Abstract
Quality and safety have become important food attributes within the last years. With the expansion of food industry and food fabrication on a big scale is not infrequent to found adulterant and contaminant on food, i.e. of harmful chemicals and microorganisms, which can cause consumer illness. Increasingly, the public authorities are charging the food industry to develop quality management systems and restructure the food inspection system to improve food quality and safety. However, contamination can be taking place during all steps of food manufacturing. For instance, even during storage, the products can experience a significant degradation in quality due to a variety of physical, chemical, and biological interactions. Consequently, fast and inexpensive ways to control the food freshness, contamination or adulteration are requested to keep the quality control. Thus, there is an increasing demand for analytical methods easily operate with highly sensitive, selective and accurate for determining compounds in foods in general. We present here a review about conducting polymers and their application on the development of electrical and electrochemical sensors for detection of contamination or adulteration in food samples.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbey BL, Joyce DC, Aked J et al (2004) Electronic nose evaluation of onion headspace volatiles and bulb quality as affected by nitrogen, sulphur and soil type. Ann Appl Biol 145(1):41–50
Al-Anati L, Petzinger E (2006) Immunotoxic activity of ochratoxin A. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29:79–90
Apetrei IM, Apetrei C (2013) Amperometric biosensor based on polypyrrole and tyrosinase for the detection of tyramine in food samples. Sensors Actuators B Chem 178:40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.12.064
Ateh DD, Navsaria HA, Vadgama P (2006) Polypyrrole-based conducting polymers and interactions with biological tissues. J R Soc Interface 3(11):741–752. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0141
Balint R, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH (2014) Acta biomaterialia conductive polymers: towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 10:2341–2353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.015
Barber RS, Braude R, Hosking ZD, Mitchell KG (1979) Olaquindox as performance-promoting feed additive for growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 4:117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(79)90036-1
Bard A, Rubenstein I (1996) Electroanalytical chemistry: a series of advances. CRC Press
Bartlett PN, Whitaker RG (1987) Strategies for the development of amperometric enzyme electrodes. Biosensors 3:359–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/0265-928X(87)80018-4
Berndt J, Pattyn C, Hussain S, Kovacevic E (2017) Plasma based synthesis of conductive polymers: experimental results and some remarks about general strategies for plasma based polymerization processes. ECS Trans 77:49–52
Boeva ZA, Sergeyev VG (2014) Polyaniline: synthesis, properties, and application. Polym Sci Ser C 56:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1811238214010032
Bonifas AP, Mccreery RL (2012) Solid state spectroelectrochemistry of redox reactions in polypyrrole/oxide molecular heterojunctions. Anal Chem 84(5):2459–2465. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac2032047
Bossi A, Bonini F, Turner APF, Piletsky SA (2007) Molecularly imprinted polymers for the recognition of proteins: the state of the art. Biosens Bioelectron 22:1131–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.06.023
Brooke R, Mitraka E, Sardar S et al (2017) Infrared electrochromic conducting polymer devices. J Mater Chem C 5:5824–5830. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00257b
Bunting RK, Swarat K, Yan D et al (1997) Synthesis and characterization of a conducting polymer: an electrochemical experiment for general chemistry. J Chem Educ 74:421–422
Burgmayer P, Murray RW, Hill C, Carolina N (1982) An ion gate membrane: electrochemical control of ion permeability through a membrane with an embedded electrode. J Am Chem Soc 104(6139–6140):6139–6140. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00386a061
Chapuis-Hugon F (2008) Role of molecularly imprinted polymers for selective determination of environmental pollutants—a review. Anal Chim Acta 622(1–2):48–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.057
Chen X, Wang F, Chen Z (2008) An electropolymerized Nile Blue sensing film-based nitrite sensor and application in food analysis. Anal Chim Acta 623:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.021
Cooper JC, Hall EAH (1992) Electrochemical response of an enzyme-loaded polyaniline film. Biosens Bioelectron 7:473–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663(92)80004-U
D’Elia LF, Ortızz RL, Márquez OP, Márquez J, Martínez Y (2001) Electrochemical deposition of poly(o-phenylenediamine) films on type 304 stainless steel. J Electrochem Soc 148(2):297–300. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1354619
Dai L (2004) Intelligent macromolecules for smart devices: from materials synthesis to device applications. Springer, London
Dubey S, Prasad BM, Misra RA (1999) Electrochemical synthesis and properties of poly(3-methylthiophene): novel synthesis of poly(3-methylthiophene) with pentachlorostannate and hexachloroantimonate. J Appl Polym Sci 73:91–102
Efimov ON, Chem R (1997) Polypyrrole: a conducting polymer; its synthesis, properties and applications. Russ Chem Rev 66(5):443–457
Feast W, Tsibouklis J, Pouwer K et al (1996) Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers. Polymer 37:5017–5047
Fichou D (2008) Handbook of oligo- and polythiophenes. Wiley, Weinheim
Filik H, Avan AA, Mümin Y (2017) Simultaneous electrochemical determination of caffeine and vanillin by using poly(Alizarin Red S) modified glassy carbon electrode. Food Anal Methods 10:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0545-z
Gerard M (2002) Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 17:345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00312-8
Geto A, Tessema M, Admassie S (2014) Determination of histamine in fish muscle at multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated conducting polymer modified glassy carbon electrode. Synth Met 191:135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.03.005
Ghosh (Hazra) S, Sarker D, Misra TN (1998) Development of an amperometric enzyme electrode biosensor for fish freshness detection. Sensors Actuators B Chem 53:58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(98)00285-8
Guadarrama A, Rodrıguez-Méndez ML, Sanz C et al (2001) Electronic nose based on conducting polymers for the quality control of the olive oil aroma: discrimination of quality, variety of olive and geographic origin. Anal Chim Acta 432:283–292
Guadarrama A, Rodrıguez-Méndez ML, De Saja JA (2004) Influence of electrochemical deposition parameters on the performance of poly-3-methyl thiophene and polyaniline sensors for virgin olive oils. Sensors Actuators B Chem 100:60–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2003.12.063
Gvozdenovi MM, Jugovi BZ, Stevanovi JS, Grgur BN (2014) Electrochemical synthesis of electroconducting polymers. Hem Ind 68(6):673–684. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND131122008G
Heeger A (1985) Charge storage in conducting polymers—solitons, polarons, and bipolarons. Polym J 17:201–208
Hossain E, Rahman GMA, Freund MS et al (2012) Fabrication and optimization of a conducting polymer sensor array using stored grain model volatiles. J Agric Food Chem 60(11):2863–2873. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204631q
Hosseini AR, Wong MH, Shen Y et al (2017) Charge injection in doped organic semiconductors Charge injection in doped organic semiconductors. J Appl Phys 97:23705. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1835542
Inzelt G (2017) Recent advances in the field of conducting polymers. J Solid State Electrochem 21:1965–1975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-017-3611-6
Isaacs M, Armijo F, Ram G et al (2005) Electrochemical reduction of CO 2 mediated by poly-M-aminophthalocyanines (M = Co, Ni, Fe): poly-Co-tetraaminophthalocyanine, a selective catalyst. J Mol Catal A Chem 229:249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2004.11.026
Kaur G, Adhikari R, Cass P et al (2015) Electrically conductive polymers and composites for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 5:37553–37567. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA01851J
Kausar A (2017) Overview on conducting polymer in energy storage and energy conversion system. J Macromol Sci Part A 54:640–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2017.1317210
Khan A, Jawaid M, Khan A, Asiri A (2018) Electrically conductive polymers and polymer composites: from synthesis to biomedical applications. Wiley, Weinheim
Kranz C, Wohlschläger H, Schmidt H-L, Schuhmann W (1998) Controlled electrochemical preparation of amperometric biosensors based on conducting polymer multilayers. Electroanalysis 10(8):546–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199807)10:8<546::AID-ELAN546>3.0.CO;2-#
Labaye DE, Jérôme C, Geskin VM et al (2002) Full electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymer films chemically grafted to conducting surfaces. Langmuir 18:5222–5230. https://doi.org/10.1021/la011439n
Lach P, Sharma PS, Golebiewska K et al (2017) Molecularly imprinted polymer chemosensor for selective determination of an N-nitroso-l-proline food toxin. Chem Eur J 23:1942–1949. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201604799
Longo L, Vasapollo G (2008) Molecularly imprinted polymers as nucleotide receptors. Mini Rev Org Chem 5(3):163–170
Macdiarmid AG, Epstein AJ (1995) Secondary doping: a new concept in conducting polymers. Macromol Symp 98:835–842
Malinauskas A (1999) Electrocatalysis at conducting polymers. Synth Met 107:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(99)00170-8
Mason E, Weber A (2011) Polypyrrole: properties, performance and applications. Nova Science Publisher, New York
Matindoust S, Farzi A, Baghaei M (2017) Ammonia gas sensor based on flexible polyaniline films for rapid detection of spoilage in protein-rich foods. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28:7760–7768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6471-z
Morelli I, Chiono V, Vozzi G et al (2010) Sensors and actuators B: chemical molecularly imprinted submicronspheres for applications in a novel model biosensor-film. Sensors Actuators B Chem 150:394–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.06.046
Neely K, Taylor C, Prosser O, Hamlyn PF (2001) Assessment of cooked alpaca and llama meats from the statistical analysis of data collected using an ‘electronic nose. Meat Sci 58:53–58
Okabayashi K, Goto F, Abe K, Yoshida T (1987) Electrochemical studies of polyaniline and its application. Synth Met 18:365–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(87)90906-4
Onal A (2007) A review: current analytical methods for the determination of biogenic amines in foods. Food Chem 103(4):1475–1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.028
Pacheco JG, Castro M, Machado S et al (2015) Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for ochratoxin A detection in food samples. Sensors Actuators B Chem 215:107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.03.046
Palmisano F, Rizzi R, Centonze D, Zambonin PG (2000) Simultaneous monitoring of glucose and lactate by an interference and cross-talk free dual electrode amperometric biosensor based on electropolymerized thin films. Biosens Bioelectron 15:531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(00)00107-X
Pern F, Frank AJ (1990) Electrochemical and optical characterization of poly(3‐methylthiophene): effects of solvent, anion, and applied potential. J Electrochem Soc 137:2769–2777
Priyanka D, Venkatesh KS, Science M (2015) Synthesis, characterization and electrical properties of polyaniline doped with different acids. Int J Eng Res Appl 5:53–61
Puoci F, Cirillo G, Curcio M et al (2007) Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for the selective HPLC determination of α-tocopherol in bay leaves. Anal Chim Acta 593(2):164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.053
Ramström O, Mosbach K (1999) Synthesis and catalysis by molecularly imprinted materials. Curr Opin Chem Biol 3(6):759–764
Rañola RAG, Santiago KS, Sevilla FB (2016) Use of array of conducting polymers for differentiation of coconut oil products. Talanta 146:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.026
Ravichandran R, Sundarrajan S, Venugopal JR et al (2010) Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering. J R Soc Interface 7:S559–S579. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0120.focus
Ridgway C, Chambers J, Portero-Larragueta E, Prosser O (1999) Detection of mite infestation in wheat by electronic nose with transient flow sampling. J Sci Food Agric 19(15):2067–2074
Rotariu L, Lagarde F, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Bala C (2016) Electrochemical biosensors for fast detection of food contaminants—trends and perspective. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 79:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.017
Saber-Tehrani M, Pourhabib A, Husain SW, Arvand M (2013) A simple and efficient electrochemical sensor for nitrite determination in food samples based on Pt nanoparticles distributed poly(2-aminothiophenol) modified electrode. Food Anal Methods 6:1300–1307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-012-9543-y
Sahmetlioglu E, Yuruk H, Toppare L, Yagci Y (2009) Synthesis and characterization of conducting copolymers of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether with thiophene side-groups and pyrrole. J Macromol Sci A 46(6):37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601320902851819
Sapurina IY, Shishov M (2012) Oxidative polymerization of aniline: molecular synthesis of polyaniline and the formation of supramolecular structures. In: Gomes ADS (ed) New polymers for special applications. InTech
Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Razavi N (2015) Application of molecularly-imprinted polymers in solid-phase microextraction techniques. Trends Anal Chem 73:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.004
Schlereth DD, Karyakin AA (1995) Electropolymerization of phenothiazine, phenoxazine and phenazine derivatives: characterization of the polymers by UV-visible difference spectroelectrochemistry and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem 395:221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(95)04127-A
Scorrano S, Mergola L, Del Sole R et al (2011) Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers for amino acid derivates by using different functional monomers. Int J Mol Sci 12(3):1735–1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12031735
Shirakawa H, Macdiarmid AG (1977) Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev Lett 24(39):1098–1101
Shirakawa H, Louis EJ, MacDiarmid AG et al (1977a) Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 16:578–580. https://doi.org/10.1039/c39770000578
Shirakawa H, Louis E, Macdiarmid A et al (1977b) Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 16:578–580
Siegmund B, Pfannhauser W (1999) Changes of the volatile fraction of cooked chicken meat during chill storing: results obtained by the electronic nose in comparison to GC-MS and GC olfactometry. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Forschung A 208(5–6):336–341
Skotheim T (1997) Handbook of conducting polymers, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Skotheim T, Elsenbaumer R, Reynolds J (1995) Handbook of conducting polymers. Marcel Dekker, New York
Sotzing GA, Phend JN, Grubbs RH, Lewis NS (2000) Highly sensitive detection and discrimination of biogenic amines utilizing arrays of polyaniline/carbon black composite vapor detectors. Chem Mater 12(3):593–595. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm990694e
Spanier A, Beaulieu J, Bett K, Gross K (1999) Use of electronic nose technology to examine apple quality. In: Shahidi F, Ho CT (eds) Flavor chemistry of ethnic foods. Springer, Boston, MA
Steffens C, Franceschi E, Corazza FC et al (2010) Gas sensors development using supercritical fluid technology to detect the ripeness of bananas. J Food Eng 101:365–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.07.021
Stella R, Barisci JN, Serra G et al (2000) Characterisation of olive oil by an electronic nose based on conducting polymer sensors. Sensors Actuators B Chem 63(1–2):1–9
Steter JR, Pontólio JO, Campos MLAM, Romero JR (2008) Modified electrodes prepared with polyphenolic film containing ruthenium complex and metal ligand anchored by azo covalent bond. J Braz Chem Soc 19:660–666. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532008000400008
Su W, Schrieffer R, Heeger A (1979) Solitons in polyacetylene. Phys Rev Lett 42:1698–1701
Tamayo FG, Casillas JL, Martin-Esteban A (2005) Clean up of phenylurea herbicides in plant sample extracts using molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 381:1234–1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-3071-1
Taylor P, Das TK, Prusty S (2012) Polymer-plastics technology and engineering review on conducting polymers and their applications. Polym Plast Technol Eng 51(14):37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.710697
Thanh-Hai L, Kim Y, Yoon H (2017) Electrical and electrochemical properties of conducting polymers. Polymers 9:1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9040150
Thiemann C, Brett CMA (2001) Electrosynthesis and properties of conducting polymers derived from aminobenzoic acids and from aminobenzoic acids and aniline. Synth Met 123:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(00)00364-7
Tiggemann L, Ballen SC, Bocalon CM et al (2017) Electronic nose system based on polyaniline films sensor array with different dopants for discrimination of artificial aromas. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 43:112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.08.003
Torresi RM, Córdoba de Torresi SI, Matencio T, de Paoli MA (1995) Ionic exchanges in dodecylbenzenesulfonate-doped polypyrrole Part II: Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study. Synth Met 72:283–287
Trojanowicz M, Krawczyński vel Krawczyk T (1995) Electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes immobilized in electropolymerized films. Mikrochim Acta 121:167–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01248249
Tung T, Castroa M, Pillin I et al (2014) Graphene–Fe3O4/PIL–PEDOT for the design of sensitive and stable quantum chemo-resistive VOC sensors. Carbon 74:104–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.03.009
Uemura T, Mamada M, Kumaki D, Tokito S (2013) Synthesis of semiconducting polymers through soluble precursor polymers with thermally removable groups and their application to organic transistors. ACS Macro Lett 2(9):830–833. https://doi.org/10.1021/mz400328r
Umana M, Waller J (1986) Protein-modified electrodes. The glucose oxidase/polypyrrole system. Anal Chem 58:2979–2983. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00127a018
Upadhyay PK, Ahmad A (2010) Chemical synthesis, spectral characterization and stability of some electrically conducting polymers. Chin J Polym Sci 28:191–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-010-9004-2
Wan M (2009) Conducting polymers with micro or nanometer structure. Springer, Berlin
Wang H, Yao S, Liu Y et al (2017) Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on Au nanoparticles in carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for sensitive determination of olaquindox in food and feedstuffs. Biosens Bioelectron 87:417–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.092
Wöll C (2009) Physical and chemical aspects of organic electronics. Wiley, Weinheim
Xu J, Zhang Y, Wu K et al (2017) A molecularly imprinted polypyrrole for ultrasensitive voltammetric determination of glyphosate. Microchim Acta 184:1959–1967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2200-9
Yu L, Zheng H, Shi M et al (2017) A novel electrochemical sensor based on poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-dispersed graphene supported palladium nanoparticles for simultaneous determination of sunset yellow and tartrazine in soft drinks. Food Anal Methods 10:200–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0569-4
Zhang Y, Wang J, Xu M (2010) A sensitive DNA biosensor fabricated with gold nanoparticles/ploy (p-aminobenzoic acid)/carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Colloids Surf B 75:179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.08.030
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Apetrei, C., Maximino, M.D., Martin, C.S., Alessio, P. (2018). Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Analysis of Food Products. In: Gutiérrez, T. (eds) Polymers for Food Applications . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94625-2_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94625-2_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94624-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94625-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)