Abstract
We propose a design of a compact photonic sensor based on two cascaded rings in a Vernier configuration integrated with a low-resolution flat-top planar echelle grating (PEG) de-multiplexer. The Vernier rings are composed of a filter and sensor rings. The sensor maps discrete changes in the index contrast, due to the presence of a target analyte, to a set of de-multiplexer channels. The channel number with highest transmittance is directly proportional to the incremental change of the effective index. Optical characteristics at different free spectral ranges (FSRs) , ranging from 1 nm to 10 nm, have been studied. For example, if a filter ring FSR of 5 nm is selected, the corresponding sensor ring and de-multiplexer FSR are 4.7 and 5 nm, respectively, whereas the limit of detection (LOD) is \(620\times 10^{-6}\) RIU and \(1500\times 10^{-6}\) RIU for a ring round-trip loss of 0.1 and 0.72 dB, respectively. Meanwhile, higher sensitivity can be achieved for 1 nm FSR, where the corresponding LODs are \(160\times 10^{-6}\) RIU and \(300\times 10^{-6}\) RIU, respectively. Furthermore, by using a thermo-optic phase shift tuner, an ultra-low LOD down to \(80\times 10^{-6}\) RIU can be achieved.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
V.M. Passaro, M. La Notte, B. Troia, L. Passaquindici, F. De Leonardis, G. Giannoccaro, Photonic structures based on slot waveguides for nanosensors: state of the art and future developments. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci 11, 402–418 (2012)
N.-A. Yebo, S.-P. Sree, E. Levrau, C. Detavernier, Z. Hens, J.-A. Martens et al., Selective and reversible ammonia gas detection with nanoporous film functionalized silicon photonic micro-ring resonator. Opt. Express 20, 11855–11862 (2012)
K. Misiakos, A. Botsialas, I. Raptis, E. Makarona, G. Jobst, P. Petrou et al., Monolithically integrated frequency-resolved mach-zehnder interferometers for highly-sensitive multiplexed label-free bio/chemical sensing, in Sensors, 2011 IEEE (2011), pp. 1317–1320
Y. Liu, H. Salemink, Photonic crystal-based all-optical on-chip sensor, in IEEE Sensors 2011, vol. 20 (2012), pp. 19912–19920
G. Nemova, R. Kashyap, Theoretical model of a planar integrated refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon-polariton excitation. Opt. Commun. 275, 76–82 (2007)
S.-Y. Cho, N.M. Jokerst, A polymer microdisk photonic sensor integrated onto silicon, Photonics Technology Letters. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. IEEE 18, 2096–2098 (2006)
C.-Y. Chao, L.J. Guo, Biochemical sensors based on polymer microrings with sharp asymmetrical resonance. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1527–1529 (2003)
Q. Xu, V.R. Almeida, R.R. Panepucci, M. Lipson, Experimental demonstration of guiding and confining light in nanometer-size low-refractive-index material. Opt. Lett. 29, 1626–1628 (2004)
D. Xu, A. Densmore, A. Delacge, P. Waldron, R. McKinnon, S. Janz et al., Folded cavity SOI microring sensors for high sensitivity and real time measurement of biomolecular binding. Opt. Express 16, 15137–15148 (2008)
A.M. Armani, R.P. Kulkarni, S.E. Fraser, R.C. Flagan, K.J. Vahala, Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities. Science 317, 783–787 (2007)
I.M. White, X. Fan, On the performance quantification of resonant refractive index sensors. Opt. Express 16, 1020–1028 (2008)
J. Liu, X. Zhou, Z. Qiao, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, T. Xiang et al., Integrated optical chemical sensor based on an SOI ring resonator using phase-interrogation. IEEE Photonics J. 6, 1–7 (2014)
L. Jin, M. Li, J.-J. He, Highly-sensitive silicon-on-insulator sensor based on two cascaded micro-ring resonators with vernier effect. Opt. Commun. 284, 156–159 (2011)
D. Dai, Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators. Opt. Express 17, 23817–23822 (2009)
J. Hu, D. Dai, Cascaded-ring optical sensor with enhanced sensitivity by using suspended Si-nanowires. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23, 842–844 (2011)
T. Claes, W. Bogaerts, P. Bienstman, Experimental characterization of a silicon photonic biosensor consisting of two cascaded ring resonators based on the Vernier-effect and introduction of a curve fitting method for an improved detection limit. Opt. Express 18, 22747–22761 (2010)
O. Al Mrayat, M. Rasras, A digital-like on-chip photonics sensor, in Frontiers in Optics 2015, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2015), paper JW2A.78
L. Chen, C.R. Doerr, P. Dong, Y.-K. Chen, Monolithic silicon chip with 10 modulator channels at 25 Gbps and 100-GHz spacing. Opt. Expres 19, B946–B951 (2011)
M.S. Rasras, D.M. Gill, M.P. Earnshaw, C.R. Doerr, J.S. Weiner, C. Bolle et al., CMOS silicon receiver integrated with Ge detector and reconfigurable optical filter. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22, 112–114 (2010)
M.S. Rasras, D.M. Gill, S.S. Patel, K.-Y. Tu, Y.-K. Chen, A.E. White et al., Demonstration of a fourth-order pole-zero optical filter integrated using CMOS processes. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 87–92 (2007)
J.B.D. Soole, A. Scherer, H.P. LeBlanc, N.C. Andreadakis, R. Bhat, M.A. Koza, Monolithic InP/InGaAsP/InP grating spectrometer for the 1.48–1.56 $\upmu $m wavelength range. Appl. Phys. Lett. 58(18), 1949–1951 (1991)
S.H. Kong, D.D.L. Wijngaards, R.F. Wolffenbuttel, Infrared micro-spectrometer based on a diffraction grating. Sens. Actuators, A 92(1), 88–95 (2001)
K.C. Harvey, C.J. Myatt, External-cavity diode laser using a grazing-incidence diffraction grating. Opt. Lett. 16(12), 910–912 (1991)
I.P. Kaminow, H.P. Weber, E.A. Chandross, Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) dye laser with internal diffraction grating resonator. Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(11), 497–499 (1971)
I. Shoshan, U.P. Oppenheim, The use of a diffraction grating as a beam expander in a dye laser cavity. Opt. Commun. 25(3), 375–378 (1978)
H. Fathallah, L.A. Rusch, S. LaRochelle, Passive optical fast frequency-hop CDMA communications system. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 17(3), 397–405 (1999)
S. Pathak, P. Dumon, D. Thourhout, W. Bogaerts, Comparison of AWGs and Echelle gratings for wavelength division multiplexing on silicon-on-insulator. IEEE Photonics J. 6(5) (2014)
K.A. McGreer, Theory of concave gratings based on a recursive definition of facet positions. Appl. Optics. 35(30) (1996)
R. Marz, C. Cremer, On the theory of planar spectrographs. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 10(12), 2017–2022 (1992)
H.A. Rowland et al., Preliminary notice of the results accomplished in the manufacture and theory of gratings for optical purpose. Philos. Mag. 13, 469–474 (1882)
M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optic (Pergamon, New York, 1980)
D. Chowdhury, Design of low-loss and polarization-insensitive reflection grating-based planar demultiplexers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Q. Electron 6(2), 233–239 (2000)
J. Brouckaert, W. Bogaerts, P. Dumon, D. Van Thourhout, R. Baets, Planar concave grating demultiplexer fabricated on a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator platform. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 5 (2007)
E. Gini, W. Hunziker, H. Melchior, Polarization independent InP WDM multiplexer/demultiplexer module. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 16(4), 625–630 (1998)
W.H. Wang, Y.Z. Tang, Y.X. Wang, H.C. Qu, Y.M. Wu, T. Li, J.Y. Yang, Y.L. Wang, M. Liu, Etched-diffraction-grating-based planar waveguide demultiplexer on silicon-on-insulator. Opt. Quant. Electron. 36, 559–566 (2004)
Z.J. Sun, K.A. McGreer, J.N. Broughton, Demultiplexer with 120 channels and 0.29-nm channel spacing. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 10(1), 90–92 (1998)
J. Brouckaert, W. Bogaerts, S. Selvaraja, P. Dumon, R. Baets, D. Van Thourhout, Planar concave grating demultiplexer with high reflective Bragg reflector facets. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 20, 309–311 (2008)
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) under the Abu Dhabi SRC Center of Excellence on Energy-Efficient Electronic Systems (\(ACE^{4}S\)), Contract 2013-HJ2440, with funding from the Mubadala Development Company, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rasras, M.S., Al Mrayat, O. (2019). Lab-on-Chip Silicon Photonic Sensor. In: Elfadel, I., Ismail, M. (eds) The IoT Physical Layer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93100-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93100-5_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93099-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93100-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)