, Jones J, Neugebauer V (2005) Computerized analysis of audible and ultrasonic vocalizations of rats as a standardized measure of pain-related behavior. J Neurosci Methods 141:261–269
Han JS, Neugebauer V (2005) mGluR1 and mGluR5 antagonists in the amygdala inhibit different components of audible and ultrasonic vocalization in a model of arthritic pain. Pain 113:211–222
Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW (2003) Cyclogenase-2 inhibitors. Are they really atherothrombotic, and if not, why not? Stroke 34:2736–2740
Hannum CH, Wilcox CJ, Arend WP, Joslin FG, Dripps DJ, Heimdal PL, Armes LG, Sommer A, Eisenberg SP, Thompson RC (1990) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity of a human interleukin-1 inhibitor. Nature (Lond) 343:336–340
Hansson PT, Dickenson AH (2005) Pharmacological treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain conditions based on shared commonalities despites multiple etiologies. Pain 113:251–254
Hanu L, Gopher A, Almog S, Mechoulam R (1993) Two new unsaturated fatty acid ethanolamines in brain bind to the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem 36:3032–3034
Hao JX, Xu IS, Wiesenfeld‐Hallin Z, Xu XJ (1998b) Anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic effects of intrathecal nociceptin/orphanin FQ in rats after spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury and inflammation. Pain 76:385–393
Hao JX, Xu JX, Urban L, Wiesenfeld‐Hallin Z (2000) Repeated administration of systemic gabapentin alleviates allodynia-like behaviors in spinally injured rats. Neurosci Lett 280:211–214
Hao JX, Xu XJ (1996) Treatment of a chronic allodynia-like response in spinally injured rats: effects of systemically administered excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists. Pain 66:279–285
Hao JX, Yo W, Wiesenfeld‐Hallin Z, Xu XJ (1998a) Treatment of chronic allodynia in spinally injured rats: effects of intrathecal selective opioid receptor agonists. Pain 75:209–217
Harada Y, Hatanaka K, Kawamura M, Saito M, Ogino M, Majima M, Ohno T, Ogino K, Yamamoto K, Taketani Y, Yamamoto S, Katori M (1996) Role of prostaglandin synthase-2 in prostaglandin E2 formation in rat carrageenin‐induced pleurisy. Prostaglandins 51:19–33
Hargreaves KM, Dubner R, Brown F, Flores C, Joris J (1988) A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain 32:77–82
Haringman JJ, Tak PP (2004) Chemokine blockade: a new area in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Res Ther 6:93–97
Harmar AJ, Arimura A, Gozes I, Journot L, Laburthe M, Pisegna JR, Rawlings SR, Robberecht P, Said SI, Sreedharan SP, Wank SA, Wascheck JA (1998) International Union of Pharmacology. XVIII. Nomenclature of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide. Pharmacol Rev 50:265–270
Harris DP, Burton R, Sinclair G (1988) A simple microcomputer interface for tail-flick determination. J Pharmacol Meth 20:103–108
Harris LS, Pierson AK (1964) Some narcotic antagonists in the benzomorphan series. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 143:141–148
Harvath L, Falk W, Leonard EJ (1980) Rapid quantitation of neutrophil chemotaxis: Use of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-free polycarbonate membrane in a multiwell assembly. J Immunol Meth 37:39–45
Harvey J, Osborne DJ (1983) A rapid method for detecting inhibitors of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. J Pharmacol Meth 9:147–155
Hashiba E, Hirota K, Kudo T, Calo G, Guerrini R, Matsuki A (2003) Effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor ligands on blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamine concentrations in guinea pigs. Naunyn‐Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 367:342–347
Hashimoto T, Fukuda N (1990) New spinal cord injury model produced by spinal cord compression in the rat. J Pharmacol Meth 23:203–212
Hashimoto Y, Calò G, Guerrini R, Smith G, Lambert DG (2000) Antagonistic effects of [Nphe1]nociceptin(1–13)NH2 on nociceptin mediated inhibition of cAMP formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the recombinant human nociceptin receptor. Neurosci Lett 278:109–112
Haubrich DR, Ward SJ, Baizman E, Bell MR, Bradford J, Ferrari R, Miller M, Perrone M, Pierson AK, Saelens JK, Luttinger D (1990) Pharmacology of pravodoline: a new analgesic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:511–521
Hawkey CJ (1999) COX-2 inhibitors. Lancet 353:307–314
Hawkins KN, Knapp RJ, Lui GK, Gulya K, Kazmierski W, Wan YP, Pelton JT, Hruby VJ, Yamamura HI (1989) [3H]-[H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2] ([3H]CTOP), a potent and highly selective peptide for μ-opioid receptors in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 248:73–80
Hawkins KN, Morelli M, Gulya K, Chang KJ, Yamamura HI (1987) Autoradiographic localization of [3H][MePhe3,D-Pro4] morphiceptin ([3H]PL O17) to μ-opioid receptors in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 133:351–352
Hawkinson JE, Acosta‐Burruel M, Espitia SE (2000) Opioid activity profiles indicate similarities between nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 389:107–114
Hayes P, Meadows HJ, Gunthorpe MJ, Harries MH, Duckworth DM, Cairns W, Harrison DC, Clarke CE, Ellington K, Prinja RK, Barton AGL, Medhurst AD, Smith GD, Topp S, Murdock P, Sanger GJ, Terrett J, Jenkins O, Benham CD, Randall AD, Gloger IS, Davis JB (2000) Cloning and functional expression of a human orthologue of rat vanilloid receptor-1. Pain 88:205–215
He X, Neugebauer V, Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1990a) Effects of antipyretic analgesics on pain-related neurons of the spinal cord. In: Brune K, Santoso B (eds) Antipyretic Analgesics: New Insights. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 13–23
He X, Neugebauer V, Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1990b) New aspects of the mode of action of dipyrone. In: Brune K (ed) New Pharmacological and Epidemiological Data in Analgesics Research. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 9–18
Heapy CG, Shaw JS, Farmer SC (1993) Differential sensitivity of antinociceptive assays to the bradykinin antagonist Hoe 140. Br J Pharmacol 108:209–213
Hedberg A, Hall SE, Ogletree ML, Harris DN, Liu ECK (1988) Characterization of [5,6-3H]SQ 29,548 as a high affinity radioligand, binding to thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2-receptors in human platelets. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:786–792
Hefti FF, Rosenthal A, Walicke PA, Wyatt S, Vergara G, Shelton DL, Davies AM (2006) Novel class of pain drugs based on antagonism of NGF. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27:85–91
Heitsch H (2002) Non-peptide antagonists and agonists of the bradykinin B2 receptor. Curr Med Chem 9:913–928
Hendershot LC, Forsaith J (1959) Antagonism of the frequency of phenylquinone‐induced writhing in the mouse by weak analgesics and non-analgesics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 125:237–240
Henry JL (1987) Discussion of nomenclature for tachykinins and tachykinin receptors. In: Henry JL et al (eds) Substance P and Neurokinins. Springer‐Verlag, Heidelberg, p XVII
Hensby CN, Eustache J, Shroot B, Bouclier M, Chatelus A, Luginbuhl B (1987) Antiinflammatory aspects of systemic and topically applied retinoids. Agents Actions 21:238–240
Herbert JM, Bernat A (1996) Effect of SR 140333, a selective NK1 antagonist, on antigen‐induced oedema formation in rat skin. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 13:223–232
Hergenhahn M, Adolf W, Hecker E (1975) Resiniferatoxin and other esters of novel polyfunctional diterpenes from Euphorbia resinifera and unispina. Tetrahedron Lett 19:1595–1598
Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, Rice KC (1991) Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. J Neurosci 11:563–583
Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, Rice KC (1990) Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1932–1936
Herman ZS, Felinska W (1979) Rapid test for screening of narcotic analgesics in mice. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 31:605–608
Herrmann F, Lindemann A, Gauss J, Mertelsmann R (1990) Cytokine‐stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis from endogenous and exogenous arachidonic acids in polymorphonuclear leukocytes involving activation and new synthesis of cyclooxygenase. Eur J Immunol 20:2513–2516
Hertle F, Schanne O, Staib I (1957) Zur Methodik der Prüfung der Analgesie am Kaninchen. Arzneim Forsch 7:311–314
Herzberg U, Eliav E, Dorsey JM, Gracely RH, Kopin IJ (1997) NGF involvement in pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the rat sciatic nerve. NeuroReport 8:1613–1618
Hess JKF, Borkowski JA, Young GS, Strader CD, Ramson RW (1992) Cloning and pharmacological characterization of a human bradykinin (BK-2) receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 184:260–268
Heynink K, Wullaert A, Beyaert R (2003) Nuclear factor-kappa B plays a central role in tumor necrosis factor‐mediated liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 66:1409–1415
Hicks R (1969) The evaluation of inflammation induced by material implanted subcutaneously in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 21:581–588
Higginbottom M, Nolan W, O'Toole J, Ratcliffe GS, Rees DC, Roberts E (1993) The design and synthesis of kappa opioid ligands based on a binding model for kappa agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 3:841–846
Higgs EA, Moncada S, Vane JR (1978) Inflammatory effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and 6-oxo-PGF1α in the rat paw. Prostaglandins 16:153–161
Higgs GA (1989) Use of implanted sponges to study the acute inflammatory response. In: Pharmacological Methods in the Control of Inflammation. Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp 151–171
Hill R (2000a) NK1 (substance P) receptor antagonists – why are they not analgesic in humans? Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:244–246
Hill R (2000b) Reply: will changing the testing paradigms show that NK1 receptor antagonists are analgesic in humans? Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:265
Hill SJ, Ganellin CR, Timmerman H, Schwartz JC, Shankley NP, Young JM, Schunack W, Levi R, Haas HL (1997) International Union of Pharmacology. XIII. Classification of histamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 49:253–278
Hillard CJ, Jarrahian A (2005) Accumulation of anandamide: evidence for cellular diversity. Neuropharmacology 48:1072–1078
Hillard CJ, Manna S, Greenberg MJ, DiCamelli R, Ross RA, Stevenson LA, Murphy V, Pertwee RG, Campbell WB (1999) Synthesis and characterization of potent and selective agonists of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor (CB1). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1427–1433
Hiramoto M, Shimizu N, Sugimoto K, Tang J, Kawakami Y, Ito M, Aizawa S, Tanaka H, Makino I, Handa H (1998) Nuclear targeted suppression of NF-κB by the novel quinone derivative E3330. J Immunol 160:810–819
Hirota K, Zsigmond EK, Matsuki A, Rabito SF (1995) Topical ketamine inhibits albumin extravasation in chemical peritonitis in rats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:174–178
Hock FJ, Wirth K, Albus U, Linz W, Gerhards HJ, Wiemer G, Henke S, Breipohl G, König W, Knolle J, Schölkens BA (1991) Hoe 140 a new potent and long acting bradykinin antagonist: in vitro studies. Br J Pharmacol 102:769–773
Hoffmeister F (1962) Über cerebrale polysynaptische Reflexe des Kaninchens und ihre Beeinflussbarkeit durch Pharmaka. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 139:512–527
Hoffmeister F (1968) Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über den Schmerz und seine pharmakologische Beeinflussung. Arzneim Forsch 16. Beiheft:5–116
Hofmann HA, de Vry J, Siegling A, Spreyer P, Denzer D (2003) Pharmacological sensitivity and gene expression analysis of the tibial nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 470:17–23
Hofrichter G, Liehn HD, Hampel H (1969) Eine plethysmometrische Messanordnung zur Bestimmung des Rattenpfotenvolumens. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 19:2016–2017
Hollister LE (1986) Health aspects of cannabis. Pharmacol Rev 38:1–20
Holm-Pedersen P, Zederfeldt B (1971) Granulation tissue formation in subcutaneously implanted cellulose sponges in young and adult rats. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 5:13–16
Holzer P (1991) Capsaicin: Cellular targets, mechanism of action, and selectivity for thin sensory neurons. Pharmacol Rev 43: mechanism for action, and selectivity of thin sensory neurons. Pharmacol Rev 43:143–201
Horan PJ, Wild KD, Misicka A, Lipkowski A, Haaseth RC, Hruby VJ, Weber SJ, Davis TP, Yamamura HI, Porreca F (1993) Agonist and antagonist profiles of [D-Ala2,Glu4]deltorphin and its [Cys4]- and [Ser4]-substituted derivatives: further evidence for opioid delta receptor multiplicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:896–902
Horvath G (2000) Endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2: pharmacology of the selective endogenous μ-opioid receptor agonists. Pharmacol Ther 88:437–463
Hosoki R, Yanagisawa M, Onishi Y, Yoshioka K, Otska M (1998) Pharmacological profiles of new orally active nonpeptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 341:235–241
Hough LB (2001) Genomics meets histamine receptors: new subtype, new receptor. Mol Pharmacol 59:415–419
Houshmand P, Zlotnik A (2003) Therapeutic applications in the chemokine superfamily. Curr Opin Chem Biol 7:457–460
Howard RF, Walker SM, Mota PM, Fitzgerald M (2005) The ontogeny of neuropathic pain: postnatal onset of mechanical allodynia in rat spared nerve injury (SNI) and chronic constriction injury (CCI) models. Pain 115:382–389
Howes JF, Harris LS, Dewey WL, Voyda CA (1969) Brain acetylcholine levels and inhibition of the tail-flick reflex in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 169:23–28
Howlett AC (1995) Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 35:607–634
Howlett AC, Barth F, Bonner TI, Cabral G, Casellas P, Devane WA, Felder CC, Herkenham M, Mackie K, Martin BR, Mechoulam R, Pertwee RG (2002) International Union of Pharmacology XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol Rev 54:161–202
Howlett AC, Bidaut‐Russell M, Devane WA, Melvin LS, Johnson MR, Herkenham M (1990) The cannabinoid receptor: biochemical, anatomical and behavioral characterization. Trends Neurosci 13:420–423Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Young AC, Bonner TI (1990)Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA, Nature 346:561–564
Howlett AC, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Milne GM (1988) Non-classical cannabinoid analgesics inhibit adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model. Mol Pharmacol 33:297–302
Hu W, Guo Z, Chu F, Bai A, Yi X, Cheng G, Li J (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 2-sulfonyl‐phenyl-3–3-phenyl‐indoles: a new series of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 11:1153–1160
Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2003) trk receptors: roles in neuronal signal transmission. Annu Rev Biochem 72:609–642
Hubbard JW, Locke KW, Forster HV, Brice AG, Pan LG, Lowry TF, Forster AML, Forster MA, Cornfeldt M, Vanselous CL, Hamer RRL, Glamkowski EJ, Fielding S (1992) Cardiorespiratory effects of the novel opioid analgesic HP 736 in the anesthetized dog and conscious goat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1268–1277
Hughes J (1975) Isolation of an endogenous compound from the brain with pharmacologic properties similar to morphine. Brain Res 88:295–308
Hughes J, Kosterlitz HW, Leslie FM (1974) Assessment of the agonistic and antagonistic activities of narcotic analgesic drugs by means of the mouse vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 51:139P–140P
Hull MA, Thomson JL, Hawkey CJ (2005) Expression of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 by human gastric endothelial cells. Gut 45:529–536
Hunskaar S, Berge OG, Hole K (1986) Dissociation between antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin in the formalin test. Pain 25:125–132
Hunskaar S, Hole K (1987) The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain 30:103–114
Hwang SW, Cho H, Kwak J, Lee S-Y, Kang C-J, Jung J, Cho S, Min KH, Suh Y-G, Kim D, Oh U (2000) Direct activation of capsaicin receptors by products of lipogenases: Endogenous capsaicin-like substances. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6155–6159
Hylden JLK, Thomas DA, Iadarola MJ, Nahin RL, Dubner R (1991) Spinal opioid analgesic effects are enhanced in a model of unilateral inflammation/hyperalgesia: possible involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 194:135–143
Hylden JLK, Wilcox GL (1980) Intrathecal morphine in mice: a new technique. Eur J Pharmacol 67:313–316
Hökfelt T, Kellerth JO, Nilsson G, Pernow B (1975) Substance P: Localization in the central nervous system and in some primary sensory neurons. Science 190:889–890
Ibelgaufts H (ed) (1992) Lexikon Zytokine, München
Ichikawa H, Sugimoto T (2001) VR1-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Brain Res 890:184–188
Ichiyama T, Sakai T, Catania A, Barsh GS, Furukawa S, Lipton JM (1999) Inhibition of peripheral NF-κB activation by central action of α-melanocyte‐stimulating hormone. J Neuroimmunol 99:211–217
Idänpään-Heikkilä JJ, Guilbaud G (1999) Pharmacological studies on a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain: baclofen, but not carbamazepine, morphine or tricyclic antidepressants, attenuates the allodynia-like behaviour. Pain 79:281–290
Ignar D, Andrews JL, Jansen M, Eilert MM, Pink HM, Lin P, Sherrill RG, Szewczyk JR, Conway JG (2003) Regulation of TNF-α secretion by a specific melanocortin-1 receptor peptide agonist. Peptides 24:709–716
Inenaga K, Nagamoto T, Nakao K, Yanaihara N, Yamashita HY (1994) Kappa-selective agonists decrease postsynaptic potentials and calcium components of action potentials in the supraoptic nucleus of rat hypothalamus in vitro. Neurosci 58:331–340
Innis RB, Manning DC, Stewart JM, Snyder SH (1981) [3H]Bradykinin receptor binding in mammalian tissue membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2630–2634
Inoue K, Fujisawa H, Sasaki Y, Nishimura T, Nishimura I, Inoue Y, Yokota M, Masuda T, Ueda F, Shibata Y, Kimura K, Inoue K, Komiya Y, Nishioka J (1991) Pharmacological properties of the new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent Etodolac. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 41:228–235
Irvine RF (1982) Review article: How is the level of free arachidonic acid controlled in mammalian cells? Biochem J 204:3–16
Isabel G, Wright DM, Henry JL (1981) Design of an inexpensive unit for measuring tail flick latencies. J Pharmacol Meth 5:241–247
Ishihara T, Nakamura S, Kaziro Y, Takahashi T, Takahashi K, Nagata S (1991) Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the secretion receptor. EMBO J 10:1635–1641
Issekutz AC, Issekutz TB (1989) Quantitation of blood cell accumulation and vascular responses in inflammatory reactions. In: Pharmacological Methods in the Control of Inflammation. Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp 129–150
Ito O, Naruse S, Kitagawa M, Ishiguro H, Ko S, Nakajima M, Hayakawa T (1998) The effect of VIP/PACAP family of peptides on pancreatic blood flow and secretion in conscious dogs. Regul Pept 78:105–112
Itzhak Y, Stein I (1991) Regulation of σ receptors and responsiveness to guanine nucleotides following repeated exposure of rats to haloperidol: further evidence of multiple σ binding sites. Brain Res 566:166–172
Iversen LL, Jessell T, Kanazawa I (1976) Release and metabolism of substance P in rat hypothalamus. Nature 264:81–83
Iwasaki K, Mishima E, Miura M, Sakai N, Shimao S (1995) Effect of RU 486 on the atrophogenic and antiinflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in skin. J Dermatol Sci 10:151–158
Izumi T, Shimizu T, Seyama Y, Ohishi N, Takaku F (1986) Tissue distribution of leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity in guinea pig. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 135:139–145
Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Capasso F (2000a) Marijuana in the new millenium: perspectives for cannabinoid research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:281–282
Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Capasso R, Germano MP, DePasquale R, Capasso F (1999a) Inhibitory effects of cannabinoid agonists on gastric emptying in rats. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 360:221–223
Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Pinto N, Capasso R, Capasso F (1999b) The role of cannabinoid receptors in intestinal motility, defaecation and diarrhoea in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 384:37–42
Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Tonini M, Capasso F (2000b) Modulation of peristalsis by cannabinoid CB-1 ligands in the isolated guinea pig ileum. Br J Pharmacol 129:984–990
Jacob J, Blozovski M (1961) Action des divers analgésiques sur le comportement de souris exposées a un stimulus thermoalgésique. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 138:296–309
Jacob J, Loiseau G, Echinard-Garin P, Barthelemy C, Lafille C (1964) Caractérisation et détection pharmacologiques des substances hallucinogènes. II.-antagonismes vis-a-vis de la morphine chez la souris. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 148:14–30
Jacquin MF, Zeigler HP (1983) Trigeminal orosensation and ingestive behavior in the rat. Behav Neurosci 97:62–97
Jaggar SI, Scott HCF, Rice ASC (1999) Inflammation of the rat urinary bladder is associated with a referred thermal hyperalgesia which is nerve growth factor dependent. Br J Anaesth 83:442–448
Jakschik BA, Kuo CG (1983) Characterization of leukotriene A4 and B4 biosynthesis. Prostaglandins 25:767–781
Jancso G, Cseperes B, Gasz B, Benkö L, Ferencz A, Borsiczki B, Lantos J, Dureja A, Kiss K, Szeberényi J, Röth E (2005) Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on nuclear factor-κB activation and on late preconditioning against infarction of the myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 46:295–301
Janecka A, Fichna J, Janecki T (2004) Opioid receptors and their ligands. Curr Top Med Chem 4:1–17
Janscó G, Király E, Janscó-Gábor A (1977) Pharmacologically induced selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurones. Nature 270:741–743
Janssen P, Niemegeers CJE, Dony JGH (1963) The inhibitory effect of Fentanyl and other morphine-like analgesics on the warm water induced tail withdrawal reflex in rats. Arzneim‐Forsch 13:502–507
Jarvis B, Faulds D (1999) Etanercept. A review on its use in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs 57:945–966
Jerman JC, Brough SJ, Prinjha R, Harries MH, Davis JB, Smart D (2000) Characterization using FLIPR of rat vanilloid receptor (rVR1) pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 130:916–922
Jiang C, Ting AT, Seed B (1998) PPAR-γ antagonists inhibit production of monocytes inflammatory cytokines. Nature 391:82–86
Johansson SGO, Haahtela T, O'Byrne PM (2002) Omalizumab and the immune system: an overview of preclinical and clinical data. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 89:132–138
John TF, Fench LG, Erlichman JS (2006) The antinociceptive effect of Salvinorin A in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 545:129–153
Jokovlev V, Sofia RD, Achterrath‐Tuckermann U, von Schlichtegroll A, Thiemer K (1985) Untersuchungen zur pharmakologischen Wirkung von Flupirtin, einem strukturell neuartigen Analgeticum. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 35:30–43
Jonassohn M, Sterner O (1997) Terpenoid unsaturated 1,4-dialdehydes, occurrence and biological activities. Trends Org Chem 6:23–43
Jones TR, Labelle M, Belley M, Champion E, Charette L, Evans J, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Gauthier JY, Lord A, Masson P, McAuliffe M, McFarlane CS, Metters KM, Pickett C, Piechuta H, Rochette C, Rodger IW, Sawyer N, Young RN, Zamboni R, Abraham WM (1995) Pharmacology of montelucast sodium (Singular™), a potent and selective leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 73:191–201
Joo YH, Kim JK, Kang SH, Noh MS, Ha JY, Choi JK, Lim KM, Chung S (2004) 2,3-Diarylpyranon-4-ones: a new series of selective cyclogenase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14:2195–2198
Jordan RE, Smart D, Grimson P, Suman-Chauhan N, McKnight AT (1998) Activation of the cloned human NK3 receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells characterized by the cellular acidification using the Cytosensor microphysiometer. Br J Pharmacol 125:761–766
Jung J, Hwang SW, Kwak J, Lee S-Y, Kang C-J, Kim W-B, Kim D, Oh U (1999) Capsaicin binds to the intracellular domain of the capsaicin‐activated ion channel. J Neurosci 19:529–538
Jung M, Calassi R, Maruani J, Barnouin MC, Souilhac J, Poncelet M, Gueudet C, Edmonds-Alt X, Soubriè P, Brelière JC, le Fur G (1994) Neuropharmacological characterization of SR 140333, a non peptide antagonist of NK1 receptors. Neuropharmacol 33:167–179
Jung T, Schauer U, Heusser C, Neumann C, Rieger C (1993) Detection of intracellular cytokines by flow cytometry. J Immunol Meth 159:197–207
Jurna I, Brune K (1990) Central effect of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and diclofenac, determined in C fibre-evoked activity in single neurons of rat thalamus. Pain 41:71–80
Kachur JF, Allbee W, Danjo W, Gaginella TS (1987) Bradykinin receptors: functional similarities in guinea pig gut muscle and mucosa. Regul Peptides 17:63–70
Kaczor A, Matusiuk D (2002) Non-peptide opioid receptor ligands – recent advances. Part II Antagonists. Curr Med Chem 9:1591–1603
Kaelin WG Jr (2004) Gleevec: prototype or outlier? SciSTKE 225:12
Kakunaga T, Kaneto H, Hano K (1966) Pharmacological studies on analgesics. VII. Significance of the calcium ion in morphine analgesia. J Pharm Exp Ther 153:134–141
Kalajdzic T, Faour WH, He QW, Fahmi H, Martel‐Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, di Battista JA (2002) Nimesulide, a preferential cylooxoxygenase 2 inhibitor suppresses peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor induction of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum 46:494–506
Kalbhen DA, Smalla HD (1977) Pharmakologische Studien zur antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Pentosanpolysulfat in Kombination mit Metamizol. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 27:1050–1057
Kalgutkar AS, Crews BC, Rowlinson SW, Marnett AB, Kozak KR, Remmel RP, Marnett LJ (2000) Biochemically based design of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors: facile conversion of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs into potent and highly selective COX-2 inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:925–930
Kaltschmidt B, Widera D, Kaltschmidt C (2005) Signaling via NF-kappa B in the nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1745:287–299
Kaminski NE, Abood ME, Kessler FK, Martin BR, Schatz AR (1992) Identification of a functionally relevant cannabinoid receptor on mouse spleen cells that is involved in cannabinoid‐mediated immune modulation. Mol Pharmacol 42:736–742
Kang JL, Lee HW, Pack IS, Chong Y, Castranova V, Koh Y (2001) Genistein prevents nuclear factor kappa B activation and acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccaride. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:2206–2212
Kang JL, Park W, Pack IS, Lee HS, Kim MJ, Lim CM, Koh Y (2002) Inhaled nitric oxide attenuated acute lung injury via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and inflammation. J Appl Physiol 92:75–801
Kaplan DR, Miller FD (1997) Signal transduction by the neurotrophin receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:213–221
Karbon EW, Naper K, Pontecorvo MJ (1991) [3H]DTG and [3H](+)-3-PPP label pharmacologically distinct σ binding sites in guinea pig membranes. Eur J Pharmacol 193:21–27
Kargman S, Wong E, Greig GM, Falgueyret JP, Cromlish W, Ethier D, Yergey JA, Riendeau D, Evans JF, Kennedy B, Tagari P, Francis DA, O'Neill GP (1996) Mechanism of selective inhibition of human prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 in intact cells. Biochem Pharmacol 52:1113–1125
Karran EH, Harper GP (1995) Collagen degradation within subcutaneous air pouches in vivo: the effects proteinase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 34:97–102
Katin M, Yamamoto Y, Wang QM (2004) The IKK NF-κB system: a treasure trove for drug development. Nat Rev 3:17–26
Katsumata M, Gupta C, Goldman AS (1986) A rapid assay for activity of phospholipase A2 using radioactive substrate. Anal Biochem 154:676–681
Keay KA, Monassi CR, Levinson DB, Bandler R (2004) Peripheral nerve injury evokes disabilities and sensory dysfunction in a subpopulation of rats: a closer model to human chronic neuropathy pain? Neurosci Lett 361:188–191
Keffer J, Probert L, Cazlaris H, Georgopoulos S, Kaslaris E, Kioussis D, Kollias G (1991) Transgenic mice expressing human tumour necrosis factor: a predictive model of arthritis. EMBO J 10:4025–4031
Kelly SJ, Franklin KBJ (1984) Evidence that stress augments morphine analgesia by increasing brain tryptophan. Neurosci Lett 44:305–310
Kemal C, Louis-Flamberg P, Krupinski-Olsen R, Shorter AL (1987) Reductive inactivation of soybean lipoxygenase 1 by catechols: a possible mechanism for regulation of lipoxygenase activity. Biochemistry 26:7064–7072
Khanapure SP, Garvey DS, Young DV, Ezawa M, Earl EA, Gaston RD, Fang X, Murty M, Martino A, Shumway M, Trocha M, Marek P, Tam SW, Janero DR, Letts LG (2003) Synthesis and structure‐activity relationship of novel, highly potent metharyl and methcycloalkyl cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors. J Med Chem 46:5484–5504
Kidder GW, Wynn RL (1983) An automatic electronic apparatus for generating and recording a ramp stimulus for analgesia testing. J Pharmacol Meth 10:137–142
Kieffer BL, Gaveriaux-Ruff C (2002) Exploring the opioid system by gene knockout. Prog Neurobiol 66:285–306
Kilic T, Alberta JA, Zdunek PR, Acar M, Iannarelli P, O'Reilly T, Buchdunger E, Black PM, Stiles CD (2000) Intracranial inhibition of platelet‐derived growth factor‐mediated glioblastoma cell growth by an orally active kinase inhibitor of the 2-phenylaminopyrimidine class. Cancer Res 60.5143–5150
Killian PL (1986) Interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β bind to the same receptor on T cells. J Immunol 136:4509–4514
Kim JA, Kim DK, Kang OH, Choi YA, Park HJ, Choi SC, Kim TH, Yun KJ, Nah YH, Lee YM (2005) Inhibitory effect of luteolin on TNF-α-induced IL-8 production in human colon epithelia cells. Int Immunopharmacol 5:209–217
Kim SH, Chung JM (1992) An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat. Pain 50:355–363
Kim YH, Lee SH, Lee JY, Choi SW, Park JW, Kwon TK (2004) Tripolide inhibits murine‐inducible nitric synthase expression by down-regulating lipopolysaccharide‐induced activity of nuclear factor κB and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Eur J Pharmacol 494:1–9
Kirchner S, Holler E, Haffner S, Andreesen R, Eissner G (2004) Effect of different tumor necrosis factor (TNF) reactive agents on reverse signaling of membrane integrated TNF in monocytes. Cytokine 28:67–74
Kirschstein T, Greefrath W, Büsselberg D, Treede RD (1999) Inhibition of rapid heat responses in nociceptive primary sensory neurons of rats by vanilloid receptor antagonists. J Neurophysiol 82:2853–2860
Kitchen I (1984) Modification of an analgesy meter for paw-pressure antinociceptive testing in neonatal rats. J Pharmacol Meth 12:255–258
Kitchen I, Crowder M (1985) Assessment of the hot-plate anti-nociceptive test in mice. A new method for the statistical treatment of graded data. J Pharmacol Meth 13:1–7
Klein T, Nüsing RM, Pfeilschifter J, Ullrich V (1994) Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2. Biochem Pharmacol 48:1605–1610
Kligman LH (1994) Rapid assay of the anti-inflammatory activity of topical corticosteroids by inhibition of a UVA-induced neutrophil infiltration in hairless mouse skin. II. Assessment of name brand versus generic potency. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 74:18–19
Kluger MJ, Carole AC, Franklin B, Freter R, Abrams BD (1990) Effect of gastrointestinal flora on body temperature of rats and mice. Am J Physiol 258:R552–R557
Knappe RJ, Malatynska E, Collins N, Fang L, Wang JY, Hruby VJ, Roeske WB, Yamamura HI (1995) Molecular biology and pharmacology of cloned opioid receptors. FASEB J 9:516–525
Knight AR, Gillard J, Wong EHF, Middlemiss DN (1991) The human σ site, which resembles that in NCB20 cells, may correspond to a low-affinity site in guinea pig brain. Neurosci Lett 131:233–236
Knight DM, Trinh H, Le J, Siegel S, Shealy D, McDonough M, Scallon B, Moore MA, Vilcek J, Daddona P (1993) Construction and initial characterization of a mouse-human chimeric anti-TNF antibody. Mol Immunol 30:1443–1453
Knoll J (1967) Screening and grouping of psychopharmacological agents. In: Siegler PE, Moyer HJ (eds) Animal and Clinical Pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation. Yearbook Med Publ. Inc., Chicago, pp 305–321
Ko M-C, Butelman ER, Woods JH (1999) Activation of peripheral κ opioid receptors inhibits capsaicin‐induced nociception in Rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287:378–385
Koch JKE, Bodnar RJ (1993) Involvement of mu1 and mu2 opioid receptor subtypes in tail-pinch feeding in rats. Physiol Behav 53:603–605
Kojo H, Fukagawa M, Tajima K, Suzuki A, Fujimura T, Aramori I, Hayashi KI Nishimura S (2003) Evaluation of human peroxisome‐activated receptor (PPAR) subtype selectivity of a variety of anti-inflammatory drugs based on an novel assay for PPARδ (β). J Pharmacol Sci 93:347–355
Kokka N, Fairhurst AS (1977) Naloxone enhancement of acetic acid-induced writhing in rats. Life Sci 21:975–980
Kolesnikov YA, Pasternak GW (1999) Peripheral orphanin FQ/nociceptin analgesia in the mouse. Life Sci 64:2021–2028
Koll W, Fleischmann G (1941) Messungen der analgetischen Wirksamkeit einiger Antipyretica am Hund. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Exp Path Pharmakol 198:390–406
Koll W, Reffert H (1938) Eine neue Methode zur Messung analgetischer Wirkungen im Tierversuch. Versuche mit Morphin und einigen Morphinderivaten am Hund. Arch Exp Path Pharmakol 190:67–87
Kollias D, Douni E, Kassiotis G, Kontoyannis D (1999) The function of tumour necrosis factor and receptors in models of multi-organ inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Rheum Dis 58 [Suppl 1]:I32–I39
Kontoyiannis D, Pasparakis M, Pizarro TT, Cominelle F, Kollias G (1999) Impaired on/off regulation of TNF biosynthesis in mice lacking TNF AU-rich elements: implications for joint and gut-associated immunopathologies. Immunity 10:387–398
Koster R, Anderson M, de Beer EJ (1959) Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed Proc 18:412
Kosterlitz HW, Paterson SJ (1981) Tyr-D-Ala Gly-MePhe-NH(CH2)2OH is a selective ligand for the μ-opiate binding site. Br J Pharmacol 73:299P
Kosterlitz HW, Paterson SJ, Robson LE (1981) Characterization of the κ-subtype of the opiate receptor in the guinea pig brain. Br J Pharmacol 73:939–949
Kramer MS, Cutler N, Feighner J, Shrivastava R, Carman J, Sramek JJ, Reines SA, Lui G, Snavely D, Wyatt-Knowles E, Hale JJ, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Swain CJ, Harrison T, Hill RG, Hefti F, Scolnik EM, Cascieri MA, Chicchi GG, Sadowski S, Williams AR, Hewson L, Smith D, Carlson EJ, Hargreaves J, Rupniak NMJ (1998) Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors. Science 281:1640–1645
Krause MM, Brand MD, Krauss S, Meisel C, Vergin H, Burmester RG, Buttgereit F (2003) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor uncouple mitochondria in intact cells. Arthritis Rheum 48:1438–1444
Ksander GM, Diefenbacher CG, Yuan AM, Clark F, Sakane Y, Ghai RD (1989) Enkephalinase inhibitors. I. 2,4-Dibenzylglutaric acid derivatives. J Med Chem 32:2519–2526
Kudlacz EM, Knippenberg RW, Shatzer SA, Kehne JH, McCloskey TC, Burkholder TP (1997) The peripheral NK-1/NK-2 receptor antagonist MDL 105,172A inhibits tachykinin‐mediated respiratory effects in guinea-pigs. J Autonom Pharmacol 17:109–119
Kuhl P, Borbe HO, Fischer H, Römer A, Safayhi H (1986) Ebselen reduces the formation of LTB4 in human and porcine leukocytes by isomerisation to its 5S,12R-6-trans-isomer. Prostaglandins 31:1029–1048
Kumar S, McDonnell PC, Gum RJ, Hand AT, Lee JC, Young PR (1997) Novel homologues of CSBP/p38 MAP kinase: activation, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by pyridyl imidazoles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 235:533–538
Kunsch C, Luchoomun J, Chen XI, Dodd GL, Karu KS, Meng CQ, Marino EM, Olliff LK, Piper D, Qiu FH, Sikorski JA, Somers PK, Suen KL, Thomas S, Whalen AM, Wasserman MA, Sundell CL (2005) AGIX-4207 [2-[4-[[1-[[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]thio]-1-methylethyl]thio]-2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenoxy]acetic acid], a novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound: cellular and biochemical characterization of antioxidant activity and inhibition of redox-sensitive inflammatory gene expression. J Pharm Exp Ther 313:492–501
Kunz S, Niederberger E, Ehnert C, Coste O, Pfenninger A, Kruip J, Wendrich TM, Schmidtko A, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G (2004) The calpain inhibitor MDL 28170 prevents inflammation‐induced neurofilament light chain breakdown in the spinal cord and reduces hyperalgesia. Pain 110:409–418
LaBuda CJ, Little PJ (2005) Pharmacological evaluation of the selective nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 144:175–181
Lahti RA, Mickelson MM, McCall JM, von Voigtlander PF (1985) [3H]-U-69593, a highly selective ligand for the opioid κ-receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 109:281–284
Lamb K, Kang YM, Gebhart GF, Bielefeldt K (2003) Nerve growth factor and gastric hyperalgesia in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Mot 15:355–361
Lange JHM, van Stuivenberg HH, Veerman W, Wals HC, Stork B, Coolen HKAC, McCreary AC, Adolfs TJP, Kruse CG (2005) Novel 3,4-diarylpyrazolines as potent cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists with lower lipophilicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:4794–4798
Lanteri-Minet M, Bon K, de Pommery J, Michiels JF, Menetrey D (1995) Cyclophosphamide cystitis as a model of visceral pain in rats: model elaboration and spinal structures involved as revealed by the expression of c-Fos and Krox-24 proteins. Exp Brain Res 105:220–232
Lasché EM, Larson RE (1982) Interaction of insulin and prostacyclin production in the rat. Diabetes 31:454–458
Lassila M, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Seah KK, Smith CM, Calkin AC, Allen ZJ, Cooper ME (2005) Imatinib attenuates diabetic nephropathy in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:363–373
Laudanna C, Constanin G (2003) New models of intravital microscopy for analysis of chemokine receptor‐mediated leukocyte vascular recognition. J Immunol Methods 273:115–124
Laugwitz KL, Offermanns S, Spicher K, Schulz G (1993) μ and δ opioid receptors differentially couple to G protein subtypes in membranes of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neuron 5:233–242
Law PY, Wong YH, Loh HH (2000) Molecular mechanisms and regulation of opioid receptor signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 40:389–430
Lawrence MB, Springer TA (1991) Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: Distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins. Cell 65:859–873
Le GT, Abbenante G (2005) Inhibitors of TACE and caspase-1 as anti-inflammatory drugs. Curr Med Chem 12:2963–2977
Lecci A, Giulani S, Tramontana M, Criscuoli M, Maggi CA (1997) MEN 11,420, a peptide tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist, reduces motor responses induced by intravesical administration of capsaicin in vivo. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 356:182–188
Lecci A, Giuliani S, Meine S, Maggi CA (1995) Pharmacological analysis of the local and reflex responses to bradykinin on rat urinary bladder motility in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 114:708–714
Lee A, Whyte MKB, Haslett C (1993) Inhibition of apoptosis and prolongation of neutrophil functional longevity by inflammatory mediators. J Leukocyte Biol 54:283–288
Lee CM, Javitch JA, Snyder SH (1983) 3H-Substance P binding to salivary gland membranes. Mol Pharmacol 23:563–569
Lee J, Kim J, Kim SY, Chun MW, Cho H, Hwang SW, Oh U, Park YH, Marquez VE, Behesthi M, Szabo T, Blumberg PM (2001) N-(3-acyloxy-2-benzylpropyl)-N′-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-thiourea derivatives as potent vanilloid receptor agonists and analgesics. Bioorg Med Chem 9:19–32
Lee JH, Koo TH, Hwang BY, Lee JJ (2002) Kaurane diterpene, kamebakaurin, inhibits NF-κB by directly targeting the DNA-binding activity of p50 and blocks the expression of antiapoptotic NF-κB target genes. J Biol Chem 277:18411–18420
Lee SH, Soyoola E, Chanmugam P, Hart S, Sun W, Zhong H, Liou S, Simmons D, Hwang D (1992) Selective expression of mitogen‐inducible cyclooxygenase in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 267:25934–25938
Lee TF, Mora F, Myers RD (1985) Effect of intracerebroventricular vasopressin on body temperature and endotoxin fever of macaque monkey. Am J Physiol 248:R674–R678
Leeb-Lundberg LMF, Marceau F, Müller-Esterl W, Pettibone DJ, Zuraw BL (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLV. Classification of the kinin receptor family: from molecular mechanisms to pathophysiological consequences. Pharmacol Rev 57:27–77
Legat FJ, Griesbacher T, Lembeck F (1994) Mediation by bradykinin of rat paw oedema induced by collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum. Br J Pharmacol 112:433–460
Leitner ML, Hohmann AG, Patrick SL, Walker JM (1994) Regional variation in the ratio σ1 to σ2 binding in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 259:65–69
Lembeck F (1953) Zur Frage der zentralen Übertragung afferenter Impulse. III. Mitteilung. Das Vorkommen und die Bedeutung der Substanz P in den dorsalen Wurzeln des Rückenmarks. Arch Exp Path Pharmakol 219:197–213
Lembeck F (1987) Columbus, capsicum and capsaicin. Past, present and future. Acta Physiol Hung 69:265–273
Lembeck F, Griesbacher T, Eckhardt M, Henke S, Breipohl G, Knolle J (1991) New, long acting, potent bradykinin antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 102:297–304
Lembeck F, Holzer P (1979) Substance P as neurogenic mediator of antidromic vasodilation and neurogenic plasma extravasation. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 310:175–183
Lennard AC (1995) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Crit Rev Immunol 15:77–105
Levac BAR, O'Dowd BF, George SR (2003) Oligomerization of opioid receptors: generation of novel signaling units. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2:76–81
Lewis AJ, Cottney J, Nelson DJ (1976) Mechanisms of phytohaemagglutinin-P, concanavalin-A and kaolin‐induced oedemas in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 40:1–8
Lewis GP, Barrett ML (1986) Immunosuppressive actions of prostaglandins and the possible increase in chronic inflammation after cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Agents Actions 19:59–65
Lewis R, Austen KF (1981) Mediation of local homeostasis and inflammation by leukotrienes and other mast cell-dependent compounds. Nature 293:103–108
Leyck S, Parnham MJ (1990) Acute antiinflammatory and gastric effects of the seleno‐organic compound ebselen. Agents Actions 30:426–431
Li L, Xian CJ, Zhong JH, Zhou XF (2002) Effect of lumbar 5 ventral root transection on pain behaviours: a novel model for neuropathic pain without axotomy of primary sensory neurons. Exp Neurol 175:23–34
Li L, Xian CJ, Zhong JH, Zhou XF (2003) Lumbar 5 ventral root dissection‐induced upregulation of nerve growth factor in sensory neurons and their target tissues: a mechanism of neuropathic pain. Mol Cell Neurosci 23:232–250
Li P, Schwarz EM (2003) The TNF-α transgenic mouse model in inflammatory arthritis. Springer Semin Immonopathol 25:19–33
Liang M, Mallari C, Rosser M, Ng HP, May K, Monahan S, Bauman JG, Islam I, Ghannam A, Buckman B, Shaw K, Wei GP, Xu W, Zhao Z, Ho E, Shen J, Oanh H, Subramanyam B, Vergona R, Taub D, Dunning L, Harvey S, Snider RM, Hesselgesser J, Morrissey MM, Perez HD (2000a) Identification and characterization of a potent, selective, and orally active antagonist of the CC chemokine receptor-1. J Biol Chem 275:19000–19008
Liang M, Rosser M, NG HP, May K, Bauman JG, Islam I, Ghannam A, Kretschmer PJ, Pu H, Dunning L, Snider RM, Morrissey MM, Hesselgesser J, Perez HD, Horuk R (2000b) Species selectivity of a small molecule antagonist for the CCR1 chemokine receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 389:41–49
Liebmann C, Bossé R, Escher E (1994b) Discrimination between putative bradykinin B2 receptor subtypes in guinea pig ileum smooth muscle membranes with a selective, iodinatable, bradykinin analogue. Molec Pharmacol 46:949–956
Liebmann C, Mammery K, Graneß A (1994a) Bradykinin inhibits adenylate cyclase activity in guinea pig membranes via a separate high-affinity bradykinin B2 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 288:35–43
Lim HD, Smits RA, Leurs R, de Esch IJP (2006) The emerging role of the histamine H4 receptor in anti-inflammatory therapy. Curr Topics Med Chem 6:1365–1373
Lim HD, van Rijn RM, Ling P, Bakker RA, Thurmond RL, Leurs R (2005) Evaluation of histamine H1-, H2-, and H3-receptor ligands at the human H4 receptor: identification of 4-methylhistamine as the first potent and selective H4 receptor agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314:1310–1321
Lim RKS (1970) Pain. Annu Rev Physiol 32:269–288
Lim RKS, Guzman F (1968) Manifestations of pain in analgesic evaluation in animals and man. In: Soulairac A, Cahn J, Charpentier J (eds) Pain. Academic Press, London, New York, pp 119–152
Lim RKS, Guzman F, Rodgers DW, Goto K, Braun C, Dickerson GD, Engle RJ (1964) Site of action of narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics determined by blocking bradykinin‐evoked visceral pain. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 152:25–58
Linden A, Cardell LO, Yoshihara S, Stjarne P, Nadel JA (1998) PACAP 1–38 as an inhaled bronchodilator in guinea pigs in vivo. Peptides 19:93–98
Lindenlaub T, Sommer C (2000) Partial sciatic nerve transection as a model of neuropathic pain: a qualitative and quantitative neuropathological study. Pain 89:97–106
Litchfield JT, Wilcoxon F (1949) A simplified method for evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 96:99
Littman SJ, Faltynek CR, Baglioni C (1985) Binding of human recombinant 125I-interferon to receptors on human cells. J Biol Chem 260:1191–1195
Liu C, Ma X-J, Jiang X, Wilson SJ, Hofstra CL, Blevitt J, Pyati J, Li X, Chai W, Carruthers N, Lovenberg TW (2001a) Cloning and pharmacological characterization of a fourth histamine receptor (H4) expressed in bone marrow. Mol Pharmacol 59:420–426
Liu C, Wilson SJ, Kuei C, Lovenberg TW (2001b) Comparison of human, mouse, rat, and guinea pig histamine H4 receptors reveals substantial pharmacological species variation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:121–130
Liu J, Gao B, Mirshahi F, Sanyal AJ, Khanolkar AD, Makriyanniss A, Kumos G (2000) Functional CB1 cannabinoid receptors in human endothelial cells. Biochem J 346:835–840
Liu L, Lo Y-C, Chen I-J, Simon SA (1997) The response or rat trigeminal ganglion neurons to capsaicin and two nonpungent vanilloid receptor agonists, olvanil and glyceryl nonamide. J Neurosci 17:4101–4111
Liu L, Oortgiesen M, Li L, Simon SA (2001) Capsaicin inhibits activation of voltage-gated sodium currents in capsaicin‐sensitive trigeminal ganglion nerves. J Neurophysiol 85:745–758
Liu YF, Quirion R (1991) Presence of various carbohydrate moieties including β-galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues on solubilized porcine brain neurokinin-1/substance P receptors. J Neurochem 57:1944–1950
Livingstone DJ (1997) In vitro and in vivo studies of ICE inhibitors. J Cell Biochem:19–26
Llorens C, Schwartz JC (1981) Enkephalinase activity in rat peripheral organs. Eur J Pharmacol 69:113–116
Locke KW, Dunn RW, Hubbard JW, Vanselous ChL, Cornfeldt M, Fielding St, Strupczewski JT (1990) HP 818: A centrally acting analgesic with neuroleptic properties. Drug Dev Res 19:239–256
Loh HH, Smith AP (1990) Molecular characterization of opioid receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:123–147
Longmore J, Swain CJ, Hill RG (1995) Neurokinin receptors. Drug News Perspect 8:5–12
Lopshire JC, Nicol GD (1998) The cAMP transduction cascade mediates the prostaglandin E2 enhancement of the capsaicin elicited current in rat sensory neurons: whole-cell and single‐channel studies. J Neurosci 18:6081–6092
Lorenz D (1961) Die Wirkung von Phenylbutazon auf das Pfotenoedem der Ratte nach oraler Applikation. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Exp Path Pharm 241:516–517
Louie SG, Park B, Yoon H (2003) Biological response modifiers in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 60:346–355
Loux JJ, DePalma PD, Yankell SL (1972) Antipyretic testing of aspirin in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 22:672–675Riley JL, Thursten JR, Egemo CL, Elliot HL (1978) A radiotelemetry transmitter for transmitting temperatures from small animals. J Appl Physiol 45:1016–1018
Loux JJ, Smith S, Salem H (1978) Comparative analgesic testing of various compounds in mice using writhing techniques. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 28:1644–1677
Lovenberg TW, Roland BL, Wilson SJ, Jiang X, Pyati J, Huvar A, Jackson MR, Erlander MG (1999) Cloning and functional expression of the human histamine H3 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 55:1101–1107
Loza Garcia MI, Baamonde Arbaiza A, Hidalgo Balsera A, Andres‐Trelles F (1993) Potenciación por dipirona (metamizol) magnésica y dipirona sódica de la hipotermia producida por chlorpromazina en rata anestesiada. An Real Acad Farm 59:181–190
Ludbrook G, Grant C, Upton R, Penhall C (1995) A method for frequent measurement of sedation and analgesia in sheep using the response to a ramped electrical stimulus. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:17–22
Luheshi G, Miller AJ, Brouwer S, Dascombe MJ, Rothwell NJ, Hopkins SJ (1996) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits endotoxin fever and systemic interleukin-6 induction in the rat. Am J Physiol, Endocrinol Metab 270/1 33–1:E91–E95
Luttinger D (1985) Determination of antinociceptive activity of drugs in mice using different water temperatures in a tail-immersion test. J Pharmacol Meth 13:351–357
Lutz MW, Morgan OH, James MK, Feldman OL, Brackeen MF, Lahey AP, James SV, Bilotta JM, Pressley JC (1994) A pharmacodynamic model to investigate the structure‐activity profile of a series of novel opioid analgesics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:795–803
Lynch III JJ, Wade CL, Mikusa JP, Decker MW, Honore P (2005) ABT-594 (a nicotinic acetylcholine agonist): anti-allodynia in a rat chemotherapy‐induced pain model. Eur J Pharmacol 509:43–48
Lynn AB, Herkenham M (1994) Localization of cannabinoid receptors and nonsaturable high-density cannabinoid receptor sites in peripheral tissues of the rat: implications for receptor‐mediated immune modulation by cannabinoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 268:1612–1623
Ma QP, Woolf CJ (1997) The progressive tactile hyperalgesia induced by peripheral inflammation is nerve growth factor dependent. NeuroReport 8:807–810
MacGregor RR, Spagnuolo PJ, Lentnek AL (1974) Inhibition of granulocyte adherence by ethanol, prednisone, and aspirin, measured with an assay system. New Engl J Med 291:642–646
Maccarrone M, Lorenzon T, Bari M, Melino G, Finazzi-Agrò A (2000) Anandamide induces apoptosis in human cells via vanilloid receptors. Evidence for a protective role of cannabinoid receptors. J Biol Chem 275:31938–31945
Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M, Rossi A, Veldink GA, Vliegenthart JF, Agrò AF (1998) Anandamide hydrolysis by human cells in culture and brain. J Biol Chem 273:32332–32339
Mach RH, Wu L, West T, Whirrett BR, Childers SR (1999) The analgesic tropane analogue [±]-SM 21 has a high affinity for σ2 receptors. Life Sci 64:PL131–137
Macotela Y, Mendoza C, Corbacho AM, Cosío G, Eiserich JP, Zentella A, de la Escalera GM, Clapp C (2002) 16K Prolactin induces NF-κB activation in pulmonary fibroblasts. J Endocrinol 175:R13–R18
Maggi CA (2000) The troubled story of tachykinins and neurokinins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:173–175
Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Giulani S, Rovero P, Dion S, Regoli D, Giachetti A, Meli A (1990) Competitive antagonists discriminate between NK-2 tachykinin receptor subtypes. Br J Pharmacol 100:588–592
Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Rovero P, Giachetti A (1993) Tachykinin receptors and tachykinin receptor antagonists. J Autonom Pharmacol 13:23–93
Maguire P, Tsai N, Kamal J, Cometta‐Morini C, Upton C, Loew G (1992) Pharmacological profiles of fentanyl analogs at μ, δ and κ opiate receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 213:219–225
Makriyannis A, Mechoulam R, Piomelli D (2005) Therapeutic opportunities through modulation of the endocannabinoid system. Neuropharmacology 48:1068–1071
Malfroy B, Schwartz JC (1982) Properties of “enkephalinase” from rat kidney: comparison of dipeptidyl‐carboxypeptidase and endopeptidase activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 106:276–285
Malfroy B, Swerts JP, Guyon A, Roques BP, Schwartz JC (1978) High-affinity enkephalin‐degrading peptidase in brain is increased after morphine. Nature 276:523–526
Malmberg A, Basbaum AI (1998) Partial sciatic nerve injury in the mouse as a model of neuropathic pain: behavioral and neuroanatomical correlation. Pain 76:215–222
Malmberg AB, Chen C, Tonegawa S, Basbaum AI (1997) Preserved acute pain and reduced neuropathic pain in mice lacking PKCγ. Science 278:279–283
Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1992) Antinociceptive actions of spinal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the formalin test in the rat. J Pharm Exp Ther 263:136–146
Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1992) Hyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance P receptor blocked by spinal cyclo-oxygenase inhibition. Science 257:1276–1279
Maloff BL, Delmendo RE (1991) Development of high throughput for interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in isolated membrane preparations. Agents Actions 34:32–34
Maloff BL, Delmendo RE (1991) Development of high-throughput radioligand binding assays for interleukin 1-α (IL-1-α) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in isolated membrane preparations. Agents Actions 34:132–134
Maloff BL, Shaw JE, Di Meo TM, Fox D, Bruin EM (1989) Development of a RIA-based primary screen for IL-1 antagonists. Clin Chim Acta 180:73–78
Maloff BL, Shaw JE, DiMeo TM (1989) IL-1 dependent model of inflammation mediated by neutrophils. J Pharmacol Meth 22:133–140
Manning DC, Vavrek R, Stewart JM, Snyder SH (1986) Two bradykinin binding sites with picomolar affinities. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 237:504–512
Mannion RJ, Costigan M, Decosterd I, Amaya F, Ma PQ, Holstege JC, Ji RR, Acheson A, Lindsay RM, Wilkinson GA, Woolf CJ (1999) Neurotrophins: peripherally and centrally acting modulators of tactile stimulus‐induced inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9385–9390
Mansour A, Fox CA, Akil H, Watson SJ (1995) Opioid‐receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: anatomical and functional implications. Trends Neurosci 18:22–29
Mansour A, Lewis ME, Khachaturian H, Akil H, Watson SJ (1986) Pharmacological and anatomical evidence of selective μ, δ and κ opioid receptor binding in rat brain. Brain Res 399:69–79
Manzanares J, Corchero J, Romero J, Fernández-Ruiz JJ, Ramos JA, Fuentes JA (2000) Pharmacological and biochemical interactions between opioids and cannabinoids. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:287–294
Mao J, Price DD, Mayer DJ, Lu J, Hayes RL (1992) Intrathecal MK-801 and local anesthesia synergistically reduce nociceptive behaviors in rats with experimental peripheral neuropathy. Brain Res 576:254–262
Marceau F, Hess JF, Bachvarov DR (1998) The B1 receptors for kinins. Pharmacol Rev 50:357–386
Marceau F, Regoli D (2004) Bradykinin receptor ligands: therapeutic perspectives. Nature Rev Drug Disc 3:845–852
Marchand F, Alloui A, Pelissier T, Hernández A, Authier N, Alvarez P, Eschalier A, Ardid D (2003) Evidence of an antihyperalgesic effect of venlafaxine in vincristine‐induced neuropathy in rats. Brain Res 980:117–120
Marek J (1980) Bentonite‐induced paw edema as a tool for simultaneous testing of prophylactic and therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory and other drugs. Pharmazie 36:46–49
Marki A, Otvos F, Toth G, Hoszafi S, Borsodi A (1995) Characterization of kappa opioid receptor with tritiated norBNI. Analgesia 1:557–560
Martal JL, Chene NM, Huynh LP, L'Haridon RM, Reinaud PB, Guillomot MW, Charlier MA, Charpigny SY (1998) IFN-τ: A novel subtype I IFN1. Structural characteristics, non-ubiquitous expression, structure‐function relationships, a pregnancy hormonal embryonic signal and cross-species therapeutic potentialities. Biochemie 80:755–777
Martin BR (1985) Characterization of the antinociceptive activity of intravenously administered Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. In: Harvey DJ (ed) Marihuana `84. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 685–692
Martin BR (1986) Cellular effects of cannabinoids. Pharmacol Rev 38:45–74
Martin BR, Compton DR, Thomas BF, Prescott WR, Little PJ, Razdan RK, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Mechoulam R, Ward SJ (1991) Behavioral, biochemical, and molecular modeling evaluations of cannabinoid analogs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:471–478
Martin SW, Stevens AJ, Brennan BS, Davies D, Rowdland M, Houston JB (1994) The six-day-old rat air pouch model of inflammation: characterization of the inflammatory response to carrageenan. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 32:139–147
Martin WR (1967) Opioid antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 19:463–521
Martin WR, Eades CG, Thompson JA, Huppler RE, Gilbert PE (1976) The effects of morphine- and morphine-like drugs in the nondependent and morphine‐dependent chronic spinal dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 197:517–532
Massa F, Storr M, Lutz B (2005) The endocannabinoid system in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. J Mol Med 83:1432–1440
Mastrangelo D, Mathison R, Huggel HJ, Dion S, D'Orléans-Juste P, Rhaleb NE, Drapeau G, Rovero P, Regoli D (1987) The rat isolated portal vein: A preparation sensitive to neurokinins, particularly to neurokinin B. Eur J Pharmacol 134:321–326
Matsubara M, Tamura T, Ohmori K, Hasegawa K (2005) Histamine H1 receptor antagonist blocks histamine‐induced proinflammatory cytokine production through inhibition of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C, Raf/MEK/ERK and IKK/ IκB/NF-κB signal cascades. Biochem Pharmacol 69:433–449
Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI (1990) Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature (Lond) 346:561–564
Matsuno K, Nakazawa M, Okamoto K, Kawashima Y, Mita S (1996) Binding properties of SA4503, a novel and selective σ1 receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 306:271–279
Matthews B, Searle BN (1976) Electrical stimulation of teeth. Pain 2:245–251
Matuszek M, Szreder Z, Korolkiewicz Z (1990) The antipyretic effect of some newer alpha-1 antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 183:2279–2280
Matuszek MA, Zeng XP, Strigas J, Burcher E (1998) An investigation of tachykinin NK2 receptor subtypes in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 352:103–109
Matzner Y, Drexler R, Levy M (1984) Effect of dipyrone, acetylsalicylic acid and acetaminophen on human neutrophil chemotaxis. Eur J Clin Invest 14:440–443
Maurice T, Phan V-L, Noda Y, Yamada K, Privat A, Nabeshima K (1999) The attenuation of learning impairment induced after exposure to CO or trimethylin in mice by sigma (σ) receptor ligands involves both σ1 and σ2 sites. Br J Pharmacol 127:335–342
McCallister LW, Lipton JM, Giesecke AH Jr, Clark WG (1986) The rabbit ear-withdrawal test: A new analgesiometric procedure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:481–482
McCarty DJ, Faires JS (1963) A comparison of the duration of local anti-inflammatory effects of several adrenocorticosteroid esters – a bioassay technique. Curr Ther Res 5:284–290
McCarty DJ, Phelps P, Pyenson J (1966) Crystal‐induced inflammation in canine joints. I. An experimental model with quantification of the host response. J Exp Med 124:99–114
McClure N, Robertson DM, Heyward P, Healy DL (1994) Image analysis quantification of the Miles assay. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 32:49–52
McEachern AE, Shelton ER, Bhakta S, Obernolte R, Bach C, Zuppan P, Fujisaki J, Aldrich RW, Jarnagin K (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7724–7728
McIntyre P, McLatchie LM, Chambers A, Phillips E, Clarke M, Savidge J, Toms C, Peacocl M, Shah K, Winter J, Weerasakera N, Webb M, Rang HP, Bevan S, James IF (2001) Pharmacological differences between the human and rat vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1). Br J Pharmacol 132:1084–1094
McKnight AT, Rees DC (1991) Opioid receptors and their ligands. Neurotransm 7(2):1–6
McLay IM, Halley F, Souness JE, McKenna J, Benning V, Birrell M, Burton B, Belvisi M, Collis A, Constan A, Foster M, Hele D, Jayyosi Z, Kelley M, Maslen C, Miller G, Ouldelhkim MC, Page K, Phipps S, Pollock K, Porter B, Ratcliffe AJ, Redford EJ, Webber S, Slater B, Thybaud V, Wilsher N (2001) The discovery of RPR 200765A, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor displaying a good oral anti-arthritic efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem 9:537–554
McLean S, Ganong A, Seymour PA, Bryce DK, Crawford RT, Morrone J, Reynolds LS, Schmidt AW, Zorn S, Watson J, Fossa A, DePasquale M, Rosen T, Nagahisa A, Tsuchiya M, Heym J (1996) Characterization of CP-122,721, a nonpeptide antagonist of the neurokinin NK-1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277:900–908
McLean S, Ganong AH, Seeger TF, Bryce DK, Pratt KG, Reynolds LS, Siok CJ, Lowe III JA, Heym J (1991) Activity of binding sites in brain of a nonpeptide substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist. Science 251:437–439
McMahon SB (1996) NGF as a mediator of inflammatory pain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351:431–440
McMahon SB, Bennett DL, Priestley JV, Shelton DL (1995) The biological effects of endogenous nerve growth factor on adult sensory neurons revealed by a trkA-IgG fusion molecule. Nat Med 1:774–780
McPherson GA (1985) Analysis of radioligand binding experiments. A collection of computer programs for the IBM PC. J Pharmacol Meth 14:213–228
McQueen DS, Iggo A, Birrell GJ, Grubb BD (1991) Effects of paracetamol and aspirin on neural activity of joint mechanociceptors in adjuvant arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 104:178–182
Mechoulam R, Hanu L, Martin B (1994)Search for endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 48:1537–1544
Mechoulam R, Shani A, Elderly H, Grunfeld Y (1970) Chemical basis of hashish activity. Science 169:611–612
Medhurst AD, Parson AA, Roberts JC, Hay DWP (1997) Characterization of NK3 receptors in rabbit isolated iris sphincter muscle. Br J Pharmacol 120:93–101
Meier R, Schuler W, Desaulles P (1950) Zur Frage des Mechanismus der Hemmung des Bindegewebswachstums durch Cortisone. Experientia 6:469–471
Meingassner JG, Grassberger M, Fahrngruber H, Moore HD, Schuurman H, Stütz A (1997) A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the topical and oral treatment of skin diseases. In vivo pharmacology. Br J Dermatol 137:568–576
Meini S, Bellucci F, Cucchi P, Giuliani S, Quartara L, Giolitti A, Zappitelli S, Rotondaro L, Boels K, Maggi CA (2004) Bradykinin B2 and GPR100 receptors: a paradigm for receptor signal transduction pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 143:938–941
Melvin LS, Milne GM, Johnson MR, Subramaniam B, Wilken GH, Howlett AC (1993) Structure‐activity relationships for cannabinoid receptor‐binding and analgesic activity: studies of bicyclic cannabinoid analogs. Mol Pharmacol 44:1998–1015
Mendes GL, Santos ARS, Malheiros A, Filho AC, Yunes RA, Calixto JB (2000) Assessment of mechanisms involved in anti-nociception caused by sesquiterpene polygodial. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:164–172
Mendoza-Milla C, Rodríguez CM, Alarcón EC, Bernal AE, Toledo‐Cuevas EM, Martínez EM, Dehesa AZ (2005) NF-κB activation but not PIK/Akt is required for dexamethasone dependent protection against TNF-α cytotoxicity in L929 cells. FEBS Lett 579:3947–3952
Meng F, Xie G-X, Thompson RC, Mansour A, Goldstein A, Watson SJ, Akil H (1993) Cloning and pharmacological characterization of rat κ opioid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:9954–9958
Meng ID, Manning BH, Martin MJ, Fields HL (1998) An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature 395:381–383
Menke JG, Borkowski JA, Bierilo KK, MacNeill T, Derrick AW, Schneck KA, Ransom RW, Strader CD, Linemeyer DL, Hess JF (1994) Expression cloning of a human bradykinin B1 receptor. J Biol Chem 269:21583–21586
Menzies JRW, Glen T, Davies MRP, Paterson SJ, Corbett AD (1999) In vitro agonist effects of nociceptin and [Phe1Ψ (CH2-NH)Gly2]nociceptin(1–13)NH2 in the mouse and rat colon and the mouse vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 385:217–223
Mestre C, Hernandez A, Eschalier A, Pelissier T (1997) Effects of clomipramine and desimipramine on a C-fiber reflex in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 335:1–8
Mestre C, Pélissier T, Fialip J, Wilcox G, Eschalier A (1994) A method to perform direct transcutaneous intrathecal injections in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 32:197–200
Meunier JC (1997) Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and the opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 340:1–15
Meunier JC (2000) The therapeutic value of nociceptin agonists and antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 10:371–388
Meunier JC, Mollereau C, Toll L, Suaudeau C, Moisand C, Alvinerie P, Butour JL, Guillemot JC, Ferrara P, Monserrat B, Mazarguil H, Vassart G, Parmentier M, Costentin J (1995) Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor. Nature 377:532–535
Meyers KP, Czachowski CL, Coffey JW (1993) Effect of treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on the development of carrageenan‐induced pleurisy in the rat. Inflammation 17:121–134
Mezey E, Tóth ZE, Cortright DN, Arzubi MK, Krause JE, Elde R, Guo A, Blumberg PM, Szallasi A (2000) Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid subtype 1 (VR1), and VR1-like immunoreactivity, in the central nervous system of the rat and human. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3655–3660
Michael GJ, Priestley JV (1999) Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. J Neurosci 19:1844–1854
Mielens ZE, Connolly K, Stecher VJ (1985) Effects of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs upon cellular and fibronectin responses in a pleurisy model. J Rheumatol 12:1083–1087
Miesel R, Ehrlich W, Wohlert H, Kurpisz M, Kröger H (1995) The effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on oxidant‐induced arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Rheumatol 13:595–610
Mijatovic T, Houzet L, Defence P, Droogmans L, Huez G, Kruys V (2000) Tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA remains unstable and hypoadenylated upon stimulation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Biochem 267:6004–6011
Mikami T, Miyasaka K (1983) Effects of several anti-inflammatory drugs on the various parameters involved in the inflammation response in rat carrageenin‐induced pleurisy. Eur J Pharmacol 95:1–12
Miles AA, Miles EM (1952) Vascular reactions to histamine, histamine‐liberator and leukotaxine in the skin of guinea-pigs. J Physiol 118:228–257
Miller AJ, Hopkins SJ, Luheshi GN (1997) Sites of action of IL-1 in the development of fever and cytokine response to tissue inflammation in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 120:1274–1279
Miltenyi S, Möller W, Weichel W, Radbruch A (1990) High gradient magnetic cell separation with MACS. Cytometry 11:231
Minami N, Endo T, Kikuchi K, Ihira E, Hirafuji M, Hamaue N, Monma Y, Sakurada T, Tanno K, Kisara K (1998) Antiemetic effects of sendide, a peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, in the ferret. Eur J Pharmacol 363:49–55
Mini-Symposium (1981) The in vivo differentiation of opiate receptors. Life Sci 28:1543–1584
Mitchell CL (1964) A comparison of drug effects upon the jaw jerk response to electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in dogs and cats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 146:1–6
Mitchell JA, Akarasereenont P, Thiemermann C, Flower RJ, Vane JR (1994) Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11693–11697
Miyamoto Y, Portoghese PS, Takemori AE (1993) Involvement of delta 2 opioid receptors in the development of morphine dependence in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 264:1141–1145
Miyata A, Jiang L, Dahl RD, Kitada C, Kubo K, Fujino M, Minamino N, Arimura A (1990) Isolation of a neuropeptide corresponding to the N-terminal 27 residues of the pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide with 38 residues (PACAP38). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170:643–648
Mizrahi J, D'Orléans-Juste P, Drapeau G, Escher E, Regoli D (1983) Partial agonists and antagonists for substance P. Eur J Pharmacol 91:139–140
Mizuno Y, Kondo K, Terashima Y, Arima H, Murase T, Oiso Y (1998) Anorectic effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in rats: Lack of evidence for involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression. J Neuroendocrinol 10:611–616
Mjellem N, Lund A, Hole K (1993) Different functions of spinal 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes in modulating behaviour induced by excitatory amino acid receptor agonists in mice. Brain Res 626:78–82
Moe GW, Marin-Garcia J, Konig A, Goldenthal M, Lu X, Feng Q (2004) In vivo TNF-α inhibition ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in experimental heart failure. Am J Physiol 287:H1813–H1820
Mogil JS, Pasternak (2001) The molecular and behavioral pharmacology of the orphanin FQ/nociception peptide and receptor family. Pharmacol Rev 53:381–415
Mohler KM, Torrance DS, Smith CA, Goodwin RG, Stremler KE, Fung VP, Madani H, Widmer MB (1993) Soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are effective therapeutic agents in lethal endotoxemia and function simultaneously as both TNF carriers and TNF antagonists. J Immunol 151:1548–1561
Mohrland JS, Johnson EE, von Voigtlander PF (1983) An ultrasound‐induced tail-flick procedure: evaluation of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory analgesics. J Pharmacol Meth 9:297–282
Moller DE, Berger JP (2004) Role of PPARs in the regulation of obesity‐related insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Int J Obes 27:517–521
Mollereau C, Mouledous L (2000) Tissue distribution of the opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor. Peptides 21:907–917
Mollereau C, Parmentier M, Mailleux P, Butour JL, Moisand C, Chalon P, Caput D, Vassart G, Meunier JC (1994) ORL1, a novel member of the opioid receptor family: cloning, functional expression and localization. FEBS Lett 341:33–38
Mong S, Wu HL, Hogaboom GK, Clark MA, Crooke ST (1984) Characterization of the leukotriene D4 receptor in guinea-pig lung. Eur J Pharmacol 102:1–11
Monnet FP, Debonnel G, Bergeron R, Gronier B, de Montigny C (1994) The effects of sigma ligands and neuropeptide Y on N-methyl-D-aspartate‐induced neuronal activation of CA3 dorsal hippocampus neurones are differentially affected by pertussis toxin. Br J Pharmacol 112:709–715
Moore E, Trottier RW (1974) Comparison of various types of carrageenin in promoting pedal edema in the rat. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 7:625–628
Moqbel R, Walsh GM, Kay AB (1986) Inhibition of human granulocyte activation by nedocromil sodium. Eur J Respir Dis 69 (Suppl 147):227–229
Moreno JJ (1993) Time course of phopsholipase A2, eikosanoid release and cellular accumulation in rat immunological air pouch inflammation. Int J Immunopharmacol 15:597–603
Mortellaro A, Sangia S, Gnocchi P, Ferrari M, Fornasiero C, D'Alessio R, Isetta A, Colotta F, Golay J (1999) New immunosuppressive drug PNU156804 blocks IL-2-dependent proliferation and NF-κB and AP-1 activation. J Immunol 162:7102–7109
Mosberg HI, Hurst R, Hruby VJ, Gee K, Yamamura HI, Galligan JJ, Burks TF (1983) Bis-penicillamine enkephalins possess highly improved specificity toward δ opioid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:5871–5874
Mosberg HI, Omnaas JR, Goldstein A (1987) Structural requirements for δ opioid receptor binding. Mol Pharmacol 31:599–602
Moser B, Schumacher C, von Tscharner V, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M (1990) Neutrophil‐activating peptide 2 and gro/melanoma growth‐stimulatory activity interact with neutrophil‐activating peptide-1/interleukin-8 receptors on human neutrophils. J Biol Chem 266:10666–10671
Moss HE, Sanger GJ (1990) Effects of granisetron, ICS 205–930 and ondansetron on the visceral pain reflex induced by duodenal extension. Br J Pharmacol 100:497–501
Motomura Y, Chijiiwa Y, Iwakiri Y, Ochiai T, Nawata H (1998) Interactive mechanisms among pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and parathyroid receptors in guinea pig cecal circular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 139:2869–2878
Mouledous L, Topham CM, Moisand C, Mollereau C, Meunier JC (2000) Functional investigation of the nociceptin receptor by alanine substitution of glutamine 286 at the C terminus of the transmembrane segment VI: Evidence from a site-directed mutagenesis study of the ORL1 receptor transmembrane binding domain. Mol Pharmacol 57:495–502
Moyse SE, Pasquini F, Quirion R, Beaudet A (1986) 125I-FK 33–824: a selective probe for autoradiographic labeling of μ opioid receptors in the brain. Peptides 7:351–355
Mukaida N, Morita M, Ishikawa Y, Rice N, Okamoto SI, Kasahara T, Matsushima K (1994) Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid‐mediated gene repression. J Biol Chem 269:13289–13295
Mumford RA, Pierzchala PA, Strauss AW, Zimmerman M (1981) Purification of a membrane bound metalloendopeptidase from porcine kidney that degrades peptide hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:6623–6627
Munger BL, Bennett GJ, Kajander KC (1992) An experimental painful peripheral neuropathy due to nerve constriction. Exper Neurol 118:204–214
Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M (1993) Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365:61–65
Munson PJ, Rodbard D (1980) LIGAND, a versatile computerized approach for characterization of ligand binding systems. Anal Biochem 107:220–239
Murakawa M, Yamaoka K, Tanaba Y, Fukuda Y (2006) Involvement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecynoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin edema in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 71:1331–1336
Murata T, Shimada M, Sakakibara S, Yoshino T, Kadono H, Masuda T, Shimazaki M, Shintani T, Fuchikami K, Sakai K, Inbe H, Takeshita K, Niki T, Umeda M, Bacon KB, Ziegelbauer KB, Lowinger TB (2003) Discovery of novel and selective IKK-β serine‐threonin protein kinase inhibitors. Part I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:913–918
Murata T, Ushikubi F, Matsuoka T, Hirata M, Yamasaki A, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Aze Y, Tanaka T, Yoshida N, Ueno A, Oh-Ishi S, Narumiya S (1997) Altered pain reception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostaglandin receptor. Nature 388:678–682
Murray CW, Porreca F, Cowan A (1988) Methodological refinements to the mouse paw formalin test. J Pharmacol Meth 20:175–186
Mussap CJ, Geraghty DP, Burcher E (1993) Tachykinin receptors. A radioligand binding perspective. J Neurochem 6:1987–2009
Mühlbauer M, Allard B, Bosserhoff AK, Kiessling S, Herfarth H, Rogler G, Schölmerich J, Jobin C, Hellerbrand C (2004) Differential effects of deoxycholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid on NF-κB signal transduction and IL-8 gene expression in colonic epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 286:G1000–G1008
Nagahisa A, Kanai Y, Suga O, Taniguchi K, Tsuchiya M, Lowe III JA, Hess HJ (1992) Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity of a non-peptide substance P receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 217:191–195
Nagata K, Saito H, Matsuki N (1991) Efficient Ca2+ mobilization induced by neurokinin A in rat vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 204:295–300
Nagy I, Humphrey PR (1999) Similarities and differences between the responses of rat sensory neurons to noxious heat and capsaicin. J Neurosci 19:10647–10655
Nagy JI, Iversen LL, Goedert M, Chapman D, Hunt SP (1983) Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin on primary sensory neurons in the neonatal rat. J Neurosci 3:399–406
Nagy JI, van der Kooy D (1983) Effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on nociceptive thresholds in the rat. J Neurosci 3:1145–1150
Nakae S, Saijo S, Horai R, Sudo K, Mori S, Iwakura Y (2003) IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1000:5986–5990
Nakajima T, Tanimura T, Pisano JJ (1970) Isolation and structure of a new vasoactive peptide. Fed Proc 29:282
Nakamura H, Shimoda A, Ishii K, Kadokawa T (1986) Central and peripheral analgesic action of non-acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in mice and rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 282:16–25
Nakanishi S (1991) Mammalian tachykinin receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 14:123–136
Nanes MS (2003) Tumor necrosis factor-α: molecular and cellular mechanisms in skeletal pathology. Gene 432:1–15
Nantel F, Roussi N, Rhaleb D, Jukic D, Regoli D (1991) Pharmacological evaluation of the angiotensin, kinin and neurokinin receptors on the rabbit vena cava. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18:398–405
Natarajan K, Singh S, Burke TR, Grunberger D (1996) Caffeic acid phenyl ester is a potent and specific inhibitor of activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9090–9095
Naya A, Sagara Y, Ohwaki K, Saeki T, Ichikawa D, Iwasawa Y, Noguchi K, Ohtake N (2001) Design, synthesis and discovery of a novel CCR1 antagonist. J Med Chem 44:1429–1435
Nelson EK (1919) The constitution of capsaicin – the pungent principle of capsicum. J Am Chem Soc 41:1115–1117
Nelson RD, Quie PG, Simmons RL (1975) Chemotaxis under agarose: a new and simple method for measuring chemotaxis and spontaneous migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. J Immunol 115:1650–1656
Nencioni A, Wesselborg S, Brossart P (2003) Role of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and its ligands in the control of immune responses. Crit Rev Immunol 23:1–13
Ness TJ, Gebhart FG (1988) colorectal distension as a noxious visceral stimulus: physiologic and pharmacologic characterization of pseudoaffective reflexes in the rat. Brain Res 450:153–169
Neugebauer V, Schaible HG (1990) Evidence for a central component in the sensitization of spinal neurons with joint input during development of acute arthritis in cat's knee. J Neurophysiol 64:299–311
Neugebauer V, Schaible HG, He X, Lücke T, Gündlich P, Schmidt RF (1994) Electrophysiological evidence for a spinal anti-nociceptive action of dipyrone. Agents Actions 41:62–70
Nevin ST, Toth G, Nguyen TDM, Schiller PW, Borsodi A (1993) Synthesis and binding characteristics of the highly specific tritiated opioid antagonist [3H]TIPP. Life Sci 53:57–62
Nguyen-Le XK, Nguyen QT, Gobeil F, Pheng LH, Emonds-Alt X, Brelière JC, Regoli D (1996) Pharmacological characterization of SR 142801: a new non-peptide antagonist of the neurokinin NK-3 receptor. Pharmacology 52:283–291
Nichols TC, Fischer TH, Deliagyris EN, Baldwin AS Jr (2001) Role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in inflammation, periodontitis, and atherogenesis. Ann Periodontol 6:20–29
Nicoletti I, Migliorati G, Pagliacci MC, Grignani F, Riccardi C (1991) A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 139:271–279
Niederhoffer N, Schmid K, Szabo B (2003) The peripheral sympathetic nervous system is the major target of cannabinoids in eliciting cardiovascular depression. Naunyn‐Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 367:434–443
Niederhoffer N, Szabo B (1999) Effect of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212–2 on sympathetic cardiovascular regulation. Br J Pharmacol 126:457–466
Nikolov R, Nikolova M, Peneva M (1978) Study of dipyrone (Analgin) antagonism toward certain pharmacological effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2a. In: Ovtcharov R, Pola W (eds) Proceedings Dipyrone. Moscow Symposium, Schattauer‐Verlag, Stuttgart New York, pp 81–89
Nilsen PL (1961) Studies on algesimetry by electrical stimulation of the mouse tail. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 18:10–22
Nishi T, Shimizu N, Hiramoto M, Sato I, Yamaguchi Y, Hasegawa M, Aizawa S, Tanak H, Kataoka K, Watanabe H, Handa H (2002) Spatial redox regulation of a critical cysteine residue of NF-κB in vivo. J Biol Chem 277:44548–44556
Nolan JC, Osman MA, Cheng LK, Sancilio LF (1990) Bromfenac, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: Relationship between the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity and plasma drug levels in rodents. J Pharm Exp Ther 254:104–108
Norman J, Yang J, Fink G, Carter G, Ku G, Denham W, Livingston D (1997) Severity and mortality of experimental pancreatitis are dependent on interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE). J Interferon Cytokine Res 17:113–118
North MA (1977) Naloxone reversal of morphine analgesia but failure to alter reactivity to pain in the formalin test. Life Sci 22:295–302
Noushargh S, Hoult JRS (1986) Inhibition of human neutrophil degranulation by forskolin in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 122:205–212
O'Callaghan JP, Holtzman SG (1975) Quantification of the analgesic activity of the narcotic antagonists by a modified hot plate procedure. J Pharm Exp Ther 192:497–505
O'Gradaigh D, Ireland D, Bord S, Compston JE (2003) Joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis: interactions between tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) regulate osteoclasts. Ann Rheum Dis 63:354–359
O'Neill GP, Mancini JA, Kargman S, Yergey J, Kwan MY, Falgueyret JP, Abramovitz M, Kennedy PP, Ouellet M, Cromlish W, Colp S, Evans JP, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Vickers PJ (1994) Overexpression of human prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 by recombinant vaccinia virus: Inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biosynthesis of 15-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid. Mol Pharmacol 45:245–254
O'Neill KA, Courtney C, Rankin R, Weissman A (1983) An automated, high-capacity method for measuring jump latencies on a hot plate. J Pharmacol Meth 10:13–18
O'Sullivan MG, Huggins EM Jr, Meade EA, DeWitt DL, McCall CE (1992) Lipopolysaccharide induces prostaglandin H synthase-2 in alveolar macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187:1123–1127
Obata K, Tsujino H, Yamanka H, Yi D, Fukuoka T, Hashimoto N, Yomenobu K, Yoshikawa H, Noguchi K (2002) Expression of neurotrophic factors in the dorsal root ganglion in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. Pain 99:121–132
Oda T, Morikawa N, Saito Y, Masuho Y, Matsumoto SI (2000) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel type of histamine receptor preferentially expressed in leukocytes. J Biol Chem 275:36781–36786
Oka T, Negishi K, Suda M, Matsumiya T, Inazu T, Ueki M (1980) Rabbits vas deferens: a specific bioassay for opioid κ-receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 73:235–236
Okazawa A, Cui ZH, Lotvall J, Yoshihara S, Skoogh BE, Kashimoto K, Linden A (1998) Effect of a novel PACAP-27 analogue on muscarinic airway responsiveness in guinea pigs in vivo. Eur Respir J 12:1062–1066
Okun R, Liddon SC, Lasagna L (1963) The effects of aggregation, electric shock, and adrenergic blocking drugs on inhibition of the “writhing syndrome”. J Pharm Exp Ther 139:107–109
Onaga T, Harada Y, Okamoto K (1998) Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) induces duodenal phasic contractions via the vagal cholinergic nerves in sheep. Regul Pept 77:69–76
Onaga T, Okamoto K, Harada Y, Mineo H, Kato S (1997) PACAP stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion via the vagal cholinergic nerves in sheep. Regul Pept 72:1147–153
Ono M, Satoh T (1988) Pharmacological studies of Lappaconitine. Analgesic studies. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 38:892–895
Ono SJ, Nakamura T, Miyazaki D, Ohbayashi M, Dawson M, Toda M (2003) Chemokines: roles in leukocyte development, trafficking, and effector function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:1185–1199
Opas EE, Bonney RJ, Humes JL (1985) Prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis in mouse ears inflamed by arachidonic acid. J Invest Dermatol 84:253–256
Oshita S, Yaksh TL, Chipkin R (1990) The antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered SCH32615, an enkephalinase inhibitor in the rat. Brain Res 515:143–148
Ossipov MH, Suarez LJ, Spaulding TC (1988) A comparison of the antinociceptive and behavioral effects of intrathecally administered opiates, α 2-adrenergic agonists, and local anesthetics in mice and rats. Anesth Analg 67:616–624
Otsuka M, Yoshioka K (1939) Neurotransmitter functions of mammalian tachykinins. Phys Rev 73:229–308
Ouellet M, Percival MD (1995) Effect of inhibitor time-dependency on selectivity towards cyclooxygenase isoforms. Biochem J 306:247–251
Owen JA, Milne B, Jhamandas K, Nakatsu K (1981) Assembly of an inexpensive tail flick analgesia meter. J Pharmacol Meth 6:33–37
Owolabi JB, Rizkalla G, Tehim A, Ross GM, Riopelle RJ, Kamboj R, Ossipov M, Bian D, Wegert S, Porreca F, Lee DKH (1999) Characterization of antiallodynic actions of ALE-0540, a novel nerve growth factor receptor antagonist, in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1271–1276
Oyanagui Y, Sato S (1991) Inhibition by nilvadipine of ischemic and carrageenan paw edema as well as of superoxide radical production from neutrophils and xanthine oxidase. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 41:469–474
Ozaki S, Kawamoto H, Itoh Y, Miyaji M, Iwasawa Y, Ohta H (2000) A potent and highly selective nonpeptidyl nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (ORL1) antagonist: J-113397. Eur J Pharmacol 387:R17–R18
Paakkari P, Paakkari I, Feuerstein G, Sirén AL (1992) Evidence for differential opioid μ1- and μ2-receptor‐mediated regulation of heart rate in the conscious rat. Neuropharmacol 31:777–782
Paalzow G, Paalzow L (1973) The effect of caffeine and theophylline on nociceptive stimulation in the rat. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 32:22–32
Palanki MSS (2002) Inhibitors of AP-1 and NF-κB mediated transcriptional activation: therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases and structural diversity. Curr Med Chem 9:219–227
Palanki MSS, Gayo-Fung LM, Shevlin GI, Erdman P, Sato M, Goldman M, Ransone LJ, Spooner C (2002) Structure‐activity relationship studies of ethyl 2-[(3-methyl-2,5-dioxo(3-pyrrolinyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate: an inhibitor or AP-1 and NF-κB mediated gene expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12:2573–2577
Palframan RT, Costa SKP, Wilsoncroft P, Antunes E, de Nucci G, Brain SD (1996) The effect of a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, SR 14033, on oedema formation induced in rat skin by venom from the Phoneutria nigriventer spider. Br J Pharmacol 118:295–298
Palmer SL, Khanolkar AD, Makriyannis A (2000) Natural and synthetic endocannabinoids and their structure‐activity relationships. Curr Pharm Design 6:1381–1397
Panaccione R, Ferraz JG, Beck P (2005) Advances in medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5:566–572
Pande Y, Ramos MJ (2003) Nuclear factor kappa B: a potential target for anti-HIV chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem 10:1603–1615
Pande Y, Ramos MJ (2005) NF-κB in human disease: Current inhibitors and prospects for de novo structure based design of inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 12:357–373
Panesar MS, Patel S, Gentry CT, Campbell EA (1997) A novel model of neuropathic pain in the guinea pig. Comparative analgesic activity in a model of inflammatory pain. Br J Pharmacol 120:230P
Pasternak GW (1987) Opioid receptors. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York pp 281–288
Pasternak GW (1988) Multiple morphine and enkephalin receptors and the relief of pain. JAMA 259:1362–1367
Pasternak GW (2001) Insights into mu opioid pharmacology: the role of mu opioid receptor subtypes. Life Sci 68:2213–2219
Pasternak GW, Wilson HA, Snyder SH (1975) Differential effects of protein‐modifying reagents on the receptor binding of opiate agonists and antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 11:340–351
Patacchini R, Barthò L, Holzer P, Maggi CA (1995) Activity of SR 142801 at peripheral tachykinin receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 278:17–25
Patacchini R, Maggi CA (1995) Tachykinin receptors and receptor subtypes. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 329:161–184
Patel S, Naeem S, Kesingland A, Froestl W, Capogna M, Urban L, Fox A (2001) The effects of GABAB agonists and gabapentin on mechanical hyperalgesia in models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Pain 90:217–226
Paton WDM (1957) The action of morphine and related substances on contraction and on acetylcholine output of coaxially stimulated guinea-pig ileum. Br J Pharmacol 12:119–127
Patra PB, Wadsworth RM (1990) Effect of the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone on spermatogenesis in mice. Experientia 46:852–854
Paulini K, Körner B, Beneke G, Endres R (1974) A quantitative study of the growth of connective tissue: Investigation on implanted polyester‐polyurethane sponges. Conn Tiss Res 2:257–264
Paulini K, Körner B, Mohr W, Sonntag W (1976) The effect of complete Freund – adjuvant on chronic proliferating inflammation in an experimental granuloma model. Z Rheumatol 35:123–131
Peng T, Lu X, Lei M, Moe GW, Feng Q (2003) Inhibition of p38 MAPK decreases myocardial TNF-alpha expression and improves myocardial function and survival in endotoxemia. Cardiovasc Res 59:893–900
Penn GB, Ashford A (1963) The inflammatory response to implantation of cotton pellets in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 15:798–803
Perkins MN, Campell E, Dray A (1993) Antinociceptive activity of the bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor antagonists, des-Arg9, [Leu8]-BK and Hoe 140, in two models of persistent hyperalgesia in rats. Pain 53:191–197
Perkins MN, Campell EA (1992) Capsazepine reversal of the antinociceptive action of capsaicin in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 107:329–333
Perkins MN, Kelly D (1993) Induction of bradykinin B1 receptors in vivo in a model of ultra-violet irradiation‐induced thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 110:1441–1444
Perrone MH, Diehl RE, Haubrich DR (1983) Binding of [3H]substance P to putative substance P receptors in rat brain membranes. Eur J Pharmacol 95:131–133
Person DL, Kissin I, Brown PT, Xavier AV, Vinik HR, Bradley EL (1985) Morphine‐caffeine analgesic interaction in rats. Anesth Analg 64:851–856
Pert CB, Pasternak G, Snyder SH (1973) Opiate agonists and antagonists discriminated by receptor binding in brain. Science 182:1359–1361
Pert CB, Snyder SH (1973) Opiate receptor: Demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 179:1011–1014
Pert CB, Snyder SH (1973) Properties of opiate‐receptor binding in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:2243–2247
Pert CB, Snyder SH (1974) Opiate receptor binding of agonists and antagonists affected differentially by sodium. Molec Pharmacol 10:868–879
Pert CB, Snyder SH (1975) Differential interactions of agonists and antagonists with the opiate receptor. In: Snyder and Watthysse (eds) Opiate Receptor Mechanisms. MIT Press Cambridge. pp 73–79
Pertwee RG (1993) The evidence of the existence of cannabinoid receptors. Gen Pharmac 24:811–824
Pertwee RG (1999) Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr Med Chem 6:635–664
Pertwee RG (2000) Neuropharmacology and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids. Addict Biol 5:37–46
Pertwee RG (2001) Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Progr Neurobiol 63:569–611
Pertwee RG (2006) The pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: an overview. Int J Obes 30:513–518
Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Elrick DB, Mechoulam R, Corbett AD (1992) Inhibitory effects of certain enantiomeric cannabinoids in the mouse deferens and the myenteric plexus preparation of guinea pig small intestine. Br. J Pharmacol 105:980–984
Peter GR et al (1987) Diuretic actions in man of a selective kappa opioid agonist: U-62,066E. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 240:128–131
Peterfalvi M, Branceni D, Azadian‐Boulanger G, Chiflot L, Jequier R (1966) Etude pharmacologique d'un nouveau composé analgésique antiiflammatoire, la Glaphénine. Med Pharmacol Exp 15:254–266
Petrova L, Nikolova M, Nikolov R, Stefanova D (1978) Dipyrone and acetylsalicylic acid comparative pharmacological research. Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. In: Ovtcharov R, Pola W (eds) Proceedings Dipyrone. Moscow Symposium, Schattauer‐Verlag, Stuttgart New York, pp 99–107
Pezet S, Malcangio M, McMahon SB (2002) BDNF: a neuromodulator in nociceptive pathways? Brain Res Rev 40:240–249
Pfeifer C, Wagner G, Laufer S (2006) New approaches to the treatment of inflammatory disorders small molecule inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Curr Top Med Chem 6:113–149
Pfizenmaier K, Wajant H, Grell M (1996) Tumor necrosis factors in 1996. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 7:271–277
Phelps P, McCarty DJ (1967) Animal techniques for evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs. In: Siegler PE. Moyer JH (eds) Animal and pharmacological techniques in drug evaluation. Vol 2. Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., Chicago, pp 742–747
Piercey MF, Schroeder LA (1980) A quantitative analgesic assay in the rabbit based on response to tooth pulp stimulation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 248:294–304
Piomelli D (2001) The ligand that came from within. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:17–19
Piomelli D, Giuffrida A, Calignano A, de Fonseca FR (2000) The endocannabinoids system as a target for therapeutic drugs. Trend Pharmacol Sci 21:218–224
Pizziketti RJ, Pressman NS, Geller EB, Cowan A, Adler MW (1985) Rat cold water tail-flick: A novel analgesic test that distinguishes opioid agonists from mixed agonists‐antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 119:23–29
Plummer JL, Cmielewski PL, Gourlay GK, Owen H, Cousins MJ (1991) Assessment of antinociceptive drug effects in the presence of impaired motor performance. J Pharmacol Meth 26:79–87
Polidori C, Calò G, Ciccocioppo R, Geurrini R, Regoli D, Massi M (2000) Pharmacological characterization of the nociceptin receptor mediating hyperphagia: Identification of a selective antagonist. Psychopharmacology 148:430–437
Polomano RC, Mannes AJ, Clark US, Bennett GJ (2001) A painful peripheral neuropathy in the rat produced by the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. Pain 94:293–304
Pontzer CH, Ott TL, Bazer FW, Johnson HM (1994) Structure/function studies with interferon τ : evidence for multiple active sites. J Interferon Res 14:133–141
Porreca F, Takemori AE, Sultana M, Portoghese PS, Bowen WD, Mosberg HI (1992) Modulation of mu-mediated antinociception in the mouse involves opioid delta-2 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263:147–152
Portanova JP, Zhang Y, Anderson GD, Hauser SD, Masferrer JL, Seibert K, Gregory SA, Isakson PC (1996) Selective neutralization of prostaglandin E2 blocks inflammation, hyperalgesia, and interleukin 6 production in vivo. J Exp Med 184:883–891
Porter AC, Felder CC (2001) The endocannabinoids nervous system: unique opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Ther 90:45–60
Pouleau A, Garbag M, Ligneau X, Mantion C, Lavie P, Advenier C, Lecomte JM, Krause M, Stark H, Schunack W, Schwartz JC (1997) Bioavailability, antinociceptive and antiinflammatory properties of BP 2–94, a histamine H3 receptor agonist prodrug. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281:1985–1094
Powell WS (1987) Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of arachidonic acid metabolites formed by cyclooxygenasem & lipoxygenases. Analyt Biochem 148:59–69
Poynter ME, Daynes RA (1999) Age-associated alterations in splenic iNOS regulation: influence of constitutively expressed INF-γ and correction following supplementation with PPARα activators of vitamin E. Cell Immunol 195:127–136
Prado GN, Taylor L, Zhou X, Ricupero D, Mierke DF, Polgar P (2002) Mechanisms regulating the expression, self-maintenance, and signaling‐function of the bradykinin B2 and B1 receptors. J Cell Physiol 193:275–286
Prekumar LS, Ahern GP (2000) Induction of vanilloid receptor channel activity by protein kinase C. Nature 408:985–900
Price TJ, Patwardhan A, Akopian AN, Hargreaves KM, Flores CM (2004) Modulation of trigeminal sensory neuron activity by the dual cannabinoid‐vanilloid agonists anandamide, N-arachidonoyl‐dopamine and arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide. Br J Pharmacol 141:1118–1130
Proudfoot AEI, Power CA, Rommel C, Wells TNC (2003) Strategies for chemokine antagonists as therapeutics. Semin Immunol 15:57–65
Pruneau D, Bélichard P (1993) Induction of bradykinin B1 receptor‐mediated relaxation in the isolated rabbit carotid artery. Eur J Pharmacol 239:63–67
Pugsley MK (2001) Etanercept: Immunex. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2:1725–1731
Pugsley TA, Spencer C, Boctor AM, Gluckman MI (1985) Selective inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway of the arachidonic acid cascade by the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug isoxicam. Drug Dev Res 5:171–178
Quartara L, Maggi CA (1998) The tachykinin receptor. Part II: Distribution and pathophysiological roles. Neuropeptides 32:1–49
Quirion R, Bowen WD, Itzhak Y, Junien JL, Musacchio JM, Rothman RB, Su T-P, Tam SW, Taylor DP (1992)A proposal for the classification of sigma binding sites. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:85–86
Rae GA, Souza RLN, Takahashi RN (1986) Methylnalorphinium fails to reverse naloxone‐sensitive stress‐induced analgesia in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:829–832
Ramabadran K, Bansinath M, Turndorf H, Puig MM (1989) Tail immersion test for the evaluation of a nociceptive reaction in mice. J Pharmacol Meth 21:21–31
Ramer MS, Bisby MA (1999) Adrenergic innervation of rat sensory ganglia following proximal or distal painful sciatic neuropathy: distinct mechanisms revealed by anti-NGF treatment. Eur J Neurosci 11:837–846
Randall LO, Baruth H (1976) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of 6-chloro-alpha-methyl‐carbazole-2-acetic acid (C-5720). Arch Int Pharmacodyn 220:94–114
Randall LO, Selitto JJ (1957) A method for measurement of analgesic activity on inflamed tissue. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 111:409–419
Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC (2006) The acute effects of cannabinoids on memory in humans: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 188:425–444
Rao PN, Amini M, Li H, Habeeb AG, Knaus EE (2003) Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 6-substituted-3- (4-methanesulfonylphenyl) -4-phenylpyran-2-ones: a novel class of diarylheterocyclic selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. J Med Chem 46:4872–4882
Rath PC, Aggarwal BB (1999) TNF-induced signaling in apoptosis. J Clin Immunol 19:350–364
Razdan RK (1986) Structure‐activity relationships in cannabinoids. Pharmacol Rev 38:75–149
Reber L, da Silva CA, Frossard N (2006) Stem cell factor and its receptor c-Kit as targets for inflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 533:327–340
Redlich K, Schett G, Steiner G, Hayer S, Wagner EF, Smolen JS (2003) Rheumatoid arthritis therapy after tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 blockade. Arthritis Rheum 48:3308–3319
Reggio PH (1999) Cannabinoid receptors. Tocris Reviews No.?10
Regoli D, Boudon A, Fachere JL (1994) Receptors and antagonists for substance P and related peptides. Pharmacol Rev 46:551–559
Regoli D, Gobeil F, Nguyen QT, Jukic D, Seoane PR, Salvino JM, Sawutz DG (1994) Bradykinin receptor types and B2 subtypes. Life Sci 55:735–749
Regoli D, Nguyen QT, Jukic D (1994) Neurokinin receptor subtypes characterized by biological assays. Life Sci 54:2035–2047
Reinscheid RK, Nothacker HP, Bourson A, Ardati A, Henningsen RA, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Langen H, Monsma FJ, Civelli O (1995) Orphanin FQ: a neuropeptide that activates an opioidlike G protein‐coupled receptor. Science 270:792–794
Reisine T, Bell GI (1993) Molecular biology of opioid receptors. Trends Neurosci 16:506–510
Ren K, Iadarola MJ, Dubner R (1996) An isobolographic analysis of the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate and tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists on inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. Br J Pharmacol 117:196–202
Renzetti AR, Catalioto RM, Criscuoli M, Cucchi P, Lippi AS, Guelfi M, Quartara L, Maggi CA (1998) Characterization of [3H]MEN 11420, a novel glycosylated peptide antagonist of the tachykinin NK2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248:78–82
Rhaleb NE, Carretero OA (1994) The role of B1 and B2 receptors and of nitric oxide in bradykinin‐induced relaxation and contraction of isolated rat duodenum. Life Sci 55:1351–1363
Rhaleb NE, Rouissi N, Jukic D, Regoli D, Henke S, Breipohl G, Knolle J (1992) Pharmacological characterization of a new highly potent B2 receptor antagonist (HOE 140: D-arg-[hyp3,thi5,D-tic7,oic8]bradykinin. Eur J Pharmacol 210:115–120
Richards ML, Lio SC, Sinha A, Tieu KK, Sircar JC (2004) Novel 2-(substituted phenyl)benzimidazole derivatives with potent activity against IgE, cytokines, and CD23 for the treatment of allergy and asthma. J Med Chem 47:6451–6454
Riendeau D, Percival MD, Boyce S, Brideau C, Charleson S, Cromlish W, Ethier D, Evans J, Falgueyret JP, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Gordon R, Greig G, Gresser G, Guay J, Kargman S, Léger S, Mancini JA, O'Neill G, Ouellet M, Rodger IW, Thérien M, Wang Z, Webb JK, Wong E, Xu L, Young RN, Zamboni R, Prasit P, Chan C C (1997) Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a tetrasubstituted furanone as a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 121:105–117
Riendeau D, Percival MD, Brideau C, Charleson S, Dubé D, Ethier D, Falgueyret JP, Friesen RW, Gordon R, Greig G, Guay J, Mancini J, Ouellet M, Wong E, Xu L, Boyce S, Visco D, Girard Y, Prasit P, Zamboni R, Rodger IW, Gresser M, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Young RN, Chan CC (2001) Etoricoxib (MK-0663): preclinical profile and comparison with other agents that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296:558–566
Rinaldi‐Carmora M, Barth F, Millan J, Derocq JM, Casellas P, Congy C, Oustric D, Sarran M, Bouaboula M, Calandra B, Portier M, Shire D, Brelière JC, Le Fur G (1998) SR 144528, the first potent and selective antagonist of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:644–650
Rinder J, Lundberg JM (1996) Effects of hCGRP 8–37 and the NK1-receptor antagonist SR 140.333 on capsaicin‐evoked vasodilation in the pig nasal mucosa in vivo. Acta Physiol Scand 156:115–122
Rios L, Jacob JJC (1982) Inhibition of inflammatory pain by naloxone and its N-methyl quaternary analogue. Life Sci 31:1209–1212
Rizzi A, Bigoni R, Calò G, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Regoli D (1999) [Nphe1]nociceptin(1–13)NH2 antagonizes nociceptin effects in the mouse colon. Eur J Pharmacol 385:2–3
Ro LS, Chen ST, Tang LM, Jacobs JM (1999) Effect of NGF and anti-NGF on neuropathic pain in rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Pain 79:265–274
Robberecht P, Vertongen P, Perret J, van Rampelbergh J, Juarranz MG, Waelbroeck M (1999) Receptors for VIP and PACAP. Trends Pharmacol Sci; Receptor and Ion Channel Nomenclature Supplement
Robert A, Nezamis JE (1957) The granuloma pouch as a routine assay for antiphlogistic compounds. Acta Endocr (Kbh) 25:105–112
Robineau P, Lonchampt M, Kucharczyk N, Krause JE, Regoli D, Fauchère JL, Prost JF, Canet E (1995) In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of S 16474, a novel dual tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 294:677–684
Robson LE, Foote RW, Maurer R, Kosterlitz HW (1984) Opioid binding sites of the κ-type in guinea pig cerebellum. Neurosci 12:621–627
Roch-Arveiller M, Roblin G, Allain M, Giroud JP (1985) A visual technique of chemotactic assessment for pharmacological studies. J Pharmacol Meth 14:313–321
Rode F, Jensen DG, Blackburn-Munro G, Bjerrum OJ (2005) Centrally‐mediated antinociceptive actions of GABAA receptor agonists in the rat spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 516:131–138
Rodrigues-Filho R, Campos MM, Ferreira J, Santos ARS, Bertelli JA, Calixto JB (2004) Pharmacological characterization of the rat brachial plexus avulsion model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res 1018:159–170
Rodrigues-Filho R, Santos ARS, Bertelli JA, Calixto JB (2003) Avulsion injury of the rat brachial plexus triggers hyperalgesia and allodynia in the hindpaws: a new model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res 982:186–194
Romer D (1980) Pharmacological evaluation of mild analgesics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 10:247S–251S
Roques BP, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Florentin D, Waksman G, Sassi A, Chaillet P, Collado H, Ciostentin J (1982) New enkephalinase inhibitors as probes to differentiate “enkephalinase” and angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme active sites. Life Sci 31:1749–1752
Roques BP, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Soroca E, Lecomte LM, Malfroy B, Llorens C, Schwartz JC (1980) The enkephalinase inhibitor thiorphan shows antinociceptive activity in mice. Nature 288:286–288
Rosell A, Agurell S (1975) Effects of 7-hydroxy-Δ6-tetrahydrocannabinol and some related cannabinoids on the guinea pig isolated ileum. Acta Physiol Scand 94:142–144
Rosenthale ME, Dervinis A, Kassarich J, Singer S (1972) Prostaglandins and anti-inflammatory drugs in the dog knee joint. J Pharm Pharmacol 24:149–150
Rosenthale ME, Kassarich J, Schneider F (1966) Effect of anti-inflammatory agents on acute experimental synovitis in dogs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122:693–696
Roshak AK, Callahan JF, Blake SM (2002) Small-molecule inhibitors of NF-κB for the treatment of inflammatory joint disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2:316–321
Rosi S, Pert CB, Ruff MR, McGann‐Gramling K, Wenk GL (2005) Chemokine recptor 5 antagonist D-ala-peptide T-amide reduces microglia and astrocyte activation within the hippocampus in a neuroinflammatory rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 134:671–676
Ross GM, Shamovsky IL, Lawrance G, Solc M, Dostaler SM, Jimmo SL, Weaver DF, Riopelle RJ (1997) Zinc alters conformation and inhibits biological activities of nerve growth factor and related neurotrophins. Nat Med 3:872–878
Ross GM, Shamovsky IL, Lawrance G, Solc M, Dostaler SM, Weaver DF, Riopelle RJ (1998) Reciprocal modulation of TrkA and p75NTR affinity states is mediated by direct receptor interactions. Eur J Neurosci 10:890–898
Ross RA, Brockie HC, Fernando SR, Sha B, Razdan RK, Pertwee RG (1998) Comparison of cannabinoid binding sites in guinea pig forebrain and small intestine. Br J Pharmacol 125:1345–1351
Ross RA, Gibson TM, Brockie HC, Leslie M, Pashmi G, Craib SJ, DiMarzo V, Pertwee RC (2001) Structure‐activity relationship for the endogenous cannabinoid, anadamide, and certain of its analogues at vanilloid receptors in transfected cells and vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 132:631–640
Rossi D, Zlotnik A (2000) The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Ann Rev Immunol 18:217–242
Roszkowski AP, Rooks WH, Tomolonis AJ, Miller LM (1971) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of d-2-(6′-methoxy-2′-naphthyl)-propionic acid (NAPROXEN). J Pharmacol Exper Ther 179:114–123
Rothman RB, Bykov V, Xue BG, Xu H, de Costa BR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Kleinman JE, Brady LS (1992) Interaction of opioid peptides and other drugs with multiple kappa receptors in rat and human brain. Evidence for species differences. Peptides 13:977–987
Rothman RB, France CP, Bykov V, de Costa BR, Jacobson AE, Woods JH, Rice KC (1989) Pharmacological activities of optically pure enantiomers of the κ opioid agonist, U50,488, and its cis diastereomer: evidence for three κ receptor subtypes. Eur J Pharmacol 167:345–353
Rothman RB, Murphy DL, Xu H, Godin JA, Dersch CM, Partilla JS, Tidgewell K, Schmidt M, Prisinzano TE (2006) Salvinorin A: allosteric interaction with the mu opioid receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320:801–810
Rothman RB, Xu H, Char GU, Kim A, de Costa BR, Rice KC, Zimmerman DM (1993) Phenylpiperidine opioid antagonists that promote weight loss in rats have high affinity to the κ2B (enkephalin‐sensitive) binding site. Peptides 14:17–20
Rouissi N, Claing A, Nicolau M, Jukic D, D'Orléans-Juste P, Regoli D (1993) Substance P (NK-1 receptor) antagonists: In vivo and in vitro activities in rats and guinea pigs. Life Sci 52:1141–1147
Rubino A, Thomann H, Henlin JM, Schilling W, Criscione L (1992) Endothelium‐dependent relaxant effect of neurokinins on rabbit aorta is mediated by the NK1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 212:237–243
Ruckstuhl K (1939) Beitrag zur pharmakodynamischen Prüfung der Analgetica. Inaug.-Dissertation, Bern
Rudas B (1960) Zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Granulationsgewebe in experimentell erzeugten Wunden. Arzneim Forsch 10:226–229
Ruiz G, Ceballos D, Baños JE (2004) Behavioral and histological effects of endoneurial administration of nerve growth factor: possible implications in neuropathic pain. Brain Res 1011:1–6
Rupniak MNJ (1999) Use of substance P receptor antagonists as a research tool in psychopharmacology. Neurotransmission 15/3:3–11
Rupniak NMJ, Kramer MS (1999) Discovery of the antidepressant and anti-emetic efficacy of substance P receptor (NK1) antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:484–490
Rupniak NMJ, Tattersall FD, Williams AR, Rycroft W, Carlson EJ, Cascieri MA, Sadowski S, Ber E, Hale JJ, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Seward E, Huscroft I, Owen S, Swain CJ, Hill RG, Hargreaves RJ (1997) In vitro and in vivo predictors of the anti-emetic activity of tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 326:201–209
Rupniak NMJ, Webb JK, Williams AR, Carlson E, Boyce S, Hill HG (1995) Antinociceptive activity of the tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-99994, in conscious gerbils. Br J Pharmacol 116:1937–1943
Rupniak NMJ, Williams AR (1994) Differential inhibition of foot tapping and chromodacryorrhoea in gerbils by CNS penetrant and non penetrant tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 265:179–183
Ruth JH, Volin MV, Haines GK, Woodruff DC, Katsche KJ Jr, Woods JM, Park CC, Morel JCM, Koch AE (2001) Fractalkine, a novel chemokine in rheumatoid arthritis and in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 44:1568–1581
Rådmark O, Shimizu T, Jörnvall H, Samuelsson B (1984) Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human leukocytes. J Biol Chem 259:12339–12345
Römer D (1968) A sensitive method for measuring analgesic effects in the monkey. In: Soulairac A, Cahn J, Charpentier J (eds) Pain. Acad Press London, New York, pp 165–170
Safayhi H, Mack T, Sabieraj J, Anazodo MI, Subramanian LR, Ammon HPT (1992) Boswellic acids: Novel, specific, non-redox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261:1143–1146
Saita Y, Kondao M, Miyazaki T, Yamji N, Shimizu Y (2005) Transgenic mouse expressing human CCR5 as a model for in vivo assessments of human selective CCR5 antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 518:227–233
Sakurada T, Katsumata K, Yogo H, Tan-No K, Sakurada S, Kisara K (1993) Antinociception induced by CP 96,345, a non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonist, in the mouse formalin and capsaicin tests. Neurosci Lett 151:142–145
Sakurada T, Katsuyama S, Sakurada S, Inoue M, Tan No-K, Kisara K, Sakurada C, Ueda M, Sasaki J (1999) Nociceptin‐induced scratching, biting and licking in mice: Involvement of spinal NK1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 127:1712–1718
Sakurada T, Sakurada S, Katsuyama S, Hayashi T, Sakurada C, Tan No-K, Johansson H, Sandin J, Terenius L (2000) Evidence that N-terminal fragments of nociceptin modulate nociceptin‐induced scratching, biting and licking in mice. Neurosci Lett 279:61–64
Salari H, Braquet P, Borgeat P (1984) Comparative effects of indomethacin, acetylenic acids, 15-HETE, nordihydroguajaretic acid and BW 755c on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in human leukocytes and platelets. Prostagl Leukotr Med 13:53–60
Salas SP, Roblero JS, López LF, Tachibana S, Huidobro-Toro JP (1992) [N-Methyl-Tyr1,N-methyl-Arg7-D-Leu8]-dynorphin-A-(1–8) ethylamide, a stable dynorphin analog, produces diuresis by kappa-opiate receptor activation in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 262:979–986
Sallusto F, Mackay CR, Lanzvecchia A (2000) The role of chemokine receptors in primary, effector, and memory immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 18:593–620
Salvadori S, Guerrini R, Calò G, Regoli D (1999) Structure‐activity studies on nociceptin/orphanin FQ: From full agonist to partial agonist, to pure antagonist. Farmaco 54:810–825
Samuelsson B (1986) Leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase products. Prog Lipid Res 25:13–18
Sancilio L (1969) Evans blue-carrageenan pleural effusion as a model for the assay of nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 168:199–204
Sancilio LF, Fishman A (1973) Application of sequential analysis to Evans blue-carrageenan‐induced pleural effusion for screening of compounds for anti-inflammatory activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 26:575–584
Sancillo LF, Nolan JC, Wagner LE, Ward JW (1987) The analgesic and antiinflammatory activity and pharmacologic properties of Bromfenac. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 37:513–519
Sander B, Andersson J, Andersson U (1991) Assessment of cytokines by immunofluorescence and the paraformaldehydesaponin procedure. Immun Rev 119:65–93
Sander B, Hoiden I, Andersson U, Moller E, Abrams JS (1993) Similar frequencies and kinetics of cytokine producing cells in murine peripheral blood and spleen. Cytokine detection by immunoassay and intracellular immunostaining. J Immunol Meth 166:201–214
Sarau HM, Griswold DE, Potts W, Foley JJ, Schmidt DB, Webb EF, Martin LD, Brawner ME, Elshourbagy NA, Medhurst AD, Giardina GAM, Hay DWP (1997) Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists: I. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of SB 223412, a novel, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281:1303–1311
Saria A, Lundberg JM, Skofitsch G, Lembeck F (1983) Vascular protein leakage in various tissues induced by substance P, capsaicin, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine and by antigen challenge. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 324:212–218
Sarrubi E, Yanofsky SD, Barrett RW, Denaro M (1996) A cell-free, nonisotopic, high-throughput assay for inhibitors of type-I interleukin-1 receptor. Anal Biochem 237:70–75
Satoh M, Kawajiri SI, Yamamoto M, Makino H, Takagi H (1979) Reversal by naloxone of adaptation of rats to noxious stimuli. Life Sci 24:685–690
Satoh M, Minami M (1995) Molecular pharmacology of the opioid receptors. Pharmacol Ther 68:343–364
Saussy DL Jr, Mais DE, Burch RM, Halushka PV (1986) Identification of a putative thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor in human platelet membranes. J Biol Chem 261:3025–3029
Saxena PN (1960) Effects of drugs on early inflammation reaction. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 126:228–237
Scallon B, Cai A, Solowski N, Rosenberg A, Song XY, Shealy D, Wagner C (2002) Binding and functional comparisons of two types of tumor necrosis factor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:418–426
Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1983a) Responses of fine medial articular nerve afferents to passive movements of knee joint. J Neurophysiol 49:1118–1126
Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1983b) Activation of groups III and IV sensory units in medial articular nerve by local mechanical stimulation of knee joint. J Neurophysiol 49:35–44
Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1985) Effects of an experimental arthritis on the sensory properties of fine articular afferent units. J Neurophysiol 54:1109–1122
Schaible HG, Schmidt RF (1988) Time course of mechanosensitivity changes in articular afferents during a developing experimental arthritis. J Neurophysiol 60:2180–2195
Schaible HG, Schmidt RF, Willis WD (1987) Enhancement of the responses of ascending tract cells in the cat spinal cord by acute inflammation of the knee joint. Exp Brain Res 66:489–499
Schall TJ, Lewis M, Koller KJ, Lee A, Rice GC, Wong GH, Gatanaga T, Granger GA, Lentz R, Raab H (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human tumor necrosis factor. Cell 61:361–370
Scheinfeld N (2006) Adalimumab (HUMIRA): a review. J Drugs Dermatol 2:375–377
Schiatti P, Selva D, Arrigoni‐Martelli E (1970) L'edema localizzato da nystatin come modello di inflammazione sperimetale. Boll Chim Farm 109:33–38
Schmidt H, Woodcock BC, Geisslinger G (2004) Benefit-risk assessment of rofecoxib in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Drug Safety 27:185–196
Schmidt WE, Seebeck J, Höcker M, Schwarzhoff R, Schäfer H, Fornefeld H, Morys-Wortmann C, Fölsch UR, Creutzfeldt W (1993) PAPAC and VIP stimulate enzyme secretion in rat pancreatic acini via interaction with VIP/PACAP-2 receptors: additive augmentation of CCK/carbachol‐induced enzyme release. Pancreas 8:476–487
Schneck KA, Hess JF, Stonisifer GY, Ransom RW (1994) Bradykinin B1 receptors in rabbit aorta smooth muscle in culture. Eur J Pharmacol, Mol Pharmacol Sect 266:277–282
Schrenk R, Meier B, Männel DN, Dröge W, Baeuerle PA (1992) Dithiocarbamates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor κB activation in intact cells. J Exp Med 175:1181–1194
Schreuder HA, Rondeau JM, Tardif C, Soffientini A, Sarubbi E, Akeson A, Bowlin TL, Yanofsky S, Barrett RW (1995) Refined crystal structure of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Presence of a disulfide link and a cis-proline. Eur J Biochem 227:838–847
Schuligoi R, Donnerer J, Amann R (1994) Bradykinin‐induced sensitization of afferent neurons in the rat. Neurosci 59:211–215
Schumacher GA, Goodell H, Hardy JD, Wolff HG (1940) Uniformity of the pain threshold in man. Science 92:110–112
Schwartz JC (1983) Metabolism of enkephalins and the inactivating neuropeptidase concept. TINS 1983:45–48
Schwartz JC, Gros C, Lecomte JM, Bralet J (1990) Enkephalinase (EC 3.4.24.11) inhibitors: protection of endogenous ANF against inactivation and potential therapeutic applications. Life Sci 47:1279–1297
Schweizer A, Brom R, Scherrer H (1988) Combined automatic writhing/motility test for testing analgesics. Agents Actions 23:29–31
Schönhöfer P (1967) Eine kritische Bemerkung zur Vergleichbarkeit der Wirkung entzündungshemmender Pharmaka auf die Glucosamin-6-phosphat‐Synthese in vitro und am Rattenpfotenödem in vivo. Med Pharmacol Exp 16:66–74
Schött E, Berge OG, Ängeby-Möller K, Hammerström G, Dalsgaard CJ, Brodin E (1994) Weight bearing as an objective measure of arthritic pain in the rat. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 31:79–83
Seguin L, Widdowson PS (1993) Effects of nucleotides on [3H]bradykinin binding in guinea pig: further evidence for multiple B2 receptor subtypes. J Neurochem 60:652–757
Seguin L, Widdowson PS, Giesen‐Crouse E (1992) Existence of three subtypes of bradykinin B2 receptors in guinea pig. J Neurochem 59:2125–2133
Seibert K, Masferrer J, Zhang Y, Gregory S, Olson G, Hauser S, Leahy K, Perkins W, Isakson P (1995) Mediation of inflammation by cyclooxygenase-2. Agents Actions 46:41–50
Seibert K, Zhang Y, Leahy K, Hauser S, Masferrer J, Perkins W, Lee L, Isakson P (1994) Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of the role of cyclooxygenase 2 in inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:12013–12017
Seki T, Awamura S, Kimura C, Ide S, Sakano K, Minami M, Nagase H, Satoh M (1999) Pharmacological properties of TRK-820 on cloned μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors and nociceptin receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 376:159–167
Seltzer Z, Dubner R, Shir Y (1990) A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury. Pain 43:205–218
Selve N (1991) EM 405: a new substance with an uncommon profile of anti-inflammatory activity. Agents Actions 32:59–61
Selye H (1953) On the mechanism through which hydrocortisone affects the resistance of tissues to injury. An experimental study with the granuloma pouch technique. J Am Med Ass 152:1207–1213
Sen GC, Lengyel P (1992) The interferon system. A bird's eye view of its biochemistry. J Biol Chem 267:5017–5020
Sensch KH, Zeiller P, Raake W (1979) Zur antiexsudativen und antioedematösen Wirkung von Sympathikomimetika. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 29:116–121
Sevcik MA, Ghilardi JR, Peters CM, Lindsay TH, Halvorson KG, Jonas BM, Kubota K, Kuskowski MA, Boustany L, Shelton DL, Mantyh PW (2005) Anti-NGF therapy profoundly reduced bone cancer pain and the accompanying increase of markers of peripheral and central sensitization. Pain 115:128–141
Sewell RDE, Spencer PSJ (1976) Antinociceptive activity of narcotic agonist and partial agonist analgesics and other agents in the tail-immersion test in mice and rats. Neuropharmacol 15:683–688
Shalaby MR, Palladino MA, Hirabayashi SE, Eessalu TE, Lewis GT, Shepard HM, Aggarwal BB (1987) Receptor binding and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Leukoc Biol 41:196–204
Sharma R, Anker SD (2002) Cytokines, apoptosis and cachexia: the potential for TNF antagonism. Int J Cardiol 85:161–171
Sheehan MJ, Hayes AG, Tyers MB (1986) Pharmacology of δ-opioid receptors in the hamster vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 130:57–64
Shelton DL, Zeller J, Ho WH, Pons J, Rosenthal A (2005) Nerve growth factor mediates hyperalgesia and cachexia in auto-immune arthritis. Pain 116:8–16
Shen C, Assche GV, Colpaert S, Maerten P, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL (2005) Adalimumab induces apoptosis of human monocytes: a comparative study with infliximab and etanercept. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21:251–258
Shen C, Maerten P, Geboes K, van Assche G, Rutgeers P, Ceuppens JL (2005) Inflixemab induces apoptosis of human monocytes and T lymphocytes in a human-mouse chimeric model. Clin Immunol 115:250–259
Shen C, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P, Cauppens JL (2006) Caspase activation and apoptosis induction by Adalimumab: demonstration in vitro and in vivo in a chimeric mouse model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 12:22–28
Shibata M, Ohkubo T, Takahashi H, Inoki R (1989) Modified formalin test: characteristic biphasic pain response. Pain 38:347–352
Shigena Y, Marao S, Okada K, Sakai A (1973) The effects of tooth pulp stimulation in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the rat. Brain Res 63:402–407
Shigeta JI, Takahashi S, Okabe S (1998) Role of cyclogenase-2 in the healing of gastric ulcers in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 186:1383–1390
Shigyo M, Aizawa H, Inoue H, Matsumoto K, Takada S, Hara N (1998) Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide regulates neurally mediated airway responses. Eur Resp J 12:64–70
Shimada SG, Otterness IG, Stitt JT (1994) A study of the mechanism of action of the mild analgesic dipyrone. Agents Actions 41:188–192
Shimizu T, Rådmark O, Samuelsson B (1984) Enzyme with dual lipoxygenase activities catalyzes leukotriene A4 synthesis from arachidonic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:689–693
Shimoyama M, Tanaka K, Hasue F, Shimoyama N (2002) A mouse model of neuropathic cancer pain. Pain 99:167–174
Shionoya H, Ohtake S (1975) A new simple method for extraction of extravasated dye in the skin. Japan J Pharmacol 103, Suppl 25:103
Shirota H, Kobayashi S, Shiojiri H, Igarashi T (1984) Determination of inflamed paw surface temperature in rats. J Pharmacol Meth 12:35–43
Shyu KW, Lin MT, Wu TC (1984) Possible role of central serotoninergic neurons in the development of dental pain and aspirin‐induced analgesia in the monkey. Exp Neurol 84:179–187
Siddall PJ, Xu CL, Cousins MJ (1995) Allodynia following traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat. NeuroReport 6:1241–1244
Siegel DM, Giri SN, Scheinholtz RM, Schwartz LW (1980) Characteristics and effect of antiinflammatory drugs on adriamycin‐induced inflammation in the mouse paw. Inflammation 4:233–248
Siegmund E, Cadmus R, Lu G (1957) A method for evaluating both non-narcotic and narcotic analgesics. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 95:729
Sigiura T, Kondo S, Kishimoto S, Miyashita T, Nakane S, Kodaka T, Suhara Y, Takayama H, Waku K (2000) Evidence that 2-arachidonoylglycerol but not N-palmitoylethanolamine or amandamine is the physiological ligand for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor. Comparison of various cannabinoid receptor ligands in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 275:605–612
Simon EJ, Hiller JM, Edelman I (1973) Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic [3H]etorphine to rat-brain homogenate. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 70:1947–1949
Simonin F, Befort K, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Matthes H, Nappey V, Lannes B, Micheletti G, Kieffer B (1994) The human δ-opioid receptor: genomic organization, cDNA cloning, functional expression, and distribution in human brain. Mol Pharmacol 46:1015–1021
Simonin F, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Befort K, Matthes H, Lannes B, Micheletti G, Mattéi MG, Charron N, Bloch B, Kieffer B (1995) κ-Opioid receptor in humans: cDNA and genomic cloning, chromosomal assignment, functional expression, pharmacology, and expression pattern in the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:7006–7010
Simpson PB, Woollacott AJ, Hill RG, Seabrook GR (2000) Functional characterization of bradykinin analogues on recombinant human bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 392:1–9
Singh L, Field MJ, Hughes J, Kuo BS, Suman-Chauhan N, Tuladhar BR, Wright DS, Naylor RJ (1997) The tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist PD 154075 blocks cisplatin‐induced delayed emesis in the ferret. Eur J Pharmacol 321:209–216
Singh VK, Bajpai K, Biswas S, Haq W, Khan MY, Mathur KB (1997) Molecular biology of opioid receptors: recent advances. Neuroimmunomodulation 4:285–297
Skingle M, Tyers MB (1979) Evaluation of antinociceptive activity using electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in the conscious dog. J Pharmacol Meth 2:71–80
Slauson SD, Silva HT, Sherwood SW, Morris RE (1999) Flow cytometric analysis of the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppressive action of the active metabolite of leflunomide and its malononitrilamide analogues in a novel whole blood assay. Immunol Lett 67:179–183
Smart D, Gunthorpe MJ, Jerman JC, Nasir S, Gray J, Muir AI, Chambers JK, Randall AD, Davis JB (2000) The endogenous lipid anadamide is a full agonist at the human vanilloid receptor (jVR1). Br J Pharmacol 129:227–230
Smith CA, Davis T, Anderson D, Solam L, Beckmann MP, Jerzy R, Dower SK, Cosman D, Goodwin RG (1990) A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science 248:1019–1023
Smith G, Harrison S, Bowers J, Wiseman J, Birch P (1994) Non-specific effects of the tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-99,994, in antinociceptive tests in rat, mouse and gerbil. Eur J Pharmacol 271:481–487
Smith JAM, Leslie FM (1992) Use of organ systems for opioid bioassay. In: Herz A, Akil H, Simon EJ (eds) Opioids I, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Vol 104/I, Chapter 4, pp 53–78. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Smith PB, Compton DR, Welch SP, Razdan RK, Mechoulam R, Martin BR (1994) The pharmacology of anandamide, a putative endogenous cannabinoid in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:219–227
Smith PK, Hambourger WE (1935) The ratio of the toxicity of acetanilide to its antipyretic activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 54:346–351
Smith WL, Meade EA, DeWitt DL (1994) Pharmacology of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase isoenzymes-1 and-2. Ann New York Acad Sci 71:136–142
Snider RM, Constantine SJW, Lowe JA III, Longo KP, Lebel WS, Woody HA, Drozda SE, Desai MC, Vinick FJ, Spencer RW, Hess HJ (1991) A potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor. Science 251:435–437
Snyder SH (1984) Drug and neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. Science 224:22–31
Snyder SH, Pasternak GW (2003) Historical review: opioid receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 24:198–205
Sofuoglu M, Portoghese PS, Takemori AE (1991) Differential antagonism of delta opioid agonists by naltrindole and its benzofuran analog (NTB) in mice: evidence for delta opioid receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257:676–680
Soo Tek Lee, Kae Yol Lee, Li P, Coy D, Chang TM, Chey WY (1998) Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide stimulates rat pancreatic secretion via secretin and cholecystokinin releases. Gastroenterology 114:1054–1060
Sotgiu ML, Biella G (1998) Contralateral inhibitory control of spinal nociceptive transmission in rats with chronic peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 253:21–24
Sotgiu ML, Biella G, Lacerenza M (1996) Injured nerve block alters adjacent nerves spinal interaction in neuropathic rats. NeuroReport 7:1385–1388
Souza Pinto JC, Remacle-Volon G, Sampaio CAM, Damas J (1995) Collagenase‐induced oedema in the rat paw and the kinin system. Eur J Pharmacol 274:101–107
Spencer W, Kwon H, Crépieux P, Leclerc N, Lin R, Hiscott J (1999) Taxol selectively blocks microtubule dependent NF-κB activation by phorbol ester via inhibition of Iκ Bα phosphorylation and degradation. Oncogene 18:495–505
Spiegel K, Agrafiotis D, Caprathe B, Davis RE, Dickerson MR, Fergus JH, Hepburn TW, Marks JS, Van Dorf M, Wieland DM, Jae JC (1995) PD 90780, a nonpeptide inhibitor of nerve growth factor's binding to the p75 NGF receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 217:488–494
Sreedharan SP, Patel DR, Huang j-X, Goetzl EJ (1993) Cloning and functional expression of a human neuroendocrine vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193:546–553
Staal FJT, Roederer M, Hertenberg LA, Hertenberg LA (1990) Intracelluar thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor κB and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9943–9947
Standifer KM, Pasternak GW (1997) G proteins and opioid receptor‐mediated signaling. Cell Signal 9:237–248
Stanfa LC, Chapman V, Kerr N, Dickenson AH (1996) Inhibitory action of nociceptin on spinal dorsal horn neurones of the rat, in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 118:1875–1877
Stecher VJ, Chinea GL (1978) The neutrophil adherence assay as a method for detecting unique anti-inflammatory agents. Agents Actions 8:258 262
Steinfels GF, Cook L (1986) Antinociceptive profiles of μ and κ opioid agonists in a rat tooth pulp stimulation procedure. J Pharm Exp Ther 236:111–117
Stengel PW, Rippy MK, Cockerham SL, Devane WA, Silbaugh SA (1998) Pulmonary actions of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist, in guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 355:57–66
Sterner O, Szallasi A (1999) Novel natural vanilloid receptor agonists: new therapeutic targets for drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:459–465
Stewart DJ, Fahmy H, Roth BL, Yan F, Zjawiony JK (2006) Biosteric modifications of salvinorin A, a potent and selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Arzneimittelforsch 56:269–275
Stitt JT, Shimada SG (1991) Calcium channel blockers inhibit endogenous pyrogen fever in rats and rabbits. J Appl Physiol 71:951–955
Storer RJ, Goadsby PJ (1997) Microiontophoretic application of serotonin (5-HT)1B/1D agonists inhibits trigeminal cell firing in the cat. Brain 120:2171–2177
Strangman NM, Patrick SL, Hohmann AG, Tsou K, Walker JM (1998) Evidence for a role of endogenous cannabinoids in the modulation of acute and tonic pain sensitivity. Brain Res 813:323–328
Sugio K, Tsurufuji S (1981) Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids: re-evaluation of vascular constriction hypothesis. Br J Pharmacol 73:605–608
Sutter A, Riopelle RJ, Harris‐Warrick RM, Shooter EM (1979) Nerve growth factor receptors. Characterization of two distinct classes of binding sites on chick embryo sensory ganglia cells. J Biol Chem 254:5972–5982
Swann SL, Bazer FW, Villarete LH, Chung A, Pontzer CH (1999) Functional characterization of monoclonal antibodies to interferon-τ. Hybridoma 18:399–405
Sweitzer SM, Schubert P, DeLeo JA (2001) Propentofylline, a glial modulating agent, exhibits antiallodynic properties in a rat model of neuropathic pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297:1210–1217
Syrovets T, Büchele B, Krauss C, Laumonnier Y, Simmet T (2005) Acetyl‐boswellic acids inhibit lipopolysaccaride‐mediated TNF-α induction by direct interaction with IκB kinases. J Immunol 174:498–506
Szallasi A (1994) The vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor: receptor types and species differences. Gen Pharmacol 25:223–243
Szallasi A (1995) Autoradiographic visualization and pharmacological characterization of vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors in several species, including man. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 629:1–68
Szallasi A, Blumberg PM (1990) Specific binding of resiniferatoxin, an ultrapotent capsaicin analog, by dorsal root membranes. Brain Res 524:106–111
Szallasi A, Blumberg PM (1996) Vanilloid receptors: new insights enhance potential as a therapeutic target. Pain 68:195–208
Szallasi A, Blumberg PM (1999) Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 51:159–212
Szallasi A, Nilsson S, Farkas‐Szallasi T, Blumberg PM, Höckfelt T, Lundberg M (1995) Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors in the rat: distribution, regional differences in the spinal cord, axonal transport to the periphery, and depletion by systemic vanilloid treatment. Brain Res 703:175–183
Szeder Z (1990) Comparison of the effect of prazosin with that of dihydrobenzperidol and nifedipine on thermoregulatory responses produced by pyrogen in rabbits. Gen Pharmacol 21:833–838
Szolcsanyi J, Szallasi A, Szallasi Z, Joo F, Blumberg PM (1990) Resiniferatoxin: an ultrapotent selective modulator of capsaicin‐sensitive afferent neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:923–928
Szolcsányi J (1996) Capsaicin‐sensitive sensory nerve terminals with local and systemic efferent functions: facts and scopes of an unorthodox neuroregulatory mechanism. Progr Brain Res 113:343–359
Szreder Z, Korolkiewicz Z (1991) Inhibition of pyrogen Escherichia coli fever with intracerebral administration of prazosin, dihydrobenzperidol and nifedipin in the rabbits. Gen Pharmacol 22:381–388
Taber RI, Greenhouse DD, Rendell JK, Irwin S (1969) Agonist and antagonist interactions of opioids on acetic acid-induced abdominal stretching in mice. J Pharm Exp Ther 169:29–38
Tai ES, Ali AB, Zhang Q, Loh LM, Tan CE, Retnam L, Oakley RME, Lim SK (2003) Hepatic expression of PPARγ, a molecular target of fibrates, is regulated during inflammation in a gender‐specific manner. FEBS Lett 546:237–240
Takagi H, Inukai T, Nakam M (1966) A modification of Haffner's method for testing analgesics. Jpn J Pharmacol 16:287–295
Takahashi S, Sonehara K, Takagi K, Miwa T, Horikomi K, Mita N, Nagase H, Iizuka K, Sakai K (1999) Pharmacological profile of MS-377, a novel antipsychotic agent with selective affinity for sigma receptors. Psychopharmacology 145:295–302
Takeguchi C, Kohno E, Sih CJ (1971) Mechanism of prostaglandin biosynthesis. I. Characterization and assay of bovine prostaglandin synthetase. Biochemistry 10:2372–2377
Takesue EI, Schaefer W, Jukniewicz E (1969) Modification of the Randall‐Selitto analgesic apparatus. J Pharm Pharmacol 21:788–789
Takeuchi K, Yagi K, Sugamoto S, Furukawa O, Kawauchi S (1998) Involvement of PACAP in acid-induced HCO3 − response in rat duodenum. Pharmacol Res 38:475–480
Tal M, Bennet GJ (1993) Dextrorphan relieves neuropathic heat-evoked hyperalgesia in the rat. Neurosci Lett 151:107–110
Tanaka A, Kobayashi F, Miyake T (1960) A new anti-inflammatory activity test for corticosteroids. The formalin‐filter paper pellet method. Endocrinol Japon 7:357–364
Tanaka K, Shimotori T, Makino S, Aikawa Y, Inaba T, Yoshida C, Takano S (1992) Pharmacological studies of the new anti-inflammatory agent 3-formylamino-7-methylsulfonylamino-6-phenoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. 1st Communication: anti-inflammatory, analgesic and other related properties. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 42:935–944
Tarayre JP, Aliaga M, Barbara M, Villanova G, Caillol V, Lauressergues H (1984) Pharmacological study of cantharidin‐induced ear inflammation in mice. J Pharmacol Meth 11:271–277
Tatsuda T, Cheng J, Mountz JD (1996) Intracellular IL-1β is an inhibitor of Fas-mediated apoptosis. J Immunol 157:3949–3957
Taylor BK, Peterson MA, Basbaum AI (1997) Early nociceptive events influence the temporal profile, but not the magnitude, of the tonic response to subcutaneous formalin: effects with remifentanil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:876–883
Taylor PC (2001) Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 13:164–169
Taylor PC, Williams RO, Feldmann M (2004) Tumor necrosis factor α as a therapeutic target for immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 15:557–563
Teixeira MM, Doenhoff MJ, McNeice C, Williams TJ, Hellewell G (1993) Mechanisms of the inflammatory response induced by extracts of Schistosoma mansoni larvae in guinea pig skin. J Immunol 151:5525–5534
Teixeira MM, Williams TJ, Hellewell PG (1993) Role of prostaglandins and nitric oxide in acute inflammatory reactions in guinea-pig skin. Br J Pharmacol 110:1515–1521
Terenius L (1973) Stereospecific interaction between narcotic analgesics in synaptic plasma membrane of rat cerebral cortex. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 32:317–320
Theobald W (1955) Vergleichende Untersuchung anti-inflammatorischer Wirkstoffe am Formalinoedem. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 103:17–26
Theodosiou M, Rush RA, Zhou XF, Hu D, Walker JS, Tracey DJ (1999) Hyperalgesia due to nerve damage: role of nerve growth factor. Pain 81:245–255
Ther L, Lindner E, Vogel G (1963) Zur pharmakodynamischen Wirkung der optischen Isomeren des Methadons. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 103:514–520
Thiam K, Loing E, Delanoye A, Diesis E, Gras-Masse H, Auriault C, Verwaerde C (1998) Unrestricted agonist activity on murine and human cells of a lipopeptide derived from INF-γ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253:639–647
Thompson SWN, Bennett DLH, Kerr BJ, Bradbury EJ, McMahon SB (1999) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is an endogenous modulator of nociceptive responses in the spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7714–7718
Thresh LT (1846) Isolation of capsaicin. Pharm J 6:941
Thurmond RL, Desai PJ, Dunford PJ, Fung-Leung WP, Hofstra CL, Jiang W, Nguyen S, Riley JP, Sun S, Williams KN, Edwards JP, Karlsson L (2004) A potent and selective histamine H4 antagonist with anti-inflammatory properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309:404–413
Thut PD, Turner MD, Cordes CT, Wynn RL (1995) A rabbit tooth-pulp assay to quantify efficacy and duration of anti-nociception by local anesthetics infiltrated into maxillary tissues. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:231–236
Tian J, Wei EQ, Chen JS, Zhang WP (1997) Effect of SR 140333, a neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist, on airway reactivity to methacholine in sedated rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 18:485–488
Tian Y, Rabson AB, Gallo MA (2002) Ah receptor and NF-κB interactions: mechanisms and physiological implications. Chem Biol Interact 141:97–115
Tiku K, Tiku ML, Skosey JL (1986) Interleukin-1 production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Immunol 136:3677–3685
Tiseo PJ, Geller EB, Adler MW (1988) Antinociceptive action of intracerebroventricularly administered dynorphin and other opioid peptides in the rat. J Pharm Exp Ther 246:449–453
Tiseo PJ, Yaksh TL (1993) Dose-dependent antagonism of spinal opioid receptor agonists by naloxone and naltrindole: additional evidence for δ-opioid receptor subtypes in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 236:89–96
Tjølsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K (1992) The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain 51:5–17
Tjølsen A, Rosland JH, Berge OG, Hole K (1991) The increasing temperature hot-plate test: an improved test of nociception in mice and rats. J Pharmacol Meth 25:241–250
Toda K, Muneshige H, Ikuta Y (1998) Antinociceptive effects of neurotropin in a rat model of painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Life Sci 62:913–921
Tomchek LA, Hartman DA, Lewin AC, Calhoun W, Chau TT, Carlson RP (1991) Role of corticosterone in modulation of eicosanoid biosynthesis and antiinflammatory activity by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase (CO) inhibitors. Agents Actions 34:20–24
Tominaga M, Caterina MJ, Malmberg AB, Rosen TA, Gilbert H, Skinner K, Raumann BE, Basbaum AI, Julius D (1998) The cloned capsaicin receptor integrates multiple pain-producing stimuli. Neuron 21:531–543
Tomlinson A, Appleton I, Moore AR, Gilroy DW, Willis D, Mitchell JA, Willoughby DA (1994) Cyclo-oxygenase and nitric oxide synthase isoforms in rat carrageenin‐induced pleurisy. Br J Pharmacol 113:693–698
Tonelli G, Thibault L, Ringler I (1965) A bioassay for the concomitant assessment of the antiphlogistic and thymolytic activities of topically applied steroids. Endocrinology 77:625–630
Tovey MG, Maury C (1999) Oromucosal interferon therapy: marked antiviral and antitumor activity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 19:145–155
Tramontana M, Patacchini R, Lecci A, Giuliani S, Maggi CA (1998) Tachykinin NK2 receptors in the hamster urinary bladder: In vitro and in vivo characterization. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 358:293–300
Traxler P, Bold G, Buchdunger E, Caravatti G, Furet P, Manley P, O'Reilly T, Wood J, Zimmermann J (2001) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: from rational design to clinical trials. Med Res Rev 21:499–512
Traynor JR (1994) Opiod receptors and their subtypes: Focus on peripheral isolated tissue preparations. Neurochem Int 24:427–432
Tropea MM, Gummelt D, Herzig MS, Leeb-Lundberg LMF (1994) B1 and B2 kinin receptors on cultured rabbit superior mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells: receptor specific stimulation of inositol phosphate formation and arachidonic acid release by des-arg9-bradykinin and bradykinin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 264:930–937
Tse AKW, Wan CK, Shen XL, Yang M, Fong WF (2005) Honokiol inhibits TNF-α-stimulated NF-κB activation and NF-κ B-regulated gene expression through suppression of IKK activation. Biochem Pharmacol 70:1443–1457
Tsumuri K, Kyuki K, Niwa M, Kokuba S, Fujimura H (1986) Pharmacological investigations of the new antiinflammatory agent 2-(10,11-dihydro-10-oxodibenzo(b,f)thiepin-2-yl) propionic acid. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 36:1796–1800
Tsurumi K, Mibu H, Okada K, Hasegawa J, Fujimura H (1986) Pharmacological investigations of the new antiinflammatory agent 2-(10,11-dihydro-10-oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-2-yl) propionic acid. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 36:1806–1809
Tubaro A, Dri P, Delbello G, Zilli C, Della Loggia R (1985) The Croton oil ear test revisited. Agents Actions 17:347–349
Tulunay FC, Takemori AE (1974) The increased efficacy of narcotic antagonists induced by various narcotic analgesics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 190:395–400
Tyers MB (1982) Studies on the antinociceptive activities of mixtures of μ- and κ-opiate agonists and antagonists. Life Sci 31:1233–1236
USP 23 (1995) Pyrogen test. The United States Pharmacopeia 23, p 1718
Uddin MJ, Rao PNP, Knaus EE (2004) Design and synthesis of acyclic triaryl (Z)-olefins: a novel class of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 12:5929–5940
Ueda N, Kurahashi Y, Yamamoto S, Tokunaga T (1995) Partial purification and characterization of the porcine brain enzyme hydrolyzing and synthesizing anandamide. J Biol Chem 270:23823–23827
Ueno H, Maruyama A, Miyake M, Nakao E, Nakao K, Umezu K, Nitta I (1991) Synthesis and evaluation of antiinflammatory activities of a series of corticosteroid 17α-esters containing a functional group. J Med Chem 34:2468–2473
Umehara H, Bloom ET, Okazaki T, Nagano Y, Yoshie O, Imai T (2004) Fractaline in vascular biology. From basic research to clinical disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:34–40
Uphouse LA, Welch SP, Ward CR, Ellis EF, Embrey JP (1993) Antinociceptive activity of intrathecal ketorolac is blocked by the κ-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine. Eur J Pharmacol 242:53–58
Urban LA, Fox A (2000) NK1 receptor antagonists – are they really without effects in the pain clinic? Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:462–464
Ushida Y, Oh-Ishi S, Tanaka K, Harada Y, Ueno A, Katori M (1982) Activation of plasma kallikrein-kinin system and its significant role in the pleural fluid accumulation of rat carrageenin‐induced pleurisy. In: Fritz H (ed) Recent Progress on Kinins. Agents and Actions Suppl Vol 9:379–383
Vallejo JG, Nemoto S, Ishiyama M, Yu B, Knuefermann P, Diwan A, Baker JS, Defreitas G, Tweardy DJ, Mann DL (2005) Functional significance of inflammatory mediators in a murine model of resuscitated hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol 288:H1272–H1277
Van Deventer SJH (1997) Tumor necrosis factor and Crohn's disease. Gut 40:443–448
van Miert ASJPAM, van Essen JA, Tromp GA (1972) The antipyretic effect of pyrazolone derivates and salicylates on fever induced with leukocytic or bacterial pyrogen. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 197:388–391
van Miert ASJPAM, van der Wal-Komproe, van Duin CTM (1977) Effects of antipyretic agents on fever and ruminal stasis induced by endotoxins in conscious goats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 225:39–50
Van Rampelbergh J, Gourlet P, de Neef P, Robberecht P, Waelbrouck M (1996) Properties of the pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide I and II receptors, vasoactive intestinal peptide1, and chimeric amino-terminal pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide1 receptors: Evidence for multiple receptor states. Mol Pharmacol 50:1596–1604
Van der Pouw-Kraan T, Van Kooten C, Rensink I, Aarden L (1992) Interleukin (IL)-4 production by human T cells: differential regulation of IL-4 vs. IL-2 production. Eur J Immunol 22:1237–1241
Vanderwende C, Spoerlein M (1972) Antagonism by DOPA of morphine analgesia. A hypothesis for morphine tolerance. Res Comm Chem Pathol Pharmacol 3:37–45
Vane J (1987) The evolution of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanisms of action. Drugs 33 (Suppl 1):18–27
Vane J (1998) The mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 358, Suppl 1, R 8
Vane J, Botting R (1987) Inflammation and the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. FASEB J 1:89–96
Vane JR, Bakhle YS, Botting RM (1998) Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:97–120
Varani K, Calò G, Rizzi A, Merighi S, Toth G, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Borea PA, Regoli D (1998) Nociceptin receptor binding in mice forebrain membranes: thermodynamic characteristics and structure‐activity relationships. Br J Pharmacol 125:1485–1490
Varani K, Rizzi A, Calò G, Bigoni R, Toth G, Guerrini R, Gessi S, Salvadori S, Borea PA, Regoli D (1999) Pharmacology of [Tyr1]nociceptin analogs: receptor binding and bioassay studies. Naunyn‐Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 360:270–277
Vargaftig B (1966) Effet des Analgésiques non narcotiques sur l'hypotension due à la Bradykinine. Experientia 22:182–183
Varty GB, Hyde LA, Hodgson RA, Lu SX, McCool MF, Kazdoba TM, DelVecchio RA, Guthrie DH, Pond AJ, Grzelak ME, Xu X, Korfmacher WA, Tulshian D, Parker EM, Higgins GA (2005) Characterization of the nociceptin receptor (ORL-1) agonist, Ro64–6198, in tests of anxiety across multiple species. Psychopharmacology 182:132–143
Vassout A, Schaub M, Gentsch C, Ofner S, Schilling W, Veenstra S (1994) P7/CGP 49823, a novel NK1 receptor antagonist: behavioural effects. Neuropeptides 26, Suppl 1:38
Vaughn LK, Knapp RJ, Toth G, Wan Y-P, Ruby VJ, Yamamura HI (1989) A high affinity, highly selective ligand for the delta opioid receptor: [3H]-[D-Pen2,pCl-Phe4,D-Pen5]enkephalin. Life Sci 45:1001–1008
Veenstra J, van de Pol H, van der Torre H, Schaafsma G, Ockhuizen T (1988) Rapid and simple methods for the investigation of lipoxygenase pathways in human granulocytes. J Chromatogr 431:413–417
Verdi JM, Birren SJ, Ibáñez CF, Persson H, Kaplan DR, Benedetti M, Chao MV, Anderson DJ (1994) p75LNGFR regulates Trk signal transduction and NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in MAH cells. Neuron 12:733–745
Vidal C, Girault JM, Jacob J (1982) The effect of pituitary removal on pain reaction in the rat. Brain Res 233:53–64
Vinegar R, Truax JF, Selph JL, Johnston PR (1989) Pharmacologic characterization of the algesic response to the subplantar injection of serotonin in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 164:497–505
Vinegar R, Truax JF, Selph JL, Johnston PR (1990) New analgesic assay utilizing trypsin‐induced hyperalgesia in the hind limb of the rat. J Pharmacol Meth 23:51–61
Viscomi GC, Antonelli G, Bruno C, Scapol L, Malavasi F, Funaro A, Simeoni E, Pestka S, de Pisa F, Dianzani F (1999) Antigenic characterization of recombinant, lymphoblastoid, and leukocyte INF-α by monoclonal antibodies. J Interferon Cytokine Res 19:319–326
Vogel HG (1963) Intensität und Dauer der antiinflammatorischen und glykoneogenetischen Wirkung von Prednisolon und Prednisolonazetat nach oraler und subcutaner Applikation an der Ratte. Acta Endocr (Kbh) 42:85–96
Vogel HG (1965) Intensität und Dauer der Wirkung von 6-Methylprednisolon und seinen Estern an der Ratte. Acta Endocr (Kbh) 50:621–642
Vogel HG (1970) Das Glasstabgranulom, eine Methode zur Untersuchung der Wirkung von Corticosteroiden auf Gewicht, Festigkeit und chemische Zusammensetzung des Granulationsgewebes an Ratten. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 20:1911–1918
Vogel HG (1975) Collagen and mechanical strength in various organs of rats treated with d-penicillamine or amino-aceto-nitrile. Conn Tiss Res 3:237–244
Vogel HG (1977) Mechanical and chemical properties of connective tissue organs in rats as influenced by non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs. Conn Tiss Res 5:91–95
Vogel HG, De Souza NJ, D's A (1990) Effect of terpenoids isolated from Centella asiatica on granuloma tissue. Acta Therapeut 16:285–298
Vogel SM (2006) Safety Pharmacology of Antiinflammatory Drugs. In: Vogel HG, Hock FJ, Maas J, Mayer D (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation – Safety and Pharmacokinetic Assays, Chapter I.K. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Vogelaar CF, Vrinten DH, Hoekman MFM, Brakkee JH, Burbach JPH, Hamers FPT (2004) Sciatic nerve regeneration in mice and rats: recovery and sensory innervation is followed by a slowly retreating neuropathic pain-like syndrome. Brain Res 1027:67–72
Von Euler US, Gaddum JH (1931) An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts. J Physiol 72:74–89
Von Voigtlander PF (1982) Pharmacological alteration of pain: The discovery and evaluation of analgesics in animals. In: Lednicer D (ed) Central Analgesics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 51–79
VonVoigtlander PF, Lewis RA (1982) Air-induced writhing: a rapid broad spectrum assay for analgesics. Drug Dev Res 2:577–581
VonVoigtlander PF, Lewis RA (1983) A withdrawal hyperalgesia test for physical dependence: evaluation of μ and mixed partial opioid agonists. J Pharmacol Meth 10:277–282
Vortherms TA, Roth BL (2006) Salvinorin A: from natural product to human therapeutics. Mol Interv 6:257–265
Vos B, Maciewicz R (1991) Behavioral changes following ligation of the infraorbital nerve in rat: an animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. In: JM Besso, Giulbaud G (eds) Lesions of primary afferent fibers as a tool for the study of clinical pain. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 147–158
Vos BP, Strassman AM (1995) Fos expression in the medullary dorsal horn of the rat after chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve. J Comp Neurol 357:362–375
Vos BP, Strassman AM, Maciewicz RJ (1994) Behavioral evidence of trigeminal neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury to the rat's infraorbital nerve. J Neurosci 14:2708–2723
Vuoltteenaho K, Moilanen T, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen T (2002) Effects of TNF-α antagonists on nitric oxide production in human cartilage. Osteoarthr Cartil 10:327–332
Wagner G, Laufer S (2006) Small molecular anti-cytokine agents. Med Res Rev 26:1–62
Wagner U, Pierer M, Wahle M, Moritz F, Kaltenhäuser S, Häntschel H (2004) Ex vivo homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis is dysregulated and driven by membrane‐anchored TNFα. J Immunol 173:2825–2833
Wagner‐Jauregg Th, Jahn U, Buech O (1962) Die antiphlogistische Prüfung bekannter Antirheumatika am Rattenpfoten‐Kaolinödem. Arzneim Forsch / Drug Res 12:1160–1162
Wahl P, Foged C, Tullin S, Thomsen C (2001) Iodo‐resiniferatoxin, a new potent vanilloid receptor antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 59:9–15
Walczak JS, Pichette V, Leblond F, Desbiens K, Beaulieu P (2005) Behavioral, pharmacological and molecular characterization of the saphenous nerve partial ligation: a new model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 132:1093–1102
Waldhoer M, Bertlett SE, Whistler JL (2004) Opioid receptors. Annu Rev Biochem 73:953–990
Walker JM, Bowen WD, Patrick SL, Williams WE, Mascarella SW, Bai X, Carroll FI (1993) A comparison of (–)-deoxybenzomorphanes devoid of opioid activity with their dextrorotatory phenolic counterparts suggests role of σ2 receptors in motor function. Eur J Pharmacol 231:61–68
Walker JM, Dixon WC (1983) A solid state device for measuring sensitivity to thermal pain. Physiol Behav 30:481–483
Wall PD, Devor M, Inbal R, Scadding JW, Schonfeld D, Seltzer Z, Tomkiewicz MM (1979a) Autotomy following peripheral nerve lesions: experimental anesthesia dolorosa. Pain 7:103–113
Wall PD, Scadding JW, Tomkiewicz MM (1979b) The production and prevention of experimental anesthesia dolorosa. Pain 6:175–182
Walpole CS, Bevan S, Boverman G, Boelsterli JJ, Breckenridge R, Davies JW, Hughes GA, James I, Oberer L, Winter J (1994) The discovery of capsazepine, the first competitive antagonist of the sensory neuron excitants capsaicin and resiniferatoxin. J Med Chem 37:1942–1954
Walpole CSJ, Brown MCS, James IF, Campbell EA, McIntyre P, Docherty R, Ko S, Hedley L, Ewan S, Buchheit KH, Urban LA (1998) Comparative, general pharmacology of SDZ NKT 343, a novel, selective NK1 receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 124:83–92
Wardle KA, Ranson J, Sanger GJ (1997) Pharmacological characterization of the vanilloid receptor in the rat dorsal spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 121:1012–1016
Warren JB, Loi RK, Coughlan ML (1993) Involvement of nitric oxide synthase in delayed response to ultraviolet light irradiation of rat skin in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 109:802–806
Warren JS (1993) Inflammation. DN&P (Drugs, News and Perspectives) 6:450–459
Watanabe K, Kinoshita S, Nakagawa H (1989) Very rapid assay of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. J Pharmacol Meth 22:13–18
Watanabe K, Nakagawa H, Tsurufuji S (1984) A new sensitive fluorometric method for measurement of vascular permeability. J Pharmacol Meth 11:167–176
Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Furness LE, Maier SF (1994) Illness‐induced hyperalgesia is mediated by spinal neuropeptides and excitatory amino acids. Brain Res 664:17–24
Watkinson WP, Highfill JW, Slade R, Hatch GE (1996) Ozone toxicity in the mouse: comparison and modeling of responses in susceptible and resistant strains. J Appl Physiol 80:2134–2142
Watson JW, Gonsalves SF, Fossa AA, McLean S, Seeger T, Obach S, Andrews PLR (1995) The anti-emetic effects of CP-99,994 in the ferret and the dog: Role of the NK1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 115:84–94
Waugh J, Perry CM (2005) Anakinra: a review of its use in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. BioDrugs 19:189–202
Webb EF, Griswold DE (1984) Microprocessor‐assisted plethysmograph for the measurement of mouse paw volume. J Pharmacol Meth 12:149–153
Weber E, Sonders M, Quarum M, McLean S, Pou S, Keana JFW (1986) 1,3-Di(2-[5-3H]tolyl)guanidine: A selective ligand that labels σ-type receptors for psychotomimetic opiates and anti-psychotic drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8783–8788
Weirich EG, Longauer JK, Kirkwood AH (1977) New experimental model for the primary evaluation of topical contra‐inflammatory agents. Arch Derm Res 259:141–149
Weiss B, Laties VG (1961) Changes in pain tolerance and other behavior produced by salicylates. J Pharm Exp Ther 131:120
Weiss B, Laties VG (1964) Analgesic effects in monkeys of morphine, nalorphine, and a benzomorphan narcotic antagonist. J Pharm Exp Ther 143:169–173
Weithmann KU, Jeske S, Schlotte V (1994) Effect of leflunomide on constitutive and inducible pathways of cellular eicosanoid generation. Agents Actions 41:164–170
Weithmann KU, Schlotte V, Seiffge D, Jeske S (1993) Concerted action of pentoxifylline in conjunction with acetylsalicylic acid on platelet cyclic AMP and aggregation. Thromb Haemorrh Dis 8:1–8
Welch JM, Simon SA, Reinhart PH (2000) The activation mechanism of rat vanilloid receptor 1 by capsaicin involves the pore domain and differs from the activation by either acid or heat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13889–13894
Welch SP, Huffman JW, Lowe J (1998) Differential blockade of the antinociceptive effects of centrally administered cannabinoids by SR141716A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286:1301–1308
Wenger T, Jamali KA, Juaneda C, Bacsy E, Tramu G (2000) The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, regulates anterior pituitary secretion in vitro. Addict Biol 5:59–64
Wheeler H, Porreca F, Cowan A (1989) Formalin is unique among potential noxious agents for the intensity of its behavioral response in rats. FASEB J 3:A278 (310)
Whicher JT, Thompson D, Billingham MEJ, Kitchen EA (1989) Acute phase proteins. In: Pharmacological Methods in the Control of Inflammation. Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp 101–128
White R, Hiley CR (1998) The actions of some cannabinoid receptor ligands in the rat isolated mesenteric artery. Br. J Pharmacol 125:533–541
Whitehorn E, Tate E, Yanofsky SD, Kochersperger L, Davis A, Mortensen RB, Yonkivich S, Bell K, Dover WJ, Barrett RW (1995) Biotechnology 13:1215–1219
Whittle BA (1964) The use of changes in capillary permeability in mice to distinguish between narcotic and non narcotic analgesics. Br J Pharmacol 22:246–253
Wiemer G, Wirth K (1992) Production of cyclic GMP via activation of B1 and B2 kinin receptors in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Pharm Exp Ther 262:729–733
Wilhelmi G (1949) Ueber die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften von Irgapyrin, einem neuen Präparat aus der Pyrazolreihe. Schweiz Med Wschr 79:577–582
Wilhelmi G (1949) Über die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften von Irgapyrin, einem neuen Präparat aus der Pyrazolonreihe. Schweiz Med Wschr 25:577–582
Wilhelmi G, Domenjoz H (1951) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von Pyrazolen und Antihistaminen bei verschiedenen Arten der experimentellen Entzündung. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 85:129–143
William R, Watson G, Rotstein OD, Parodo J, Bitar R, Marshall JC (1998) The IL-1β-converting enzyme (caspase-1) inhibits apoptosis on inflammatory neurophils through activation of IL-1β. J Immunol 161:957–962
Williams RN, Paterson CA, Eakins KE, Bhattacherjee P (1983) Quantification of ocular inflammation: Evaluation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration by measuring myeloperoxidase activity. Curr Eye Res 2:465–470
Willis AL, Cornelsen M (1973) Repeated injection of prostaglandin E2 in rat paws induces chronic swelling and a marked decrease in pain threshold. Prostaglandins 3:353–357
Windebank AJ (1999) Chemotherapeutic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 12:565–571
Winder CV, Wax J, Burr V, Been M, Rosiere CE (1958) A study of pharmacological influences on ultraviolet erythema in guinea pigs. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 116:261–292
Winkler JD, Sarau HM, Foley JJ, Mong S, Crooke ST (1988) Leukotriene B4-induced homologous desensitization of calcium mobilization and phosphoinositide metabolism in U-937 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246:204–210
Winston JH, He ZJ, Shenoy M, Xiao SY, Pasricha PJ (2003) Molecular and behavioural changes in nociception in a novel rat model of chronic pancreatitis for the study of pain. Pain 117:214–222
Winter CA, Flakater L (1965) Reaction thresholds to pressure in edematous hindpaws of rats and response to analgesic drugs. J Pharm Exp Ther 150:165–171
Winter CA, Orahovats PD, Flataker L, Lehman EG, Lehman JT (1954) Studies on the pharmacology of N-allylnormorphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 112:152–160
Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW (1962) Carrageenin‐induced oedema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 111:544–547
Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW (1963) Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities of indomethacin, (1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl‐indole-3-acetic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 141:369–376
Wirth K, Breipohl G, Stechl J, Knolle J, Henke S, Schölkens B (1991) DesArg9-D-Arg[Hyp3,Thi5,D-Tic7,Oic8]bradykinin (desArg10-[Hoe140]) is a potent bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 205:217–218
Wirth KJ, Alpermann HG, Satoh R, Inazu M (1992) The bradykinin antagonist HOE 140 inhibits carrageenan- and thermically induced paw edema in rats. Recent Progress on Kinins. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 428–431
Wirth KJ, Schölkens BA, Wiemer G (1994) The bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist WIN 64338 inhibits the effect of des-arg9-bradykinin in endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 288:R1–R2
Wirth KJ, Wiemer G, Schölkens BA (1992) Des-Arg10[HOE 140] is a potent B1 bradykinin antagonist. Recent Progress on Kinins. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 406–413
Wirth W, Hoffmeister F (1967) Zur Wirkung von Kombinationen aus Phenothiazin‐Derivaten mit Analgetika‐Antipyretika. Wien Med Wschr 117:973–978
Wisner A, Dufour E, Messaoudi M, Nejdi A, Marcel A, Ungeheuer MN, Rougeot C (2006) Human opiorphin, a natural antinociceptive modulator of opioid‐dependent pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 193:17979–17984
Witkin LB, Heubner CF, Galgi F, O'Keefe E, Spitaletta P, Plummer AJ (1961) Pharmacology of 2-aminino‐indane hydrochloride (SU 8629): a potent non-narcotic analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 133:400–408
Witta J, Palkovits M, Rosenberger J, Cox BM (2004) Distribution of nociception/orphanin FQ in adult human brain. Brain Res 30:24–29
Woerly G, Honda K, Loyens M, Papin JP, Auwerx J, Staels B, Capron M, Dombrowicz D (2003) Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors α and γ downregulate allergic inflammation and eosinophil activation. J Exp Med 198:411–421
Wolf AM, Wolf D, Rumpold H, Ludwiczek S, Enrich B, Gastl G, Weiss G, Tilg H (2005) The kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate inhibits TNF-α production in vitro and prevents TNF-dependent acute hepatic inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:13622–13627
Wolff HG, Hardy JD, Goodell H (1940) Studies on pain. Measurement of the effect of morphine, codeine, and other opiates on the pain threshold and an analysis of their relation to the pain experience. J Clin Invest 19:659–680
Wollemann M, Benyhe S, Simon (1993) The kappa-opioid receptor: evidence of different subtypes. Life Sci 52:599–611
Wolozin BL, Nishimura S, Pasternak GW (1982) The binding of κ- and σ-opiates in rat brain. J Neurosci 2:708–713
Wong E, DeLucca C, Boily C, Charleson S, Cromlish W, Denis D, Kargman S, Kennedy BP, Ouellet M, Skorey K, O'Neill GP, Vickers PJ, Riendeau D (1997) Characterization of autocrine inducible prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) in human osteosarcoma cells. Inflamm Res 46:51–59
Wong PKK, Campbell IK, Egan PJ, Ernst M, Wicks IP (2003) The role of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines in inflammatory arthritis and bone turnover. Arthritis Rheum 48:1177–1189
Woodbury RA, Kligman LH, Woodbury MJ, Kligman AM (1994) Rapid assay of the anti-inflammatory activity of topical corticosteroids by inhibition of a UVA-induced neutrophil infiltration in hairless mouse skin. I. The assay and its sensitivity. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 74:15–17
Woodward DF, Owen DAA (1979) Quantitative measurement of the vascular changes produced by UV radiation and carrageenin using the guinea-pig ear as the site of inflammation. J Pharmacol Meth 2:5–42
Woolf CJ, Safieh‐Garabedian B, Ma PQ, Crilly P, Winter J (1994) Nerve growth factor contributes to the generation of inflammatory hypersensitivity. Neuroscience 62:327–331
Woolfe G, MacDonald AD (1944) The evaluation of the analgesic action of pethidine hydrochloride (DEMEROL). J Pharmacol Exper Ther 80:300–307
Wu WP, Hao JX, Xu XJ, Wiesenfeld‐Hallin Z, Koek W, Colpaert FC (2003) The very-high-efficacy 5-HT1A receptor agonist, F 13640, preempts the development of allodynia-like behaviors in rats with spinal cord injury. Eur J Pharmacol 478:131–137
Wynn RL, El'Baghdady YM, Ford RD, Thut PD, Rudo FG (1984) A rabbit tooth-pulp assay to determine ED 50 values and duration of action of analgesics. J Pharmacol Meth 11:109–117
Wynn RL, Ford RD, McCourt PJ, Ramkumar V, Bergman SA, Rudo FG (1986) Rabbit tooth pulp compared to 55°C mouse hot plate assay for detection of antinociceptive activity of opiate and nonopiate central analgesics. Drug Dev Res 9:233–239
Wüster M, Schulz R, Herz A (1981) Multiple opiate receptors in peripheral tissue preparations. Biochem Pharmacol 30:1883–1887
Xie W, Robertson DL, Simmons DL (1992) Mitogen‐inducible prostaglandin G/H synthase: A new target for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Drug Dev Res 25:249–265
Xu X-J, Hao J-X, Wiesenfeld‐Hallin Z (1996) Nociceptin or anti-nociceptin: potent spinal antinociceptive effect of orphanin FQ/nociceptin in the rat. NeuroReport 7:2092–2094
Xu XJ, Hao JX, Aldskogius H, Seiger A, Wiesenfeld‐Hallin Z (1992) Chronic pain-related syndrome in rats after ischemic spinal cord lesion: a possible animal model for pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Pain 48:279–290
Yada T, Sakurada M, Ishihara A, Nakata M, Shioda S, Yaekura K, Hamakawa N, Yanagida K, Kikuchi M, Oka Y (1997) Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an islet substance serving as an intra-islet amplifier of glucose‐induced insulin secretion in rats. J Physiol 505:319–328
Yadav PN, Liu Z, Rafi MM (2003) A diarylheptanoid from lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum) inhibits proinflammatory mediators via inhibition of mitogen‐activated protein kinase, P44/42, and transcription factor nuclear factor- κB. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305:925–931
Yaksh TL, Rudy TA (1976) Chronic catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space. Physiol Behav 17:1031–1036
Yamamoto T, Sakashita Y (1999) Effect of nocistatin and its interaction with nociceptin/orphanin FQ on the rat formalin test. Neurosci Lett 262:179–182
Yamamoto T, Yaksh TL (1992) Spinal pharmacology of thermal hyperesthesia induced by constriction injury of sciatic nerve. Excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain 49:121–128
Yan F, Polk DB (1999) Aminosalicylic acid inhibits IκB kinase α phosphorylation of Iκ Bα in mouse intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 274:36631–36636
Yan F, Roth BL (2004) Salvinorin A: a novel and highly selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. Life Sci 75:2615–2619
Yanagisawa M, Murakoshi T, Tamai S, Otsuka M (1984) Tail-pinch method in vitro and the effects of some antinociceptive compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 106:231–239
Yanaura S, Yamatake Y, Ouchi T (1976) A new analgesic testing method using ultrasonic stimulation. Effects of narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. Jpn J Pharmacol 26:301–308
Yang CM, Luo SF, Hsia HC (1995) Pharmacological characterization of bradykinin receptors in canine cultured tracheal smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 144:67–72
Yanosfky SD, Baldwin DN, Butler JH, Holden FR, Jacobs JW, Balasubramanian P, Chinn JP, Cwirla SE, Peters-Bhatt E, Whitehorn EA, Tate EH, Akeson A, Bowlin TL, Dower WJ, Barrett RW (1996) High affinity type I interleukin 1 receptor antagonists discovered by screening recombinant peptide libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7381–7386
Yanosfky SD, Zurawski G (1990) Identification of key residues in the amino-terminal third of human interleukin-1α. J Biol Chem 265:13000–13006
Yawalkar S, Wiesenberg‐Boettcher I, Gibson JR, Siskin SB, Pignat W (1991) Dermatopharmacologic investigations of halobetasol propionate in comparison with clobetasol 17-propionate. Am Acad Dermatol 25:1137–1144
Yem AW, Richard KA, Staite ND, Deibel MR (1988) Resolution and biological properties of three N-terminal analogues of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta. Lymphokine Res 7:85–92
Yim GKW, Keasling HH, Gross EG, Mitchell CW (1955) Simultaneous respiratory minute volume and tooth pulp threshold changes following levorphan, morphine and levorphan‐levallorphan mixtures in rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 115:96–105
Yoburn BC, Morales R, Kelly DD, Inturrisi CE (1984) Constrains on the tail flick assay: morphine analgesia and tolerance are dependent upon locus of tail stimulation. Life Sci 34:1755–1762
Young JJ, Spires DA, Bedord CJ, Wagner B, Ballaron SJ, DeYoung LM (1984) The mouse ear inflammatory response to topical arachidonic acid. J Invest Dermatol 82:367–371
Young JM, Panah S, Satchawatcharaphong C, Cheung PS (1996) Human white blood assays for inhibition of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 using A23187 and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of thromboxane B2 production. Inflamm Res 45:245–253
Young JM, Wagner M, Spires DA (1983) Tachyphylaxis in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate- and arachidonic acid-induced ear edema. J Invest Dermatol 80:48–52
Young JM, Young LM (1989) Cutaneous models of inflammation for the evaluation of topical and systemic pharmacological agents. In: Pharmacological Models in the Control of Inflammation. Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp 215–231
Yuan JS, Shaham S, Ledoux S, Ellis HM, Horvitz HR (1993) The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin 1β-converting enzyme. Cell 75:641
Zadina JE, Hackler L, Ge L-G, Kastin AJ (1997) A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the mu opiate receptor. Nature 386:499–502
Zadina JE, Schild SM, Gerall AE, Kastin AJ, Hackler L, Ge L-J, Zhang X (1999) Endomorphins: Novel endogenous μ-receptor agonists in regions of high μ-opiate receptor density. In: Sandman CA, Chronwall BM, Strand FL, Flynn FW, Beckwith B, Nachman RJ (eds) Neuropeptides. Structure and Function in Biology and Behavior. Ann New York Acad Sci 897:136–144
Zagon IS, Gibo DM, McLaughlin PJ (1991) Zeta, a growth related opioid receptor in developing rat cerebellum: identification and characterization. Brain Res 551:28–35
Zahn PK, Subieta A, Park SS, Brennan TJ (2004) Effect of blockade of nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor on pain behaviours after plantar incision. J Pain 5:157–163
Zamanillo D, Andreu Fovalle S, Perez MP, Romero G, Farre AJ, Guitart X (2000) Up-regulation of σ1 receptor mRNA in rat brain by a putative atypical antipsychotic and sigma receptor ligand. Neurosci Lett 282:169–1723
Zentel HJ, Töpert M (1994) Preclinical evaluation of a new topical corticosteroid methylprednisolone aceponate. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 3, Suppl 1:S32–S38
Zhang F, Nakamura T, Aune TM (1999) TCR and IL-12 receptor signals cooperate to activate an individual response element in the INF-γ promoter on Th cells. J Immunol 163:728–735
Zhang M, Venable JD, Thurmond RI (2006) The histamine H4 receptor in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Invest drugs 15:1443–1452
Zhang Y, Danielson N, Sundler F, Mulder H (1998) Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide in upregulated in sensory neurons by inflammation. NeuroReport 9:2833–2836
Zhang Y, Xu J, Levin J, Hegen M, Li G, Robertshaw H, Brennan F, Cummons T, Clarke D, Vansell N, Nickerson‐Nutter C, Barone D, Mohler K, Black R, Skotnicki J, Gibbons J, Feldmann M, Frost P, Larsen G, Lin LL (2002) Identification and characterization of 4-[[4-(2-butynyloxy]phenyl]sulfonyl)-N-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-(3S)-thiomorpholinecarboxamide (TMI-1), a novel dual tumor necrosis factor converting enzyme/matrix metalloprotease inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309:348–355
Zhou S, Bonasera L, Carlton SM (1996) Peripheral administration of NMDA, AMPA, or KA results in pain behaviors of rats. NeuroReport 7:895–900
Zielinski T, Müller HJ, Schleyerbach R, Bartlett RR (1994) Differential effects of leflunomide on leukocytes: Inhibition of rat in vivo adhesion and human in vitro oxidative burst without affecting surface marker modulation. Agents Actions 41 Spec Conf Issue: C276–278
Zimecki M, Schnaper HW, Wieczorek Z, Webb DR, Pierce CW (1990) Inhibition of interleukin 1 (IL-1)-elicited leukocytosis and LPS-induced fever by soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS). Immunopharmacol 19:39–46
Zimer PO, Wynn RL, Ford RD, Rudo FG (1986) Effect of hot plate temperature on the antinociceptive activity of mixed opioid agonist antagonist compounds. Drug Dev Res 7:277–280
Zimmer A, Zimmer AM, Hohmann AG, Herkenham M, Bonner TI (1999) Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5780–5785
Zlotnik A, Yoshie O (2000) Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 12:121–127
Zochodne DW, Murray M, Nag S, Riopelle RJ (1994) A segmental chronic pain syndrome in rats associated with intrathecal infusion of NMDA: evidence for selective action in the dorsal horn. Can J Neurol Sci 21:24–28
Zukin RS, Eghbali M, Olive D, Unterwald EM, Tempel A (1988) Characterization and visualization of rat and guinea pig brain κ opioid receptors: evidence for κ1 and κ2 opioid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:4061–4065
Zukin RS, Zukin SR (1981) Multiple opiate receptors: Emerging concepts. Life Sci 29:2681–2690
Zygmunt PM, Petersson J, Andersson DA, Chuang H-H, Sørgård M, DiMarzo V, Julius D, Högestätt ED (1999) Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anadamide. Nature 400:452–457
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag
About this entry
Cite this entry
Vogel, H. (2007). Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-pyretic Activity. In: Vogel, H.G. (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70995-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70995-4_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-71420-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-70995-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences